Common sense of China literature

0 1, infants: babies under one year old 02, children: children aged 2-3.

03, water spirit: refers to children (also known as "total angle") 04, cardamom: refers to a thirteen-year-old woman.

05, and logistics: refers to female 15 years old 06, crown: refers to male 20 years old (also known as "weak crown").

07, the year of establishment: refers to 30 years old 08, the year of establishment: refers to 40 years old.

09. The year of know life refers to the year of fifty (also known as "knowing the destiny" and "half a hundred") 10, and the year of sixty.

1 1, seventy years old: seventy years old; People in their eighties and nineties.

13, period year: 100 years old,

Second, the Ming and Qing imperial examinations (started in the Sui Dynasty, flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and abolished in Guangxu 3 1)

Grade (1): College exam (also called "sub-exam"), county-level exam, children take part, and those who pass the exam are "students", that is, "scholars". )

After obtaining the provincial examination (also known as "Qiu Wei"), students take the provincial examination and are accepted as "Juren". )

Will try (also known as "Chun Wei", a national examination, a juren to participate in, was admitted as "Gong Shi". )

Palace examination (national examination, the emperor's examiner, Gong participated, and was admitted as a "Jinshi". Among them, the first place is the "number one scholar"

The second name is "No.2 Eye" and the third name is "Flower Exploration")

(2) Content: Four Books and Five Classics, etc. And the article format is defined as "eight-part essay".

Third, major festivals in ancient times.

(0 1) January day: the first day of the first month, and the year begins.

(02) People's Day: the seventh day of the first month, master.

(03) Shangyuan: On the fifteenth day of the first month, lanterns are put on to watch the play, which is also called the Lantern Festival.

(04) Social Day: Around the vernal equinox, sacrifices are made to pray for farming.

(05) Cold food: two days before Qingming Festival, three days without fire (Wu Zixu)

(06) Qingming Festival: In early April, grave-sweeping and sacrificial ceremonies were held.

(07) Dragon Boat Festival: On the fifth day of May, we eat zongzi and row a dragon boat (Qu Yuan).

(08) Tanabata: On the seventh day of July, women seek cleverness (Cowherd and Weaver Girl).

(09) Central Plains: July 15th, offering sacrifices to ghosts, also known as "Ghost Festival".

(10) Mid-Autumn Festival: August 15, enjoying the moon and homesick.

(1 1) Chongyang: On the ninth day of September, climb the mountain and insert dogwood to avoid disaster.

(12) winter solstice: also called "solstice", the starting point of solar terms.

(13) Lunar New Year: On the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month, drink Laba porridge.

(14) New Year's Eve: the last night of the year, the old year begins and the new year begins.

Fourth, ancient punishment.

(0 1) Torture: Also known as "ink torture", forehead and cheeks are tattooed with ink. Whip: Cut off the nose

(03) flogging: also known as "rod punishment", hitting the board (back, legs, buttocks).

(04) Measures: Cut off your feet (He Shibi)

(05) Castration: also known as "putrefaction", removal of male genitalia (Sima Qian)

(06) flogging: removing kneecaps (Sun Bin) (07) Great pioneering work: beheading.

(08) branding: barbecue kills people (09) cracking: also known as "dismembering five horses" (Shang Yang)

(10) Soup pot: Boil people to death (1 1) Waist chop: chop the hair clasp off the waist.

(12) year in: also known as "thousand pieces" (13) abandoned the market: the body was on the street.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) ancient chronology (heavenly stems: A, B, C, D, E, G, N, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D).

(1) Geochronology of stem and branch: a dating method in which "heavenly stem" and "earthly branch" correspond one by one. Characterized in that:

A, heavenly stems and earthly branches each forms a Gregorian calendar year, such as "Jiazi Year" and "Renwu Year".

B, heavenly stems and earthly branches collocation is always singular to singular, even to even, it is impossible to even and odd combination.

C, 60-year cycle, cycle after cycle.

(2) Year number: Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, emperors have had year numbers when they acceded to the throne, and then the year number is used to mark the year. Such as: the first year of Kangxi.

