I urgently need a final examination paper of history department, which is about the social life history of China. Thank you very much

The second chapter is about China's ancient diet life.

Academic goal

Through the teaching of this chapter, students can feel the connotation of human diet life as an important part of social culture as a whole. At the same time, through the specific teaching of ancient wine culture in China, students can understand the profoundness of China's food culture.

Important and difficult

Diet structure and its evolution, dining system and its evolution, diet thought and health concept. 〉/P & gt；

Section 1 Diet Structure and Diet Style

As a complex social and cultural behavior, human dietary life has rich historical connotations. It is the sum of all kinds of material forms and spiritual forms at the social level reflected by human dietary practice, and its changes are mainly reflected in the changes of dietary structure and mode.

First, the changes of ancient diet structure.

Food made of grain is the staple food, which is the same dietary feature of ancient agricultural peoples. The diet structure in ancient China has always followed the tradition of "five grains as nourishment", with rice and wheat as the main food and miscellaneous grains as the supplement. In ancient times, cuisine refers to meat dishes such as fish, shame refers to delicacies, and nuclear refers to vegetables and stone foods. Therefore, dishes are the general name of meat dishes made by cooking and used with staple food.

Noun interpretation

The staple food dishes are nutritious grains.

Second, the changes in ancient dietary patterns.

In the pre-Qin period, China's ancestors used to eat on the floor. In the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, wealthy families had grain boxes. In terms of dining system, human beings formed the dining system a long time ago. During the Zhou and Qin dynasties, two meals a day were common, but the custom of three meals was already established in the upper class.

Noun interpretation

Dining system based on food case: separate dining system and cold food system.

Section 2 The Origin and Function of Wine

First, the origin and development of wine

There are many records about the origin of wine in China ancient literature. Wine-making technology took the Tang Dynasty as a turning point. Before the Tang Dynasty, rice wine or fruit wine was mostly made by natural fermentation, and its alcohol content was very low. After the Tang Dynasty, the brewing technology was developed and the alcohol content became higher. In addition, China had the technology of brewing fruit wine in ancient times, such as wine.

Noun interpretation

"The Fifth Great Invention" Du Kang

Second, the function of wine

Throughout the ages, wine has always been a popular drink, but wine is not an ordinary drink, but a special drink. Wine has the following effects on human beings: it stimulates people's feelings and catalyzes people's nerve activities; Used for all kinds of etiquette, that is, the so-called "ceremony" of the ancients; It has a catalytic effect on literature and art.

Noun interpretation

Wine as a gift "The Eight Immortals Song in Drinking"

Third, the wine disaster and prohibition of alcohol

In the long history, there are almost all kinds of wine disasters that lead to death and national subjugation because of drinking too much and being rude, making mistakes or affecting national affairs. Mainly manifested in: First, binge drinking and early mourning; Second, sudden death due to excessive drinking; The third is to suffer from drinking too much.

It is precisely because excessive drinking will not only make people lose their health and life, but also waste food. Since the Xia Dynasty, there have been laws and calls for prohibition of alcohol in China.

Noun interpretation

Wine is a disaster, and wine is forbidden.

Think about a problem

1. Try to explain the evolution of the ancient diet system.

2. How to understand "wine is a gift"?

Chapter III Ancient Chinese Costume Customs

Academic goal

Through the teaching of this chapter, students can understand the historical origin and evolution of clothing in daily life, and then further understand the historical and cultural factors in the evolution of clothing.

Important and difficult

The historical origin, morphological category and sociality of clothing.

