Three poems of cultural common sense

1. Literary knowledge of Du Fu's three poems

Wang Yue is a five-character poem in modern poetry.

Its couplet is: the creator has endowed all the mysterious nature here with elegance, and? A day immediately enters dawn and dusk .. necklace: colorful clouds lave? My mind is free and easy, and birds fly around in front of my nervous eyes ..

These two couplets are antithetical sentences, and there are anthropomorphic techniques in natural sentences, but this question is correct.

Duality in metrical poems is a very common rhetorical device, so I don't want to ask.

Spring is a five-character poem in modern poetry, and bonfire refers to war. The content of the ancient poem Li Shihao is narrative.

However, according to the general genre of poetry content, it is divided into chanting things and expressing aspirations, writing scenery and lyricism, and singing history with a sense of antiquity. And the stone officer can't rely on it online. Supplement: From the big classification, ancient poetry can be divided into classical poetry, modern poetry, ci and qu, and classical poetry can be divided into metrical poetry and quatrains.

If we just want to distinguish the three poems in the question, then the first two poems can be said to be modern poems, which are different from the ancient poems in The Story of the Stone.

2. Common sense of poetry culture

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First, cultural common sense 1. Three religions: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. 2. Nine streams: Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, France, name, miscellaneous, agriculture, soldiers, yin and yang. 3. Huang San: Fuxi, Shennong and Huangdi. There are also Suirenshi, Fuxi and Shennong; Fuxi, Nuwa, Shennong, etc. 4. Five Emperors: Shao Hao, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Yao and Shun. There are also Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Yao and Shun; Tai Hao, Yan Di, Huangdi, Shao Hao, Zhuan Xu, etc. 5. Five elements: gold, wood, water, fire and earth. 6. Hardware: gold, silver, copper, iron and tin. 7. Bagua: dry (sky), Kun (earth), earthquake (thunder), smoke (wind), talk (water), leave (fire), root (mountain) and exchange (ze). 8. Six Chinese characters: pictograph, signifier, pictograph, phonology, knowing, transliteration and borrowing. 9. Nine potentials of calligraphy: putting pen to paper, turning pen, hiding front, hiding head, protecting tail, being ill, sweeping pen, being astringent, horizontal and vertical. 10. Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest: Ji Kang, Liu Ling, Ruan Ji, Dan Tao, Ruan Xian, Xiang Xiu and Wang Rong. 1 1. Three friends of Lao Han: pine, bamboo and plum. 12. Four gentlemen in flowers: plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum. 13. Four Friends of Literati: Qinqi Calligraphy and Painting. 14. Four Treasures of the Study: pen, ink, paper and inkstone. 15. Four ancient folk stories in China: Cowherd and Weaver Maid, Meng Jiangnu Crying at the Great Wall, Butterfly Lovers and Legend of the White Snake. 16. Four cultural heritages in China: Ming and Qing archives, Oracle bones in Yin ruins, Han bamboo slips in Juyan and Dunhuang scriptures. 17. China's four major plays: Dou Eyuan by Guan Hanqing, The West Chamber by Wang Shifu, The Peony Pavilion by Tang Xianzu and The Palace of Eternal Life by Hong Sheng. 18. Seven major arts: literature, music, dance, drama, painting, architecture and sculpture. Another way of saying it is painting, music, sculpture, drama, literature, architecture and movies. 19. Four major porcelain kilns in China: Cizhou Kiln in Hebei, Longquan Kiln in Zhejiang, Jingdezhen Kiln in Jiangxi and Dehua Kiln in Fujian. 20. The four masters of Peking Opera: Mei Lanfang, Cheng, Shang Xiaoyun and Xun.