* year number and main branch year can be used at the same time, for example, April of Shunzhi two years.

(3) Chronology of governors: a method of chronology used in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, such as the 16th year of Huiwen in Zhao Haoqi.

Intransitive verbs on official positions

1, word

(1) Appointed officials: except worship; (2) promotion: resettlement; (3) Demote officials: move to the left; (4) In addition to the official: dismissal.

(5) Recruitment: requisition (6) Beijing official to local official: immigration (7) Minister resigns: begging for bones.

Second, six:

(1) official department (promotion, appointment and removal of official positions, etc. ) (2) household department (local tax account, etc. )

(3) does (does imperial examination school, etc. (4) Punishment (judicial prison cases, etc. )

(5) Ministry of War (border defense of military forces, etc. (6) Ministry of industry (water conservancy project, etc. )

* "Six Departments" is the central official post after the Han Dynasty, with ministers as ministers and assistant ministers as deputies.

Seven, about history books

(1) Chronology: related historical events arranged in time. (* * * three parts)

The first is the Spring and Autumn Annals compiled by Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period.

The detailed chronicle is Zuo Zhuan written by Zuo Qiuming in the Spring and Autumn Period.

The largest one is Zi Tongzhi Jian written by Sima Guang, a historian of the Northern Song Dynasty.

(2) State style: the history recorded separately by the vassal states. (* * * * two)

The earliest Mandarin was written by Zuo Qiuming in the Spring and Autumn Period.

The better is the Warring States Policy compiled by Liu Xiang in the early Han Dynasty.

(3) Biography: reflecting historical events by describing the activities of characters.

First, Sima Qian's Historical Records in the Western Han Dynasty.

The second part is Han Shu written by Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty. ..... "History of Qing Dynasty". (* * * over 20)

(4) General history: break the boundaries of dynasties and describe the history from ancient times to the present.

First, Sima Qian's Historical Records;

The second part is Sima Guang's Zi Tong Zhi Jian. (* * * * two)

(5) Chronicle: Narrating the history of a certain period or a certain dynasty.

The first is Han Shu written by Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

The second part is Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. ..... "History of Qing Dynasty". (* * * over 20)

Explain,

(1) The above are classified according to different standards. In fact, the same history book can be divided into different styles. Such as Historical Records, it can be said that it

This is a general history of biography.

(2) The Twenty-four Histories compiled during the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty are 24 historical books, the first one is Historical Records, and the last one is Ming History, all of which are biographical. Moreover, except Historical Records, which is a general history, the other 23 books are dynastic history.

Eight, the "first" in the history of China literature.

(1) The Book of Songs: China's first collection of poems. (The author is unknown)

(2) The Art of War: China's first military work. (Spring and Autumn Sun Wu)

(3) Mandarin: China's first national history book. (Spring and Autumn Zuo Qiuming)

(4) Chunqiu: China's first chronological history book. (Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period)

(5) Zuo Zhuan: The first chronicled history book in China. (Spring and Autumn Zuo Qiuming)

(6) Historical Records: A general history of China's first biography. (Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty)

(7) Hanshu: China's first dynastic history. (Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty)

(8) Peacock Flying Southeast: China's first narrative poem. (The author is unknown)

(9) Li Sao: China's first lyric poem. (Qu Yuan in Warring States)

(10) Shuo Wen Jie Zi: the first dictionary in China. (Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty)

(1 1) erya: the first dictionary in China. (Confucian Classics of Han Dynasty)

(12) Ma Shi Wen Tong: China's first grammar book. (The author is unknown)

(13) Wen Xin Diao Long: China's first systematic monograph on literary theory. (Southern Dynasty Liu Xie)

(14) Diary of a Madman: China's first modern vernacular novel. (Modern Lu Xun)

(15) Goddess: China's first modern new poetry collection. (Modern Guo Moruo)

(16) Qu Yuan: the first poet in China. (Warring States)

(17) Tao Yuanming: the pioneer of China's pastoral poetry. (Eastern Jin Dynasty)

(18) Xie Lingyun: the originator of China's landscape poems. (Southern and Northern Dynasties)

(19) Lu You: the poet with the most ancient poems in China. (Southern Song Dynasty),

Nine, the world's top ten writers 1. The ancient Greek poet Homer; 2. Italian poet Dante; 3. Goethe, German poet, playwright and thinker; 4. Byron, an active British romantic poet; 5. English Renaissance playwright and poet Shakespeare; 6. Hugo, a famous French writer; 7. Indian writer, poet and social activist Tagore; 8. Russian literary master lev tolstoy; 9. Gorky, the founder of Soviet proletarian literature; 10. Lu Xun, a great writer and thinker in modern China.