Section 1 Evolution of Clothing in Past Dynasties

Clothing is an indispensable element in human life and a symbol of human civilization. Clothing activities and their culture are not only a "barometer" of the changes of the times, but also one of the important signs to test the degree of social civilization in this era. Specifically, clothing not only meets the needs of human material life, but also represents the spiritual life in a certain period. It is an external reflection of the life content, social system, customs, aesthetic concepts and mental outlook of people of all ethnic groups. Therefore, each generation of clothing has formed its own characteristics, such as: first, the innovation of clothing in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period; Second, exquisite Qin and Han costumes; Third, the open clothes in Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties; Fourth, elegant Song costumes; Fifth, exotic customs: Liao, Jin and Yuan costumes; Sixth, restore the costumes of the Han nationality in the Ming Dynasty; Seven, the Qing Dynasty clothing restructuring.

Noun interpretation

Khufu's coat is made of thick clothes, his robe is made of thick clothes, and Khufu's clothes are made of "high-quality drying clothes".

Section 2 Sociality of Clothing

As a cultural phenomenon, clothing is deeply influenced by politics, positivity, culture and even academics of an era. It profoundly reflects the spirit of an era and people's thoughts, and becomes the embodiment of the social culture of an era, with distinct social connotations. The sociality of clothing mainly refers to its hierarchy, regionality, nationality, rationality and functionality.

First, the hierarchy

The hierarchical system is mainly manifested in: the hierarchical crown service system; An insurmountable agent system; Grade restriction of clothing color; Grade requirements of clothing materials; Classification rules of clothing heraldry; Grade difference of clothing consumption.

Second, locality.

As an inevitable product of the development of human society and a kind of material culture, the emergence, development and change of clothing are closely related to the natural environment, climatic conditions, production methods and lifestyles in various regions, thus showing a distinct regional color. Mainly manifested in the differences in materials and styles.

Third, nationality.

Nationality refers to the different characteristics of different nationalities in clothing. There are many nationalities in our country, and their clothing styles, patterns and ornaments are colorful and have their own characteristics.

Fourth, ethics.

In ancient China, in a specific period, clothing was a manifestation of observing etiquette and respecting rules. Different occasions had different clothing requirements, which made clothing have a strong logical color.

Five, functionality

In ancient China, in social life, it was one of its important contents to express the functional connotation of the profession and identity through clothing. Different clothes are symbols that different industries are not suitable for your identity. People know their industry, their behavior and their status at a glance. All these are the true embodiment of the functional connotation of "serving other industries and decorating armor for other industries".

Noun interpretation

Cut off aging and get rid of clothes.

Think about a problem

1. On the sociality of ancient Chinese costumes.

2. Illustrate the relationship between clothing modeling and the production and life of all ethnic groups with examples.

The fourth chapter is the life of ancient tourist traffic in China.

Academic goal

Through the teaching of this chapter, students can understand the customs of ancient China tourism life, as well as the social function and value orientation embodied in tourism life.

Important and difficult

The management idea, social function and value orientation of ancient folk tourism accommodation service industry.

Section 1 Tourism Customs

"Travel" generally refers to a long-lasting and long-distance travel activity. Due to the differences in ancient geographical conditions and people's social identities, the ancient tourism customs showed diversified characteristics, and evolved with the progress of the times, vividly reflecting the content and changing track of political, economic and social customs in various historical periods.

First, choose good luck and sacrifice to the gods.

Many aspects of China's ancient social life showed strong oriental mysticism, and some customs related to tourism life also had this feature. Choosing auspiciousness and offering sacrifices to gods is the custom of psychological preparation before traveling, which embodies the psychological solemnity and seriousness at the beginning of traveling life.

Noun interpretation

Choose an auspicious ancestor.

Second, the farewell custom in tourism

Farewell is the beginning of travel life. Farewell to travelers is also a common form of farewell in social life. In addition, there is the custom of giving words and gifts when sending farewell in ancient times.

Noun interpretation

Baqiao folded willow farewell dinner

Third, the inscription

Some scholars like to write inscriptions in memorable places, and this custom has continued to this day. The custom of inscription in ancient travel life can be traced back to the Qin dynasty, and it has gradually become popular since the Han and Jin dynasties, and has become more popular since then.

