How are the shells of pistols, light and heavy machine guns, rifles and submachine guns discarded after being shot by firearms?

Pistol, machine gun, automatic rifle and submachine gun: after the bullet is fired, it moves forward along the gun bore under the action of gunpowder gas. After passing through the air guide hole, the gunpowder gas in the gun bore flows into the air chamber of the gas regulator along the air guide hole, where the gunpowder gas rapidly expands and acts on the piston, pushing the piston to move backward. The piston hits the bolt and the bolt moves backward, forcing the machine head to rotate and unlock, and driving the machine head to sit with the hammer to finish the shell lifting and shell throwing. When the recoil of the bolt is about to end, the bolt hits the buffer and compresses the buffer spring, which plays a role in buffering the recoil. After recoil, under the joint action of recoil spring, hammer spring and buffer spring, the hammer and bolt machine are pushed back. During recoil, the hammer machine grabs the hammer repeatedly, and the bolt machine pushes the bullet into the chamber, forcing the machine head to rotate and lock the chamber. After the nose is locked, the body continues to re-enter. If the safety is not pressed in place, it will re-enter and drive the continuous firing iron to release the firing machine, so that the bolt is re-entered, and the whole gun completes the automatic cycle from firing to firing. If it is a single shot, the hammer will switch to the iron-blocking and hanging-up state through the single shot to make the next firing (if it is a continuous firing, the hammer will hit the needle and fire bullets under the action of the spring force of the hammer to complete the continuous firing action. )

Manual rifle: when pulling the bolt, pull out the shell with the shell hook.