X. The first part of China

The first dictionary is Shuo Wen Jie Zi. The first dictionary is Erya.

The first pharmacopoeia is Shennong's Herbal Classic, and the first chronicle is Chunqiu.

The first biographical style is Historical Records, and the first chronological style is Hanshu.

The first art book is Sun Tzu, and the first poetry collection is The Book of Songs.

The first recorded work is The Analects of Confucius, and the first fairy tale is Searching for the Gods.

The first notebook novel is Shi Shuo Xin Yu, and the first largest collection of poems is Quan Tang Poetry.

The first literary book is Wen Xin Diao Long, and the first classic of Chinese medicine is Huangdi Neijing.

The first agricultural encyclopedia is The Book of Qi Yaomin, the first tea monograph is The Tea Classic, and the first book to compile ancient cultural classics is The Yongle Grand Ceremony.

Eleven, China's top ten classic songs:

Running water in the mountains, Guangling Sanqin Music, Pingsha Wild Goose, Meihua Sanfang, flying in ambush on all sides.

Sunset drum, fisherman's question and answer, eighteen beats by Hu Jia, autumn moon in Han Palace, Chun Xue.

12. Nicknames of China writers

① Siming fanatic: He, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty; ② Qinglian lay: Li Bai, a poet in the Tang Dynasty; (3) Young people are old at night: Du Fu, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty; 4 Xiangshan laity: Bai Juyi, a great poet in Tang Dynasty; ⑤ Yuxi Sheng: Li Shangyin, a poet in Tang Dynasty; ⑥ Liu Yi laity: Ouyang Xiu, a writer in the Northern Song Dynasty; ⑦ Dongpo layman: Su Shi, a writer in the Northern Song Dynasty; 8 Taoist priest in the valley: Huang Tingjian, a poet in the Northern Song Dynasty; Pet-name ruby Southern Song poetess Yi An lay; Li Qingzhao

Thirteen, China's three national quintessences: Chinese painting, Chinese medicine and Chinese Peking Opera.

Fourteen, the nickname of "first": laurel, claw head, champion, lead, top of the list, champion, champion, champion, champion.

15. Four famous pavilions in China: Zuiweng Pavilion, Taoran Pavilion, Aiwan Pavilion and Huxin Pavilion.

Sixteen, China's "big four" four pastoral areas: Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai and Tibet. Four plateaus: Inner Mongolia, Loess, Yunnan-Guizhou and Qinghai-Tibet.

Great basin: Tarim, Junggar, Qaidam and Sichuan. Four ancient cultural capitals: Xi, Beijing, Luoyang and Nanjing.

Nineteen, four famous Buddhist mountains: Jiuhua Mountain, Wutai Mountain, Putuo Mountain and Emei Mountain.

18. Time measurement in ancient China: 12: 00 midnight to Rosty Yi: 1: 00 a.m. to 3: 00 a.m., 3: 00 a.m. to 5: 00 a.m. to 7: 00 a.m., 7: 00 a.m. to 9: 00 p.m. to 11: 00 a.m. to 13: 00 a.m., 15: 17: 00 a.m. to 19: 19: 0

Twenty, the oldest book

1. The first dictionary "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" 2. The first song "Erya"

3. The first rhyme book "Qieyun" 4. The first dialect dictionary "Dialect"

5. The first word book Zitong 6. The first anthology "Zhao Ming Anthology"

7. The first collection of note novels "Shi Shuo Xin Yu" 8. The first collection of poems, The Book of Songs

9. The first Analects of Confucius 10. The first chronological history book, Spring and Autumn Annals.

1 1. The first biographical history book Historical Records 12. The First Chronological History Book Hanshu

