Basic situation of ethnic minorities in southwest China

Miao music and dance has a long history, and its arts and crafts such as flower picking, embroidery, brocade, batik and jewelry making are internationally renowned. The ancestors of Miao people can be traced back to the Chiyou tribe, which was active in the Central Plains in primitive society. Miao people used to believe in animism, worship nature and worship their ancestors. There are many festivals, besides traditional festivals and sacrificial festivals, there are also special festivals related to eating. There are many Miao festivals, but the names and laws of different regions are different, and the Miao Year is the most solemn traditional festival.

4. Dai people

Dai is a nation with a long history. As early as the first century AD, there were records about Dai in China history books. After 1949, it was named "Dai" according to the wishes of the Dai people. Dai people call themselves "Dai Nuo" and "Dai Ya". The Dai people generally believe in Hinayana Buddhism and many festivals are related to Buddhist activities. The annual Water-Splashing Festival is held in June of Dai calendar, which is the biggest festival. In Dai language, it is called "Sanggan Bimai". At that time, the Buddha will be worshipped and a banquet will be held to entertain monks, relatives and friends to splash water on each other. Now, water splashing is the main content of the Dai New Year Festival, which is deeply loved by people of all ethnic groups.

You, your family

In the Tang Dynasty, the Yi people were called "chestnut millet". Yi people first lived in Jinsha River valley at the junction of Sichuan and Yunnan, and later moved to Nujiang area in western Yunnan gradually because of war and other reasons. In June 1985, 1 1, Weixi Lisu Autonomous County in Yunnan was established. Festivals: The main festivals are Yi Kuang (65438+February 20th, equivalent to the Spring Festival of the Han nationality), Torch Festival, Harvest Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Bath Festival, Knife and Pole Festival, etc. The "Knife and Pole Festival" held every year on the eighth day of the second lunar month is exciting. It is said that the arbor was set up to make you people have the spirit of "dare to climb mountains and break the sea of fire".

6. Tibetans

Tibetan is the title of Chinese. Tibet is called Bo in Tibetan, and Tibetans living here call themselves Boba. Tibet, known as the "roof of the world", is beautiful and magical, and it is the main settlement of Tibetans. Among the existing population of 1.3 million, Tibetans account for 95%, and they are one of the ancient ethnic groups in China. Tibetans generally believe in Tibetan Buddhism, namely Lamaism. Many traditional festivals in the past were related to religious activities. Tibetan folk festivals include Tibetan New Year, Butter Lantern Festival and Bathing Buddha Festival. The biggest traditional festival of the Tibetan people is the Tibetan calendar on the first day of the first month of the Tibetan calendar every year.

7. Zhuang nationality

Zhuang nationality is the most populous nation in China, and it is an indigenous nation in Lingnan. There are more than 20 kinds of self-names, such as Buzhuang, Butu, Bunong and Buyayi. After the founding of New China, it was collectively called "Gelao" and later changed to "Zhuang". Zhuang Brocade, Nanjing Yunjin, Chengdu Jin Shu and Suzhou Jin Song are also called "Four Famous Brocades in China". Zhuang people believe in primitive religion, offering sacrifices to their ancestors, and some people believe in Catholicism and Christianity. Famous festivals include the annual "March 3rd" song concert. The biggest festival is the Spring Festival, followed by the Ghost Festival on July 15, the Mid-Autumn Festival in Tomb-Sweeping Day and August 15, as well as the Dragon Boat Festival, the Double Ninth Festival, the annual flavor, the winter solstice, cattle spirits and sending stoves.

10, Naxi nationality

The ancient Qiang people who were originally nomadic in the Yellow River and Huangshui River basins in Qinghai Province moved south to southwest Sichuan and northwest Yunnan, and were divided into different ethnic groups, including Naxi. "That" means greatness or dignity, while "Xi" means being human. The Mosuo people of Naxi nationality in Lijiang believe in gods and worship nature, and believe that everything in the world is dominated by gods. The annual "Zhuanshan Festival" on the 25th day of the seventh lunar month is a public ceremony for people to worship natural entities.

1 1, Bulang nationality

Bulang people are descendants of Gupu people. It was called "Puziman" in the Tang Dynasty and "Puziman" in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Due to different living areas, brown people in the past had different self-names. After the founding of New China, according to the wishes of this nation, they were collectively called Bulang nationality. Bulang people used to worship polytheism and generally believed in Hinayana Buddhism, and many traditional festivals were related to religious activities. Among them, the most distinctive festivals are: New Year's Day, offering sacrifices to the gods and washing the feet of cattle. Shankang Festival is the biggest festival of Bulang nationality, which is held in the middle of June every year in Dai calendar and usually lasts for 3 days.

