Guqin Modeling in Tang and Song Dynasties

Guqin Modeling in Tang and Song Dynasties

China ancient literati regarded Qin Le as a spiritual carrier. Chyi Chin calligraphy and painting? Among them are Zhu, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Wang Anshi, Jiang Kui and Huang Tingjian. They all have quite high musical attainments. Guqin art reflects the thoughts and values of literati, and the humanistic spirit of the Northern Song Dynasty permeates more into the aesthetics of Qin music, which plays an important role in the development of Qin music practice and theory.

1, overview of guqin

1. 1 guqin origin

Guqin, formerly known as Qin, is also called lyre and lyre. What happened afterwards? Jane. It has also become a term for plucked musical instruments, such as huqin, violin, dulcimer and so on. At the beginning of this century, in order to distinguish it from foreign plucked instruments, it was called? Guqin? . Guqin is the oldest plucked instrument in China, with a history of more than 3,000 years, such as the Book of Rites in the pre-Qin and even the Han Dynasty? Shun used to be banjo, singing the south wind? , The Book of Songs? Playing the piano and drums to defend Tianzu? 、? My Fair Lady, Friends of Hare? 、? Chair tung painting, cutting harp? . It can be seen that Qin has a long history in China.

1.2 basic modeling of guqin

Guqin is a flat and long speaker, with a length of about 130 cm, a width of about 20 cm and a thickness of about 5 cm. The face plate, also known as the piano face, is a long wooden board with an arched surface. The head end of the piano has a string hole, the tail is oval, and the neck and waist have crescent or square folded grooves. The bottom plate, also known as the piano bottom, has the same shape as the panel, but it is not arched. The belly of the piano is dug in the lower half of the whole piece of wood. There are two sound holes on the bottom plate, which are called Longchi or Fengbog. There are two foot holes near the waist, on which two feet are installed to praise the feet. The piano face and the bottom plate are bonded to form the piano body, and the tongue-shaped wooden board is attached to the inside of the piano head to form a space separated from the belly of the piano, which is called the tongue hole. There is a sound beam on the back of the panel, also called Shi Xiang. There are two pillars in the belly of the piano, called Tianzhu and Judy. Chord, also known as Qin Zhen, is mostly round or melon-shaped and hollow (for threading). The strings are tied with velvet ropes and wound around the harp. The strings are wrapped in silk. Yueshan is embedded in the head of the panel and also has a chord hole. There are four feet on the floor. The first two feet are called palms and the last two feet are called tail stickers, which play the role of flattening the body. 13 signs made of mother-of-pearl or jade are embedded in the panel to mark phonemes. Qin Tang is the oldest extant, and its basic structure has not changed significantly so far.

1.3 Guqin Style and Broken Patterns

Guqin has beautiful shapes, including Fuxi style, Zhong Ni style, Julian style, sunset style, brainwave style, banana leaf style, Shennong style and so on. Mainly according to the different neck and waist shapes of the piano body. Due to the vibration of long-term performance and the difference of wood and paint base, various broken lines can be formed, such as plum blossom break, cow hair break, snake belly break, ice breaking, turtle pattern and so on. Lacquer broken lines are the symbol of the Guqin era. A broken piano is more valuable because of its clear sound and beautiful appearance.

2. Guqin in Tang Dynasty

2. 1 Guqin's position in the Tang Dynasty

The Tang Dynasty was a dynasty that absorbed foreign cultures and integrated multi-ethnic music with an open mind. Influenced by Le Hu, guqin was gradually ignored in the court of Tang Dynasty. Bai Juyi's "Waste Qin"? The sycamore is combined into a piano, which has an ancient sound. The ancient sound is tasteless, and it is not called human feelings today. The jade emblem loses its luster, and cinnabar is born in the soil. It's been abandoned for a long time, and the sound is still very poor. ? From the poet's resentment, we can easily see that the main reason for Guqin's depression is not? Equipment? What about now? Sound? . Piano musicians don't want to keep the rhythm slow? Voice of Chu and Han Lao? It is out of step with the life rhythm of the Tang people. Be left out in the cold.

2.2 Tangguqin Modeling

The Tang dynasty is a period when guqin connects the past with the future. Before the Tang Dynasty, there was no exact physical evidence, but in the Tang Dynasty, there were productions in the prosperous, middle and late stages, and some of them were dated, which can be studied in combination with literature records. Qin Tang's shape is round, like the piano face in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, round and fat: the roundness in the middle and late Tang Dynasty is getting worse and worse, but it is still round. In the existing Qin Tang etalon, production has the same characteristics of the times, which are summarized as follows:

2.2. 1 material selection

Jatropha curcas is selected as the material. According to "The Story of the Girl's Ring", there is no need to make all kinds of pianos in Wei Lei. Every time he went to Emei alone in the gale, thunder and snow, he chose the first-class pine and fir cutting piano, which was even more beautiful than Tongqin. It can be seen that the selection of materials in Tang Dynasty was not limited to ancient methods.

style

The existing Qin Tang styles include Fuxi style, Shennong style, Shi Feng style, Julian style, Shi Kuang style, hippo chef style and Zhong Ni style.

dotted line

Mosquitoes in Qin Tang are mainly broken by snake bellies, some by ice lines, some by running water, and some by cattle hair mixed between snake bellies. The broken surface of Tang Qin is painted in two colors: black and chestnut shell.