13. The first historical review, Shi Tong 14. The first art book "Sun Tzu"

15. The first history of ancient institutions, General Code 16. The first agricultural encyclopedia "Qi Yao Min Shu"

17. The first monograph on industrial and agricultural production technology, Tiangong Wu Kai 18. The First Pharmacopoeia Book "Newly Revised Materia Medica"

19. The first botanical dictionary "Fang Quan Beizu" 20. The first book of traditional Chinese medicine, Huangdi Neijing Dasu

2 1. The first geography book "Gong Yu" on page 22. The first architectural monograph "Building French Style"

23. The first classic drama history "Song and Yuan Rhyme History" 24. The first book classification catalogue "Seven Views"

25. The first literary theory work "Wen Xin Diao Long" 26. The First Compilation of the Ancient Cultural Classics Yongle Dadian

Twenty-one, the world's top ten writers

(1). Homer-the ancient Greek poet ②. Dante-Italian poet.

(3) Goethe-German poet, playwright and thinker (4) Byron-an active romantic poet in Britain.

⑤. Shakespeare-English Renaissance playwright and poet. Hugo-French writer.

7. Tagore-Indian poet and social activist. Lev tolstoy —— A Master of Russian Literature.

Pet-name ruby Gorky-the founder of proletarian literature in the former Soviet Union

Attending doctor. Lu Xun-China's great modern writer, thinker and revolutionary.

22. Confucius is called the most holy. Who are the following sages?

Yasheng (Mencius), Poet (Du Fu), Painting (Wu Daozi), Book (Wang Xizhi)

Shang Sheng (Fan Li) Wine Sheng (Du Kang) Shi Sheng (Sima Qian) Medical Sheng (Zhang Zhongjing)

Wu Sheng (Guan Yu) Cao Sheng (Zhang Xu) Cha Sheng (Lu Yu) Bing Sheng (Sun Wu)

Mou Sheng (Sean) Mu Sheng (Ke Sheng) (Rolling) Yao Sheng (Sun Simiao)

Twenty-three, fuzzy time episode

Morning: from 0 to 6 o'clock. Dawn: At dawn.

Dawn: It's almost dawn. Morning: The period around sunrise.

Morning: The period from dawn to eight or nine o'clock. Morning: The period from morning till noon 12.

Noon: during the day 12 o'clock. Afternoon: from noon 12 to sunset.

Evening: The period from sunset to late at night. Evening: Near evening.

Dusk: The period from sunset to sunrise. Midnight: around 12 in the evening.

Night: The period from darkness to dawn.

Twenty-four, China's classic ten tragedies, China's classic ten comedies and China's ten genius books.

The injustice of Dou E —— Guan Hanqing saved the wind and dust in Yuan Dynasty —— Guan Hanqing in Yuan Dynasty, Romance of the Three Kingdoms

The Orphan of Zhao Ji, The West Chamber of Yuan Zaju, Wang Shifu, The Water Margin.

Feng Menglong, a flag bearer in the Ming Dynasty, met Qian Nu-Zheng in the Yuan Dynasty, who was good at biography.

In the spring of Qing Dynasty, Pu Liyu, Zhongshan Wolf of Ming Dynasty-Kang Hai, Pingshan Leng Yan.

Peach Blossom Fan —— Confucius in Qing Dynasty, on the wall —— Baipu and Yujiao Plough in Yuan Dynasty.

Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty —— Ma Zhiyuan, a Yuan zaju, Kang Jinyun, a shame of jy in Li Kui, and The West Chamber.

The Story of Pipa —— Gao Zecheng in Ming Dynasty, The Story of a Boudoir —— Shi Junmei in Yuan Dynasty, The Story of Pipa.

Ming Dynasty Ji, Meng Chengshun and Green Peony —— Ming Dynasty and China

The Palace of Eternal Life-the Great Sage of Qing Dynasty, The Jade Hairpin-Gao Lian of Ming Dynasty, The Ghost Killing.