12, Achang nationality

Achang people mostly live in Yunnan, which is one of the earliest ethnic groups in China. Due to different places of residence, there are also names that call themselves "Monza", "Monza Zen", "Duisai" and "Hansa". After liberation, they were collectively called Achang nationality. Huijie, a traditional gathering of Achang people, is held in the middle of September of the lunar calendar every year. Achang people believe in Hinayana Buddhism, and Huijie was originally a religious gathering. The main religious festivals include entering the depression (closing the door), leaving the depression (opening the door), burning white firewood, water splashing festival and so on. In addition to religious festivals, there are many traditional festivals unique to this nation. For example, Torch Festival, Varo Festival, Flower Watering Festival and Spring Festival.

13, Nu people

Nu nationality is one of the ancient nationalities in Yunnan, mainly distributed in Yunnan Province. Nu people call themselves Nu people, Anu Aaron. Mixed with Yi, Dulong, Tibetan, Bai, Han, Naxi and other ethnic groups. Traditional festivals of Nu people include Spring Festival, Flower Festival, Sacrifice Festival and Forest Festival. Among them, the festive atmosphere of the New Year is the strongest, both grand and simple. Fairy Festival is a traditional folk festival of Nu people in Gongshan. The local Flower Festival, also known as the Flower Festival, is held on March 15 of the lunar calendar every year.

17, Monba nationality

According to Tibetan historical records, the ancestors of the Menba people lived and multiplied in the Himalayas in southern Tibet very early. Menba people mainly live in Medog, Linzhi and Cuona counties in Tibet. "Menba" is the person who lives in the corner of the door. Monba people follow the Tibetan calendar, and the festivals are the same as those of Tibetans. During the festival, we should slaughter cattle and sheep, set up rich dining tables and entertain guests. According to legend, the date of birth and death of Buddha Sakyamuni in Tibetan Buddhism is April 15 in Tibetan calendar. To commemorate this day, all temples in Menba area chanted prayers and held various religious activities.

18, Bai nationality

Mainly concentrated in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province, the rest are distributed in all parts of Yunnan, Bijie Prefecture of Guizhou Province and Liangshan Prefecture of Sichuan Province. Bai people call themselves "Bai Gang", "Bai Ni" and "Bai Zi", which means "Bai" in Chinese. 1956, officially named Bai according to the wishes of the people of this nation. Bai people have many traditional festivals. March Street, with a history of thousands of years, is the biggest festival of Bai people every year, and now it is named March Street National Festival. There are also "Torch Festival" (also known as Chinese Valentine's Day) and other national festivals.

20. Buyi people

Buyi is a large minority in southwest China. Before liberation, Buyi people were called "Zhongjia", "Shuihu", "Yi", "Tubian", "Local" and "Around Home". During the period of 1953, representatives of Buyi people from all over Guizhou Province formally adopted Buyi people as their national names after consultation. Buyi people worship their ancestors, mainly believing in polytheism and nature worship. In addition to the Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, there are February 2nd, March 3rd, April 8th and Ox King Festival, and the most grand festival is June 6th of the lunar calendar.

22. De 'ang nationality

(Benglong) De 'ang nationality was originally named Benglong. 1985 September 17 officially changed its name to De 'ang nationality with the approval of the State Council. "Longbeng" means that more than two-thirds of the people in all branches of De 'ang call themselves "De 'ang", which means "Shiyan". De 'ang nationality is one of the oldest nationalities in the southwest frontier, living on the west bank of Nujiang River as early as the second century BC. The traditional folk festivals of De 'ang mainly include Water-splashing Festival, Closing Festival, Opening Festival and burning white firewood, which are mostly related to Buddhist activities. De 'ang people also have ceremonies such as ancestor worship hall, village gods, land gods, dragons and girls, among which Dragon Boat Festival is the most interesting.

24. Dong nationality

Dong nationality originated from the "Luoyue" in Qin and Han Dynasties. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, these tribes were generally called "Liao", and Dong people were a part of "Liao". Now it is mainly distributed in Guizhou and Hunan. Believe in polytheism and worship natural things. The dates of Dong traditional festivals vary from place to place, and the festival diet is often associated with banquet activities. The main festivals are wedding festival, bridge crossing festival, ox festival, New Year's Day, fireworks festival and so on. Dong people like bullfighting, and every village has a "Buffalo King" to compete.

25. Dulong

Dulong was once called "Ren Xun" and "Quren". After liberation, according to the wishes of the nation, it was renamed Dulong. Now they mainly live in Dulong Valley in Gongshan, Yunnan. In the middle of this century, Dulong was still in the disintegration stage of primitive commune, and women still advocated the custom of tattooing. In the past, the religious belief of Dulong was still in the primitive stage of nature worship or animism, and even the only festival (Dulong language: Kakwa) was related to religion. The parade is held on a certain day in the twelfth lunar month every year (the time varies from place to place), and the length of the festival often depends on how much food is prepared.