Qin Tang is plump and round in shape and luxuriantly decorated, such as "Qin Tang" collected by Japanese Zhengzang Research Institute.

3. Guqin modeling in Song Dynasty

3. 1 Guqin background in Song Dynasty

There is a nine-string piano composed by Song Taizong. Later, Hui Zong deposited the famous Qin Dynasty in Baiqin Hall of Xuanhe Hall, which shows that the royal family in Song Dynasty attached great importance to Qin. The notes of Sanqin written by Ouyang Xiu, notes of Meng Xi Miscellaneous Books written by Su Dongpo, notes of Qin Tang materials and production characteristics written by Shen Kuo and records of Qin Yao Yuan recorded the methods of picking Qin in the Northern Song Dynasty. At the end of the Song Dynasty, people carefully wrote Yun He Lu, which recorded in detail the spread of famous piano makers and musicians in the Tang and Song Dynasties. In Ming Dynasty, the arrangement and recording of songs in Song Dynasty was based on methods. For example, the evolution of the piano body, the choice of materials, the varieties of piano materials, the methods of making and painting, the structure of the belly of the piano, the types of broken lines and the identification of fakes, the accessories of the piano and so on. And the content of "The Legacy of Taikoo" was repeatedly reprinted and quoted by the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

3.2 Guqin Form in Song Dynasty

Guqinbian in Song Dynasty, with a total length of 128 cm and a shoulder width of 25 cm. Qin is flat, and when it grows up, it is bigger than Qin Tang handed down from ancient times. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the shape gradually became flat and narrow, especially the Zhong Ni-style guqin, which was even more narrow. According to the existing physical data, Zhongni style appeared in the late Tang Dynasty, and it was very popular since then because it respected Confucianism and Taoism in the Song Dynasty.

3.3 Qin Song evolution

In the early Song Dynasty, it imitated Qin Tang's circle and gradually became a flat style in the Song Dynasty: besides the radian, the size of the piano also changed. According to the existing Qin Tang statistics, they are all 120- 125 cm, shoulder width 19-2 1 cm and tail width13-15.5cm. The modern ancient system is a little short, and the sound is urging and thin. 、? Modern people don't dwell on the past: increasing the length and width makes them want to sing loudly and lose the piano sound? , take an examination of the piano garden record is about a book in the middle of the northern song dynasty, the so-called? Ancient times? Which means don. A few examples can be cited to illustrate that Ma Xiren's harpsichord in Song Chongning of Hushi in Northern Tibet, published in Qin Yu magazine today, has a black lacquer snake with three emblems, and its sound is penetrating: both of them are of moderate size, which are the same as regular harpsichords. Although the neck, waist or lower corner are still as round as those in the Tang Dynasty, they are flatter, thinner and lighter than cranes, which is more obvious in the late Northern Song Dynasty.

Since the Song Dynasty, the name of Qin in the imperial court has been scattered, and the custom of making Qin developed to the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, which is different from the Northern Song Dynasty. A careful record of the passage of clouds: The Golden Highway, the so-called golden road, is thin and bright. Shaoxing beginner? 、? Chen Hengdao, Gao Zongchao, Qin Hougu? Shaoxing is also the title of Song Gaozong, so it can be seen that there are two kinds of musical instruments in the early Southern Song Dynasty: imitating Tang Dynasty and Southern Song Dynasty.

In the Northern Song Dynasty, the piano changed from imitating the circle of the Tang Dynasty to being flat and flat, and its shoulders were mostly narrow in the middle and late period. By the Song Dynasty, the internal and external structure and system scale of Qin had been completely standardized. For example, there are pictures and texts explaining the face, bottom and belly of the piano in The Legacy of Taikoo.

3.4 gray paint disconnection

The main materials for making Qin in the Song Dynasty were tung-faced catalpa bottom or pine-faced fir bottom. Broken lines include snake belly, ice crack, running cow hair and so on. The piano system is more perfect, and it shines successively with the Tang Dynasty, which is also a model for later generations.

The style of guqin has evolved with the changes of the times. In the Tang Dynasty, due to the influx of foreign cultures, Hu Yue was submerged. The piano of Liu Changqing, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, and your seven strings were like the sound of the cold wind in the pine forest, singing old songs that had long been neglected. On the contrary, the Song Dynasty was the peak of the development of China Guqin, which can be seen from Zhao Ao's Listening to the Qin. As a kind of literati music, Guqin art and Guqin aesthetic consciousness have developed greatly in this period. Up to now, Guqin art has been sublimated and refined for thousands of years, ranking among the best among many musical instruments in China. To the greatest extent, it bears the heavy China culture and becomes? Masterpieces of oral and intangible heritage of mankind? . But it is also slowly lost, which has to cause us to think.

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