Leifeng Pagoda-Fang Chengpei and Kite Mistakes in Qing Dynasty-Li Yu and Sanhe Sword in Qing Dynasty

Twenty-five, others

1, nickname: The ancients had many nicknames for "death", the main ones are:

(1) The names of the deaths of the son of heaven, the queen mother and the official are Yi, Beng, Centennial,, Shanling Beng, etc.

(2) The names of parents' death are: no back, loneliness, giving up, etc.

(3) The death names of Buddhists and Taoists are: Nirvana, Death, Sitting, Feather, Immortality and Death. "Death" is now also used to refer to the death of a respected person.

(4) The names of ordinary people's deaths are: death, long sleep, death, death, death, donation of life, death, death, old age, death and so on.

2. Four Treasures of the Study: In the old days, it was a general term for four kinds of stationery: pen, ink, paper and inkstone.

A study is a study. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Yijian wrote Four Books, which described the types and facts of four kinds of stationery. These stationery have a long history of production and are famous for their rich variety and unique style. The famous ones are: Xuan Paper in Jingxian County, Anhui Province, Yimo in Shexian County, Guangdong Province, Duanyan in Duanzhou, and Hubi in Xing Wu, Zhejiang Province.

Three friends in cold years: pine, bamboo and plum are often mentioned in ancient poems. Pine is a cold-resistant tree, which will not wither after winter and is usually regarded as a symbol of integrity and moral integrity. Bamboo that never dies in winter has its own beauty. It is honest, humble, neither supercilious nor supercilious, and natural and unrestrained. It is often regarded as a symbol of elegant people with different customs. Plum, blooming in the cold, is beautiful and unique, which is a symbol of perseverance.

4. Four gentlemen in flowers: plum, bamboo, orchid and chrysanthemum often mentioned in ancient poetry. Orchids, with a fragrant flower and a peanut in a secluded place, are often regarded as a symbol of humility. Chrysanthemum, it is not only beautiful and elegant, fragrant, but also has the characteristics of snow resistance; Flowers bloom after withering and do not compete with others, so they have always been used to symbolize the unyielding noble character of nature. "Plum, bamboo" see the above article.

5. Modesty: (1) indicates a modest attitude and is used for self-addressing. Fool, modestly calling himself not smart. Despicable and modest, claiming to have little knowledge. We humbly call ourselves or our things bad. Humble, call yourself humble. Stealing means privately, privately, and it often means bold and abrupt when used. I humbly declare that I am not as tall as the other person. Servant, humbly calling himself the servant of the other party, uses it to mean serving the other party. (2) The ancient emperors' words of self-modesty included loneliness (the king of a small country), widowhood (the person without virtue) and ingratitude (bad). (3) The words of self-modesty of ancient officials are Xiaguan, Last Guan and Xuli. (4) Scholars' words of self-modesty include: young, late in life, late in learning, etc. , indicating that they are new learners; If you are modest, unworthy and unworthy, it means that you have no talent, or your talent is mediocre. (5) When addressing relatives and friends, the ancients often used modest words such as "home" and "shed". "Home" is a modest word used to address a person's elders or older relatives, such as my father, mother and brother. "Sheshe" is used to humble one's home or one's relative. The former is like my humble abode, while the latter is like my brother, sister and nephew. (6) Other self-deprecating words are: because the elders were above when the ancients sat at the table, the younger generation or people with low status were humble; Small is the modesty of people with a certain status, indicating that they are ordinary and insignificant; Boys are the opinions of children's younger generations on their fathers and brothers; Old people use old people, old people, old people, old people like me, and so on. When they are modest; Women call themselves concubines; The old monk calls himself an old woman; Call your monarch a widowed monarch in other countries.