27. Hani nationality

According to historical records, Hani, Yi and Lahu nationalities originated from the ancient Qiang nationality, and now they are mainly distributed in southwest Yunnan. Hani people claim to be many, and they are collectively called Hani people after the founding of New China. Hani people believe in polytheism and worship their ancestors. Traditional festivals mainly include "New Year's Day" (10) and "Eating Zhazha" (May Day). In addition, there are two small festivals, namely "Seedling Planting Festival" (also known as "Yellow Rice Festival") and "Nianwei Festival".

29. Jinuo people

Jinuo people live in Jinuo Township and its vicinity in Jinghong County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Jinuo people call themselves "Jinuo people" and Chinese translation is "Youle". 1979 was officially recognized by the State Council as the 55th ethnic minority in China. Jinuo people used to believe in animistic primitive religion, but mainly worshipped ancestors. Traditional festivals are mainly Chinese New Year, and the specific time is determined by each village, but most of them are held in the twelfth lunar month. Every September in the lunar calendar, Jinuo people celebrate the annual New Rice Festival, which is called "auspicious morning" by local people.

30. Jing nationality

Jing people mainly live in Jiwei, Wutou and Shanxin islands in Jiangping Township, Fangcheng Autonomous County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and are known as the "three islands of Jing people". The Jing nationality who claimed to be "Jing nationality", "Yue" or "Annan" in history, 1958 was officially named Jing nationality with the approval of the State Council. The Jing people mainly believe in Taoism, and a few people believe in Catholicism. Traditional festivals include Spring Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and Singing Ha Festival. One of the most solemn and lively festivals is the "Singing Ha Festival" (Song Festival). Singing Hado is held in Harding, which is a building with a unique national style.

3 1, Jingpo nationality

Jingpo nationality developed from a part of Xunchuan tribe in Tang Dynasty. Modern literature is often called "the top of the mountain", which mainly lives in the mountainous areas of counties in Dehong Prefecture. 1953 On July 24th, Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous County was established, and 1956 was changed into an autonomous prefecture. Munao Zongge (Munao Zongge) is a traditional festival for Jingpo people to drive away evil and promote good and wish good luck and happiness. It is usually held after the fifteenth day of the first lunar month and lasts for 2-3 days. According to the legend of Jingpo nationality, it is a large-scale song and dance activity in which the sun in the sky gathers everything on the ground and spreads from rhinoceros to human beings, and later becomes the biggest festival of Jingpo nationality.

33. Lahu nationality

Lahu people are mainly distributed in Lancang, Menglian, Shuangjiang, Menghai and Ximeng counties in southern Yunnan Province. The word "Lahu" is a vocabulary in our national language. "Lahu" means tiger, and "Lahu" means barbecue. Therefore, the Lahu people were called "tiger hunters" in history. Traditional festivals of Hu nationality include Lahu Year, Pagoda Enlargement Festival (Spring Festival), Torch Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and New Year Tasting Festival. One of the biggest festivals is the Lahu Year. Legend has it that the Lahu brothers came from the gourd. On the first day of the lunar new year, Lahu men, women and children should wash their hands with gourd water to wash away the poverty of the past year and usher in a bumper harvest in the new year.

35. Barrow nationality

The Barrow ethnic group is mainly distributed in the southeast of Tibet, with a population of only over 2,300, which is the smallest ethnic group in China at present. Loba is what Tibetans call them, meaning southerner. Domestic slavery still existed before liberation. 1August, 965, officially recognized as a single nation. The Barrow people living in Medog and Milin follow the Tibetan calendar, and all festivals and sacrificial activities are not much different from those of Tibetans. Barrow of Ximeng called New Year's Day "Tiaogeng Valley Breast Surgery". Many places still retain the ancient custom of "clan assembly".

37. Maonan nationality

Maonan people mainly live in the upper, middle and lower mountainous areas of Huanjiang County, Guangxi, and Maonan people are the indigenous people of Lingxi. Before the Tang Dynasty, Dai and Ling of the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties were their ancestors. According to historical records, Maonan nationality was called "Mao Tan" and "Maonan nationality" in ancient times, and it was approved by the State Council in August 1986, and it was renamed today. Maonan festivals have two obvious characteristics: first, ancestors must be sacrificed; The second is to carry out more singing activities. The biggest festival of Maonan nationality is Dragon Boat Festival from summer to the future every year. At the temple fair in May of the lunar calendar, the "meeting to drive away ancestors" in Tomb-Sweeping Day and the "flying birds" in the Lantern Festival are also their unique commemorative activities.