3. Cultural common sense of nineteen ancient poems (main contents)

Nineteen ancient poems, the title of a group of poems, first appeared in Selected Works. Nineteen Ancient Poems was selected from unknown ancient poems handed down by children in the Southern Dynasties. The editor collected these five-character poems in the name of the late owner and named them Miscellaneous Poems, which later generations regarded as a group of poems. Nineteen ancient poems, with sentences as the topic. The order is: re-travel, grass beside the Qingqing River, cypress on the Green Mausoleum, today's feast, high-rise buildings in the northwest, hibiscus picking on the river, bright moon and bright night, solitary bamboo in Ran Ran, exotic trees in the courtyard, morning glory in the distance, and walk back to the car. There are different opinions about the author and time of Nineteen Ancient Poems. The caption of Nineteen Ancient Poems and Miscellaneous Poems of Zhaoming once explained clearly: "Ancient poems are parallel, but the author is unknown." It is said that eight pieces of works by Mei Cheng, Yi Fu, Cao Zhi and RoyceWong are jade. Later generations suspected that it was inaccurate. Today, a comprehensive survey of the emotional tendency, the social life reflected by Nineteen Ancient Poems and its skillful artistic skills shows that it was not written by one person, but was produced at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty before Shun Di arrived in Xian Di. That is, between 140- 190. [Meaning] Nineteen Ancient Poems is a remarkable symbol of the humanization of Yuefu ancient poems. At the end of the Han dynasty, the literati paid attention to the individual survival value, which made them establish a broader and deeper emotional connection with their social environment and natural environment. In the past, they were associated with external things, such as ancestral temple sacrifices and writings of emperors and generals. The theme field that once dominated literature has now given way to the source of retirement, friendship, love, market, phenology and solar terms related to the poet's real life and spiritual life. As a result, great changes have taken place in the theme, style and skills of literature. Nineteen Ancient Poems plays an important role in the development of five-character poems and is also of great significance in the history of China's poems. Its subject matter, content and expression techniques have been imitated by later generations, and it has almost become. It also influenced the later creation and criticism of poetry. As far as the actual situation of the development of ancient poetry is concerned, it is not an exaggeration to call it "the crown of five words" and "the ancestor of five words throughout the ages" In the history of poetry, Nineteen Ancient Poems is considered as a comment with the power of five ancient poems. For example, in Ming Dynasty, Wang Shizhen said that "(Nineteen Ancient Poems) is not as good as" Three Hundred Poems ",but his words were implicit and disjointed. Zhong Rong's poem "Look at his well-structured prose, which is straight but not wild, and tactfully attached, which is the highest of five words." "-Liu Xie's poem Wen Xin Diao Long has exquisite images and profound implications, which really makes the gods cry"-Hu Yinglin's poem. Although rich and powerful, it is still insufficient. Poor? Ambition is unattainable, life is like running water, who doesn't feel bad? Everyone loves each other and wants to be together for life, but who doesn't leave? In my mind, it is also common to guess what he saw and abandoned. People who lost their lives together don't know how to be sad or happy again. It's hard to be sad when they leave each other. Abandoning their wives and friends is the same purpose. Therefore, although Nineteen Poems has two meanings, it is a matter of temperament if everyone reads it in a low voice. However, they feel the same. Therefore, I think it is extreme to push the Nineteen Poems. " -Chen Ruoming's "Selected Ancient Poems of Caijitang" [Edit this paragraph] Nineteen full-text ancient poems and one of their translations, "Travel and Travel", travel and travel, are thousands of miles away from your life, each in a world. The road is blocked and long, so the meeting is safe. Humayu knows her safety in the north wind. Time and tide wait for no man. Don't go back, find a way to add food. You keep walking and walking, so you and I are separated. You and I are thousands of miles apart, I am at the end of the day, and you are at the other end of the day. The journey is so hard, so far away. If you want to meet each other, you will know that North Malaysia is still connected to the north wind, and South birds are still nesting in the south branch. The longer you are apart, the wider your clothes are and the thinner you are. The wandering clouds covered the sun, and the wanderers in other places didn't want to come back. Just because I miss you, I am old and the year is coming. There are still many things I don't want to say. I just hope you take care of yourself and don't be hungry and cold. The second part of Grass by the Green River is Grass by the Green River, Willow in the Lush Garden, Girl Upstairs and Window ... Today, I am a slut. If I can't go home, I can't stay alone in the empty bed. Lush grass by the river and lush willows in the garden. The beautiful woman upstairs is standing at the window, her skin is whiter than the bright moon. She is beautifully dressed and has slender fingers. Once upon a time, she once sang a song * * * (* The woman who advocates family in Han Dynasty is different from the so-called brothel woman in later generations. The third part of "On Cypress in Green Mausoleum" is the cypress in Leilei River. Life between heaven and earth suddenly looks like a passer-by. When it comes to the thickness of wine, it is not too thin. Ride a horse, play with Lolo, and win the championship. The long road leads to Luojiaxiang, and many princes live in the first place. The two palaces face each other at a distance, and the distance between them is more than 100 feet. This is an entertainment feast.

4. Knowledge of poetry culture

An overview of the history of China's poetry development: China's poetry came into being before the invention of writing, and gradually formed and developed in people's labor and singing and dancing.

The Book of Songs is a collection of poems from 1 1 century BC to the 6th century BC, and it is also the first collection of poems in China, with 305 poems. According to different music, it can be divided into three categories: wind, elegance and ode. "Ode" poems are music songs used by rulers to sacrifice, including ancestors, mountains and rivers and farmers.