6. honorific title: a respectful and polite attitude, also called "honorific title". (1) The honorific words for the emperor are Long Live, Holy, Sacred Driving, Son of Heaven, Your Majesty, etc. Driving, this refers to the emperor's car driving. The ancients thought that the emperor should ride a car to run around the world, so he called the emperor "driving". Ancient emperors thought that their political power was determined by heaven, so they called the emperor the son of heaven. Ancient courtiers were afraid to go directly to see the emperor, so they told the people under the palace (the steps of the palace) to convey their meaning, so they used your majesty as the emperor. (2) The honorific title for Crown Prince and Prince is Your Highness. (3) The general is regarded as a subordinate. (4) honorific words for people with certain status: address the envoys under festivals; People with certain social status, such as Sangong, County Chief, etc., are called Your Excellency, and now they are mostly used in diplomatic occasions, such as Your Excellency the Ambassador. (5) Respect for each other or their relatives is order, respect and virtue. Ling, which means beautiful, is used to address relatives of the other party, such as your father (the other party's father), your mother (the other party's mother), your location (the other party's wife), your brother (the other party's brother), your son (the other party's son) and your lover (the other party's daughter). Honorific terms are used to refer to people or things related to the other party, such as respecting the Shang (called the other party's parents), respecting the public, respecting the monarch, respecting the father (called the other party's father), respecting the Tang (called the other party's mother), respecting the Qin (called the other party's relatives), respecting the driver (called the other party), honorific terms (instructed by the other party) and honorific terms (called the other party's meaning). Xian, used to address peers or younger generations, such as Xian Jia (called the other party), Xian Lang (called the other party's son) and (called the other party's brother). Benevolence, meaning love, is widely used. For example, friends who are longer than themselves in their peers are applauded, and those with high status are called benevolent people. (6) Call the old man a husband and father-in-law, such as "self-study and self-study, and you will meet your father-in-law" (The Analects of Confucius). After the Tang Dynasty, husbands and husbands specifically refer to wives and fathers, also known as Mount Tai, and wives and mothers refer to husbands and mothers or Tai Shui. (7) adding "xian" before the title indicates death, which is used to address people with high status or older people. For example, the dead emperor is called the first emperor, the dead father is called the first test or father, the dead mother is called the first kind or sage, and the dead talented and virtuous people are called sages. Adding "Tai" or "Da" before the title indicates another generation, such as calling the emperor's mother the queen mother, grandfather the great (great) father and grandmother the great (great) mother. After the Tang Dynasty, the dead emperors were often called temple names, such as Emperor Taizong, Emperor Xuanzong, Song Taizu, Song Renzong, Yuan Shizu and Ming Taizu. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, emperors were also called by titles, such as Zhu Yuanzhang's Hongwu Emperor, Zhu Youjian's Chongzhen Emperor, Michelle Ye's Kangxi Emperor and Li Hong's Qianlong Emperor. (8) The honorifics for elders and peers include monarch, son, male, first step, master, gentleman, adult, etc. (9) Your address to your minister is Qing or Ai Qing. (10) Use "saints" to show respect for people with noble moral character and superior wisdom, such as Confucius as a saint and Mencius as a second saint. Later, "saint" was mostly used for emperors, such as saints and holy drivers.

7. Special appellation: There are mainly the following four types:

(1) person's title. The common ones are Buyi, Shoushou, Limin, Sheng Min, Suburb, Pear Tree, Cangsheng, Pear Garden and Mangzhong.

(3) Appellations between different friends. The friends you make when you are poor and in a low position are called "poor friends"; Friends who are friendly and close as brothers are called "the turn of Jin Lan"; Friends who share weal and woe are called "embarrassed friends"; Friends formed when encountering hardships are called "friends in need"; Friends with similar interests and deep friendship are called "friends who don't look back"; A good friend of the opposite sex who grew up together is called "friendship of bamboo and horses"; Friends who associate as civilians are called "friends of cloth"; Friends of different generations and ages are called "forgetting to make friends"; Friends who don't care about their identity or appearance are called "forgetful friends"; Friends who don't change their deep friendship because of the change of nobility and inferiority are called "car hats"; Friends who support each other morally are called "friends of gentlemen"; Friends who are like-minded and know each other well are called "friends who have never met before" ("friends who have never met before"). 8. The goodness of Qin and Jin Dynasties: During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qin Jin monarchs intermarried from generation to generation, and later people called the marriage of two surnames "the goodness of Qin and Jin Dynasties".