Fourth, it's still early? Shang Jian? Shangkuai

Travelers should pay attention to starting as early as possible on the way, so as to find a hotel to stay in before dark, pay attention to saving money and reach their destination as soon as possible, which is also a tourist custom since ancient times.

Noun interpretation

It's early, frugal and fast.

Fifth, soft feet? Wash the dust? Give a banquet to welcome (guests from afar)

When traveling, people know that they are back. Generally speaking, there are customs such as soft feet and welcoming guests to comfort those who travel far away. In addition, when traveling far away, travelers pray for the protection of the gods on the way, which also produces the tourism beliefs and a series of taboos in China's ancient tourism life.

Noun interpretation

A gentle welcome

Section 2 Value Function and Social Orientation

First, the social function of tourism life

As an important part of ancient social life, tourism life has its unique social significance and plays an extremely important role in the ancient world. Its social functions are mainly manifested in the following aspects: political education function, economic exchange function, cultural communication function and scientific and technological catalysis function.

Second, the value orientation of tourism life

Travel is essentially a two-way communication, cultural interaction and corresponding observation activity between participants and objects under specific time and space, specific background and specific materialized conditions. In addition, different needs lead to diversified value orientations: aesthetic value orientation, seeking knowledge value orientation, "observing the world" value orientation and leisure and entertainment value orientation.

Think about a problem

1. On the evolution of ancient tourism customs in China.

2. Briefly describe the influence of China ancient tourism life on economic development.

Chapter V China Ancient Marriage Life

Academic goal

Marriage is the basic form of interpersonal relationship, and what kind of social organization form is there? Through the study of this chapter, students can master human marriage forms, ancient marriage ceremonies and the evolution process of marriage forms in past dynasties, and then understand the relationship between marriage and politics, economy and culture.

Important and difficult

The form of human marriage and its evolution track, the form of marriage in past dynasties, wedding ceremony, marriage concept and its evolution.

Section 1 The Origin and Process of Marriage

First, the origin and evolution of marriage

Marriage is the basic form of interpersonal relationship. What kind of marriage forms there are, what kind of social organization forms there are. The form of human marriage has experienced the development and evolution from consanguineous group marriage, intermarriage, pairing marriage to monogamy.

Noun interpretation

Class marriage, brother-sister marriage, hierarchical marriage, Morgan punaluan family's annotation on patriarchy.

Second, the ancient wedding ceremony

Marriage is a great event in one's life. Most nations and regions in the world will hold special ceremonies to celebrate the formal marriage of men and women. This ceremony is called "wedding". China attached great importance to weddings in ancient times, and the main ceremonies included: six gifts, urging makeup, paving the house, seeing off the bride, paying homage to the bride, setting up the account, tying the red line, making a wedding, and choosing a husband by poetry.

Section 2 Forms of Marriage

First, predatory marriage; Second, buying and selling marriage; Third, cousin marriage; Fourth, the child is married; Fifth, the husband is married; Sixth, exchange marriage; Seven, ghost marriage; Eight, elope and get married.

Section 3 Marriage taboos

First, the same surname does not get married; Second, the same clan is not married; Third, the wife is not married; Fourth, don't marry; Fifth, the middle table is not married; Sixth, whether to get married; Seven, the government and the people are not married; Eight, monks and Taoists do not get married; Nine, rape and escape from marriage; Ten, Qiu Kan did not marry; Xi. Respect for relatives, funeral and marriage; Twelve, the spouse is not married.

Think about a problem

1. Briefly describe the origin and evolution of human marriage.

2. Try to talk about early marriage and its harm in ancient China.

Chapter VI Ancient etiquette and customs of providing for the aged in China.

Academic goal

Through the teaching of this chapter, students can understand the custom of life growth and master the social function and value of life etiquette.

Important and difficult

Life etiquette and its evolution, social function and value of life etiquette.

Section 1 Customs of Life Growth

China is known as "the country of etiquette", and the complete traditional etiquette exists not only in the relationship between people, but also in the personal social life experience.