38. Mulao nationality

Mulao people, in their own language, the word "Mulao people" means "mother". Mulao people mainly live in Luocheng and other counties in Guangxi, and have their own language, but no writing. Most people speak Chinese and Zhuang, and use Chinese. In the past, the Mulao people believed in many gods and held many festivals. There are festivals almost every month of the year except October and November. The triennial "Fan Yi" Festival, also called "Joy and Enrichment", is the biggest festival of the Mulao people. The main purpose of "relying on food" is to make a wish to our ancestors, pray for the safety of people and animals, and reap a bumper harvest.

39. Pumi people

The ethnic origin of Pumi nationality belongs to the Qiang branch of ancient nomadic people in northwest China, and "Pumi nationality" means white. They mainly live in Lanping Bai Pumi Autonomous County, Nujiang Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County, Yongsheng County and Ninglang Yi Autonomous County in Lijiang area. In the past, Pumi people worshipped many gods and ancestors, and most festivals were closely related to sacrificial activities. Such as New Year's Day (Spring Festival), Tomb-Sweeping Day, Long Summer, Dragon Boat Festival, Torch Festival, Year Taste Festival, etc. In the past, Pumi people held a large-scale small world sacrifice every three years, which was held by the whole nation or the whole village.

40. Qiang people

At present, the Qiang people mainly live in Mao Wen, western Sichuan. Qiang people call themselves "Ermayina", which means "local people". As early as more than 3,000 years ago, there were records about Qiang people in Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Yin Ruins, and their main activities were in northwest China and the Central Plains. There are pandas, flying foxes and golden monkeys that are rare in the world in the mountainous areas where Qiang people live. The first day of October in the lunar calendar is the New Year of the Qiang people. New Year's Eve is also called "Harvest Wine". On New Year's Day, people in the whole village go to "Linshen" to make a wish and burn cedarwood incense to pay homage to their ancestors and gods. Whenever there are holidays, weddings, funerals, sacrifices, parties, entertaining guests or changing jobs, besides sumptuous meals, wine is also essential.

46. Tujia nationality

Most Tujia people live in Hunan, Hubei and Sichuan. Tujia people call themselves "Bizka" (meaning local people) and have their own language. Most people speak Chinese, and only a few inhabited areas still retain Tujia language. Tujia people attach great importance to traditional festivals, especially the Spring Festival. Every year, the second day of the second lunar month is called "Social Day". At this time, you will have a social meal. Eat zongzi on Dragon Boat Festival. Baba played on the Double Ninth Festival. Tujia people used to be superstitious about ghosts and gods and worship their ancestors. They should pay great respect to their ancestors every New Year, and they should also pay little respect on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month. 48. Tu Tu people mainly live in Huzhu, Minhe and Datong counties in Qinghai Province, and the rest are scattered in Loeb, Menyuan and Tianzhu in Gansu Province. Tu people call themselves "Mongolian Music" or "Mongolian Confucius" (meaning Mongolians), and they used to be called "Qinghai natives" and Tibetans called "Tang". The Turks are mainly engaged in animal husbandry and agriculture, especially sheep farming. The "Seven-Day Meeting" is a carnival for the Tu people to celebrate the harvest. Many festivals of the Tu people are closely related to religion. During the festival, there should be various sacrificial activities and holiday food.

49. Wa nationality

Wa people are distributed in the west and southwest of Yunnan Province, west of Lancang River and south of Nushan Mountain range east of Nujiang River. Formerly known as "Kawa", 1963 was changed to its current name with the approval of the State Council in April. On the annual "New Fire Festival", the Wa people put out the old fire, and then the venerable old man lit a new fire in the form of drilling wood for fire, indicating good luck and well-being in the new year. Every year, whenever there are major festivals and sacrificial activities, the Wa people hold the "Cattle Festival" to express their desire for a bumper harvest and pray for peace.

53. Yao nationality

Yao nationality is a typical mountain nationality in southern China. Yao people call themselves Mian, Jinmen, Bunu, Lajia, and Bingduo, with more than 30 titles due to different economic life, living areas and costumes. After People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, it was collectively called Yao. Besides the Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, Yao people have more than 30 unique traditional festivals, including Wang Pan Festival, Kings Festival and Bird-catching Festival. Wang Pan Festival on October 16th of the lunar calendar is the most grand festival for Yao people, and it is a grand traditional festival for Yao people to commemorate their ancestors.

55. Yi people

Yi people are distributed in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Yi people claim to have a large number, which varies from place to place, including "Sunuo", "Misa", "Luoluo", "Sani" and "Axi". After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), "Yi" was adopted as the unified name of the whole country. Yi people used to worship animism and ancestors. There are many traditional folk festivals. The main festivals are October Festival, Torch Festival and regional festivals and sacrificial activities. October is a traditional year for the Yi people, and it is usually held on the auspicious day of the 10th day of the first lunar month. Torch Festival is the biggest traditional festival of Yi people, which falls on June 24th of the lunar calendar every year.