9. Another name of the moon: The moon is the most prominent description object among the natural objects mentioned in ancient poems. Its nicknames can be divided into:

(1) Because the first month is like a hook, it is called a silver hook and a jade hook. (2) Because the string moon is like a bow, it is called jade bow and bow moon.

(3) The full moon is called golden wheel, jade wheel, silver plate, jade plate, golden mirror and jade mirror because it is like a wheel, a plate and a mirror.

(4) It is said that there are rabbits and toads on the moon, so they are called silver rabbits, jade rabbits, golden toads, silver toads and the moon.

(5) According to legend, there are laurel trees in the middle of the month, so they are called Gui Yue, Guilun, Guigong and Guiling.

(6) According to legend, there are two palaces in the middle of the month, namely Guanghan Palace and Qingxu Palace, so they are called Guanghan Palace and Qingxu Palace.

(7) Because it is said that the moon drives the gods, it is called Wang Shu.

It is said that Chang 'e lives in the middle of the month, so the moon is called Chang 'e.

(9) Because people often compare beautiful women to the moon, they call the moon Chanjuan.

10, another name for ancient months.

1 month-first month, first month, February, last month, musicians from Meng Chun, Zheng Yue, Kazuki Watanabe, early spring and Xinzheng.

February-Female Month, Apricot Month, Midspring, Yue Ling, Yueru, Li Yue and Han Chun.

March-Yue Mei, Tao Yue, Li Yue, Silkworm Yue, Tongyue, Yue Ji, Xiao Chun, Mi Yue, Sakura Bamboo Shoots and Tao Lang.

April-Yuyue, Huaiyue, Xia Meng, silver moon, Yue Mei, early summer, Zhengyang, Zhu Ming and Qinghe.

May-Gaoyue, Liu Yue, Puyue, Midsummer, JUNG WOO and Tanaka.

June-Lotus Moon, Fu Moon, Late Summer Moon, Dan Moon, Cross Moon, Xia Yue and Silence.

July-phase month, spirit month, frost month, Qiu Meng, blue month, cool month, melon month, early autumn, early autumn.

August-Zhuangyue, Gui Yue, Mid-Autumn Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Zheng Zhi and Shanghai High School.

September-Xuan Yue, Juyue, Qiu Ji, Poor Autumn, Bianqiu, Qingnvyue.

10 —— Sunny Moon, Mengdong, Mingyue, Early Winter, Kaidong, Zhengyangyue and Xiaoyangchun

November-Jia Yue, Midwinter, Chang Yue

1February-Tuyue, twelfth lunar month, Jidong, twelfth lunar month, dusk winter, remnant winter, late winter, Qixi, Jiapingyue.

1 1, Wuyue: the general name of five famous mountains, namely Mount Tai in Dongyue, Huashan in Xiyue, Songshan in Zhongyue, Hengshan in Beiyue and Hengshan in Nanyue. Climbing Mount Tianmu in my dream: "Climbing to the top of the Five Mountains, the shadow runs through China."

12, landscape yin and yang: in ancient times, Shannan and Shuibei were yang, while Shanbei and Shuinan were yin. "Gong Yu Yishan": "It refers to the south of Henan and reaches Hanyin." "Hanyin" refers to the south of Hanshui River. "Climbing Mount Tai": "On the day of Mount Tai, wenshui flows westward; It is cloudy and the water flows eastward. " "You Bao Chan": "The so-called Huayang Cave, also known as the sun of Huashan."

13, Uncle (Meng) Ji: the ranking order of younger brothers. Bo (Meng) is the eldest, Zhong is the second, Uncle is the third and Ji is the fourth. In ancient times, the characters of aristocratic families often used the words "Meng", "Zhong", "Shu" and "Ji" as the antecedents to indicate rank, and the word "father" or "father" was added to indicate men, which constituted the full names of men, such as "father bird", "father Zhong Ni" and "uncle Xing".