First, the custom of birth and birthday

China's traditional life etiquette is complex, which runs through the whole life course of an individual. At every specific time or time period of an individual's life, there are always specific etiquette.

Noun interpretation

Fetal pregnancy and prenatal education of birth customs; Birthday custom

Second, the customs and habits of adults.

Rich and complete etiquette influences and regulates the behavior of all members of society. In the process of personal growth, he will be influenced and educated by various manners. At the same time, he will also learn social norms from these etiquette and abide by them. Through this socialization process, there are many life etiquette in the growth process, such as childhood gifts, family education etiquette, birthday etiquette.

Noun interpretation

Children's Gifts, Family Education and Birthday Customs

Section 2 Respecting the Aged and Providing for the Aged

First, the custom of respecting the elderly

The fashion of respecting the elderly in China can be traced back to the fishing and hunting times of meat. Since then, every generation has made progress. The rulers take various measures to respect the elderly, such as giving some sticks, giving official titles, giving preferential treatment and building workshops.

Second, the custom of providing for the aged

Supporting the elderly highlights the practical significance of respecting the elderly and focuses on giving special care to the elderly from the material level. In ancient China, these old-age care measures were mainly embodied in giving things, reducing taxes and fees, establishing old-age relief institutions, and protecting the rights and interests of the elderly.

Third, the folk custom of respecting the aged and providing for the aged.

The formation of the ancient folk custom of respecting the elderly in China was first determined by China's long history in an agricultural society. Secondly, in the traditional culture of our country, Confucianism undoubtedly occupies an important position, and Confucianism has always emphasized the distinction between inferiority and respect for the elderly. Moreover, the strong advocacy and encouragement of "filial piety" by the ruling class has also promoted the concept of respecting and filial piety for the elderly to be deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. Its customs can be summarized into the following three aspects: respecting the elderly, serving filial piety, and paying homage. Respect for the elderly culture is an integral part of China traditional culture, and it is also a concrete embodiment of China's long history and civilization. Its function needs to be treated dialectically. On the positive side, respecting the elderly is the inevitable choice of inheriting civilization in agricultural society and the foundation of social stability. At the same time, it is also the embodiment of humanistic spirit and harmonious interpersonal relationship. However, there are also negative aspects, such as absolute respect for the elderly, which makes young people not get the respect they deserve, thus forming a conservative, passive and lack of exploration mental state, which affects the development and progress of society.

Noun interpretation

Respect for the aged and provide for the aged

Think about a problem

1. On the value and negative influence of China's culture of respecting the elderly.

Briefly describe the social function of life customs.

Chapter VII Health Care Practice in Ancient China

Academic goal

Through the teaching of this chapter, students can understand the role of health care in historical and social development, especially the relationship between epidemic diseases and social development, and understand the ancient customs of health care and sexual cultivation in China.

Important and difficult

The causes of epidemics, the relationship between epidemics and social development, etc.

The first section of the ancient attention to environmental sanitation

First, attach importance to the relationship between environment and health and longevity.

As early as the pre-Qin period, people realized that geographical location, environment and water quality were closely related to health and longevity. Since then, people all over the world have expressed their views on this issue. Especially represented by Xu Dachun, a physician in Qing Dynasty.

Second, pay attention to environmental sanitation.

In ancient China, people attached great importance to environmental sanitation, which was manifested in three aspects: first, in the choice of residential buildings, it was pointed out that we should choose auspicious places conducive to human physical and mental health and build houses; Second, pay attention to the cleanliness inside and outside the house; Third, the ancients also paid special attention to the cleanliness of toilets. In order to maintain environmental sanitation, the ancients also attached great importance to the repair and cleaning of ditches inside and outside houses. The ancients also had many good practices in maintaining and managing the environmental sanitation of settled living areas.

Section 2 Relationship between Epidemics and Social Development

First, the types of epidemics in past dynasties

Historically, China is a country with frequent epidemics. The four periods in China's history are from pre-Qin to early Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Tang and Song Dynasties and Ming and Qing Dynasties. Among them, the epidemic situation in Ming and Qing Dynasties was complex and frequent.

Second, the causes of ancient epidemics

There are three main reasons for frequent epidemic disasters in ancient China, namely, the occurrence of epidemic disasters is often closely related to frequent disasters, huge floating population and geographical environment.

Three. Epidemiology and society

After the outbreak of epidemic disease, it is often branded in all aspects of social development, and all levels of social development are affected by it, mainly in the relationship with social productive forces, health undertakings, beliefs, interpersonal relationships and the development of moral value system.

Noun interpretation

Environmental diseases in Su Wen and dietotherapy in Treatise on Febrile Diseases

Think about a problem

1. How to understand the relationship between epidemic disease and social development?

2. Briefly describe people's understanding of the relationship between environment and health in ancient China.

Chapter VIII Ancient Funeral Customs in China

Academic goal

Through the teaching of this chapter, students can understand the ancient funeral customs and master the relationship between funeral and China traditional culture.

Important and difficult

The origin and evolution of funeral customs and funerals, and the relationship between funerals and China traditional culture.

Section 1 Funeral Customs and Funerals

First, funeral customs.

Funeral custom is the embodiment of a society, a region and a nation. China is a country with a vast territory and a long history. Different regions, different times, different nationalities, different classes and different religious beliefs have formed different funeral customs. This is mainly manifested in different burial forms, various burial methods and graves of various shapes and structures.

Noun interpretation

Burial burial method hanging coffin burial sky burial tree burial grave

Second, the funeral.

Funeral refers to funeral etiquette. After the funeral, after several generations of continuous development, from the initial death, coffin stop, funeral to sacrifice, has formed a set of extremely complex and exquisite etiquette.

Noun interpretation

Funeral funeral program mourning for ancestors and small collection

Section 2 Funeral and China Traditional Culture

Burying the dead relatives is a cultural phenomenon that exists in every country and every nation. It not only entrusts the grief and nostalgia of the living, but also embodies the concern of human beings for life.

First, the last rites

People's life has gone through different stages of development, and each stage has formed its own etiquette. As a ritual to end life, funeral custom is deeply rooted in people's consciousness, permeates all social strata, and becomes a code of conduct for arranging the dead that a nation consciously or unconsciously abides by, profoundly affecting people's thoughts and even daily production and life.

Noun interpretation

Soul concept Neanderthals

Second, the refraction of social characteristics.

Funeral custom is a long-term accumulation of a nation. As an ideological superstructure, it is restricted by the economic base, adapts to the social and historical conditions, and constantly evolves and changes with the development of productive forces. It can also be said that the funeral custom is a reflection of the differences in natural geographical environment, productivity level and economic situation, different ethnic customs and social classes during this period.

Third, the cultural genes of the evolution of funeral customs.

Funeral custom contains extremely rich cultural content, and its evolution reflects the changes of social culture and is influenced and dominated by religious consciousness. The emergence and development of clan concept is also an important factor in the evolution of funeral customs. In addition, the evolution of ancient funeral customs was also influenced by the traditional concept of filial piety.

Noun interpretation

Religious consciousness, clan concept, filial piety concept

Think about a problem

1. Briefly describe the burial customs and funerals in ancient China.

2. Briefly describe the cultural genes derived from ancient burial customs in China.

Chapter IX Beliefs and Customs in Ancient China

Academic goal

Through the teaching of this chapter, students can understand the main folk beliefs and customs, and master the characteristics of traditional beliefs and customs in China.

Important and difficult

The basic teachings of Buddhism and the psychology of retribution for good and evil, the basic teachings of Taoism and the fairy complex, and the characteristics of China's traditional beliefs and customs.