14, Zodiac: Also known as the Zodiac. Ancient astrologers used twelve kinds of animals to match the twelve earthly branches. Zi is a mouse, ugly is a cow, Yin is a tiger, Mao is a rabbit, Chen is a dragon, snake is a horse, noon is not a sheep, Shen is a monkey, you is a chicken, a dog is a dog, and Hai is a pig. Later, I thought that someone gave birth to something in a certain year, such as a mouse born in the year of the child and a pig born in the year of the sea, which was called the zodiac. In ancient times, the zodiac was often painted with superstitious colors. When it comes to sharing weal and woe, it often involves, especially in marriage, that men and women are very particular about their zodiac signs. There is a so-called "broken marriage between chickens and dogs" and "incompatibility between dragons and tigers".

15, Grains: Five ancient cereals. There are many sayings about "five grains" in ancient times, and there are two main ones: one refers to rice, millet, millet, wheat and glutinous rice; The other refers to hemp, millet, millet, wheat and glutinous rice. The difference between the two is that the former has rice without hemp, while the latter has hemp without rice. The ancient economic and cultural center was in the Yellow River valley, and the main rice producing area was in the south, while the rice planting in the north was limited, so there was no rice in the original "five grains".

Twenty-six, the three elements of the novel are: environment, plot and characters.

(1) Narrative is a style that expresses a central idea mainly by recalling people's words and deeds and what happened. Narrative is mainly narrative, but also description, explanation, discussion, lyricism and other forms of expression. Narration generally needs six elements, namely, people, events, time, place, process and ending.

(2) Argumentative writing is the author's views and comments on things or people. Argumentative writing has three elements, namely argument, argument and argument. Argument is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed. Arguments are used to prove the facts and authenticity of arguments. Argumentative writing is a method to prove an argument with arguments. Generally speaking, the relationship between the three elements is as follows: the argument should solve the problem of "what needs to be proved", the argument should solve the problem of "what to prove" and the argument should solve the problem of "how to prove". There are two basic ways of argumentative writing, namely, argumentation and refutation.

(3) Explanatory writing is a kind of style with explanation method as its main form. Its purpose is to introduce the form, nature and structure of events to readers, and explain the cause, function and relationship of things. This style generally requires things to have characteristics. There are many ways to explain things, such as classification, definition, examples, comparison, graphics, metaphor, drawing charts and so on.

(4) The script must be suitable for stage performance: the script must have concentrated and sharp contradictions and conflicts; The character's language and actions must conform to his own identity and personality characteristics.

The characteristics of prose can be summarized as three points, namely, extensive materials, flexible structure and diverse techniques. The important feature of prose is "scattered in form but not in spirit". "Form and dispersion" means that the materials of prose are very extensive and free, not limited by time and space; The methods of expression are eclectic, that is, describing the development of events, describing characters, expressing feelings with things, or commenting and discussing. "Absence of mind" means that the central idea expressed in the article should be clear and concentrated, and no matter how extensive the content is and how diverse the expressions are, it should serve to express the central idea.

Poetry is the oldest and most literary style. Labor songs and folk songs originated from ancient humans were originally the floorboard of poems and songs; At first, there was no distinction between poetry and song, but poetry and music and dance were combined into one, collectively called poetry. China's poems have a long history and rich heritage, such as The Book of Songs, Songs of the South, Han Yuefu and the works of countless poets. Poetry in Western Europe was created by poets such as Homer, Sappho, Pindar, Catullus, Virgil and Horace in ancient Greece. Poetry is a highly concentrated summary and reflection of social life, full of the author's rich thoughts and feelings, imaginative language, concise and vivid, rhythmic and rhythmic, and generally arranged in branches. Classical poetry rhymes sentence by sentence, while the form and content of modern poetry are greatly enriched and flexible. The basic characteristics of poetry are: ① lyricism. Poetry is the expression of emotional torrent. ② Musicality. Rhythm is the main factor of the musicality of poetry. Another manifestation of the musicality of poetry is rhyme. ③ The language is highly concise and vivid.

First, the classification of drama (drama, opera, ballet; One-act drama, full-length drama; Historical drama and modern drama; Tragedy, comedy, drama)