Section 1 Folk beliefs

Belief is a common psychological phenomenon in the history of human society and an important psychological support for ancient people to carry out social activities. The * * * obedience, * * dedication, * * knowledge and generalization of belief concepts have evolved the stability of social life, and its "magnetic force" function of condensing spirit and culture cannot be underestimated. Belief custom is a custom formed by people according to certain belief concepts and worship psychology. China's traditional beliefs and customs have always been rooted in China's traditional society, and have been integrated with China's traditional social views and values in the course of development and change, forming a belief and customs culture with unique national characteristics.

First, totem worship

Totem worship was first discovered among North American Indians. China's totem worship originated from the matriarchal clan period in primitive society. Primitive people who lived by hunting and gathering thought that their clan or tribe had a special close relationship with some animals, plants or microorganisms, and regarded it as the object and symbol of clan worship.

Second, nature worship and spiritual worship.

China people worship nature and spiritual objects for a long time, and there are many different objects and things in different regions. These worships are the most primitive religious forms, most of which have become the main contents of Chinese national beliefs, mainly including the worship of heaven and earth, the sun, the moon, the stars, the phoenix, Kirin and pine and cypress.

Third, social worship and ancestor worship.

Belief in people, gods and ghosts stems from the idea that the human soul is immortal. Before the Qin and Han Dynasties, because the concept of heaven and hell had not yet formed, the whereabouts of ghosts and gods were not very clear. For various psychological needs, the world not only pays attention to offering sacrifices to religious ancestors and the Yellow Emperor, but also sets up shrines for many officials with good policies. It is in the process of arranging the residence for the soul after death that the worship custom of human god, social god and industrial god is formed.

Fourth, divination and witchcraft.

Divination is the oldest type of folk belief in China, and it predicts the good or bad luck in the future. There are various forms of divination, among which fortune telling, physiognomy, divination, geomantic omen, dreaming and so on are popular.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) taboo

Taboo is a very common folk belief based on witchcraft, divination and astrology. It is a passive preventive measure taken by the people to ward off evil spirits and avoid getting close to something "sacred" or "unclean". In the traditional society of China, taboo permeates all aspects of production and life.

Noun interpretation

Totem worship, nature worship, spiritual worship, social worship, ancestor worship and divination.

Section 2 Characteristics of Traditional Beliefs and Customs

As a unique social and cultural phenomenon, China's traditional beliefs and customs have their distinctive features, which are embodied in the impiety and utilitarianism of belief psychology, the diversity and pluralism of belief objects, the ethics and humanity of belief consciousness, and the witchcraft and mystery of belief inheritance.

First, the psychological utilitarianism of faith.

Strictly speaking, most people in China are not devout believers most of the time, and no religion, spirit, thought or doctrine completely occupies the human soul. This utilitarianism in people's belief is mainly manifested in: believing in the utilitarian color of gods; Deep-rooted taboo concept; The quick success of faith, etc.

Second, the diversity of belief objects.

China is not a country with simple beliefs. There are various religions and countless superstitious customs settled here. The relaxed belief environment, rich belief resources and unbalanced differences in regional economic and cultural development inevitably make China people have the characteristics of diversity and pluralism in their belief objects.

Third, the humanistic atmosphere of belief consciousness.

The humanistic atmosphere of China people's belief consciousness is mainly manifested in the following aspects: ethical and cultural concepts permeate people's belief consciousness; Secular concern in belief consciousness; God's human touch

Fourth, the witchcraft color in the inheritance of faith.

Another important feature of traditional beliefs and customs is witchcraft. They play a vital role in the continuation of belief customs. The witchcraft and mystery of belief inheritance are reflected in the prevalence of superstitious activities in traditional society, which has produced a group of superstitious professionals. Therefore, superstition, as a backward folk phenomenon, occupies a large proportion in traditional social beliefs and customs. And its incomprehensibility is the charm of tempting blind obedience.

Noun interpretation

Kanyu cares about witchcraft and Nuo culture in reality.