"Elegance" can be divided into elegance and indecency, both of which are used for banquet ceremonies. The main content is to praise heroes of past dynasties and satirize current politics. Wind is the essence of The Book of Songs, which contains 15 local folk songs.

In the 4th century BC, the great poet Qu Yuan was born in Chu State during the Warring States Period with its unique cultural foundation and the influence of northern culture. Influenced by him, Qu Yuan and Song Yu created a new poetic style.

Qu Yuan's Lisao is an outstanding masterpiece of Chu Ci. Chuci developed the form of poetry.

It broke the four-word form of The Book of Songs, from three or four words to five or seven words. In terms of creative methods, Chu Ci absorbed the romantic spirit of myth and opened up the creative road of romanticism in China literature.

Following the Book of Songs and Songs of the South, a new form of poetry appeared in the Han Dynasty, that is, the folk songs of Han Yuefu. There are more than 65,438+000 folk songs in Yuefu in Han Dynasty, many of which are five-character poems. Later, the intentional imitation of classical writers became the main form of poetry in Wei and Jin Dynasties.

Famous articles in Han Yuefu, such as Joining the Army in the Fifteenth Five-Year Plan, Unfamiliar Mulberry and Yu, reveal the war disaster. Of course, the most famous is the long narrative poem Peacock Flying Southeast. This poem tells a sad love story.

And broke up because of Jiao Mu's persecution of the Liu family, which led to the human tragedy in Where Are You Going? The most important artistic feature of folk songs in Han Yuefu is narrative, and Peacock Flying Southeast is the highest peak of narrative poems in Han Yuefu.

Folk songs in Han Yuefu mostly use colloquial and simple language to express the character, so the characters are vivid and sincere. Although most of the folk songs in Han Yuefu are realistic descriptions, there are different degrees of romanticism in many places, such as the last paragraph of Peacock Flying Southeast, which shows the ingenious combination of romanticism and realism.

Five-character poetry is the main form of China's classical poetry. It took a long time from folk songs to literati writing, and by the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, literati five-character poems were becoming more and more mature. The mature stage of five-character poems is marked by the appearance of Nineteen Ancient Poems.

Nineteen ancient poems are not works of one person at a time. The content of this poem mainly tells about parting, lovesickness and feelings about the shortness of life. Being good at expressing emotion and making good use of metaphor is the greatest artistic feature of Nineteen Ancient Poems.

During the Jian 'an period at the end of Han Dynasty, "Three Caos" (Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi) and "Seven Sons" (Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ruan Ji, Zuo Ying and Serina Liu) inherited the realistic tradition of folk songs in Han Yuefu, and generally adopted the five-character style, which set off a * * * upsurge of literati poetry for the first time. Their poems show the spirit of the times, have a generous and sad masculine style, and form a unique style, which is called "Jian 'an Style" by later generations.

Among the seven sons, the highest achievement is Wang Shen, whose masterpiece Seven Wounded Poems is a portrayal of the reality of the war in the late Han Dynasty. Cao Shi and his son are the most important figures in Jian 'an literary world, among which Cao Zhi has the highest artistic achievement.

Cao Zhi's poems (19-232) are magnificent, detailed in description, flowery in words and good in metaphor, so they have the artistic style of "extraordinary strength, flashy but not luxuriant", and his masterpiece is To a White Horse, Wang Biao. Poetry in Jian 'an period was the key to the transformation of Han Yuefu into five-character poetry, and Cao Zhi was the representative poet at that time.

His poems are influenced by Han Yuefu, but they have more lyrical elements than Han Yuefu. Ruan Ji (2 10-263) was a representative poet in Zhengshi era after Jian 'an. His love poems further laid the foundation of lyric five-character poems. He often expresses his worries about the country, his fear of disasters and his avoidance of the world with tortuous poems.

Ruan Ji's contemporary is Ji Kang (224-263), whose poems are cynical and point to the dark reality. Their poetic style basically inherited the tradition of "Jian 'an Style".

Poetry creation in Jin Dynasty gradually stepped onto * * *, and the content of poetry was vague. Inheriting and carrying forward the tradition of "Jian 'an Style", the poet whose works are rich in content is Zuo Si (about 250-305).

His eight poems "Ode to an Epic" satirize current events through ancient events, which is very thoughtful. But after all, such poems are not mainstream, and there are fewer and fewer. It was not until Tao Yuanming at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty that he brought his works close to reality to the poetry circle. Tao Yuanming, who lives in seclusion and is not an official, regards pastoral life as an important creative theme, so people have always called him an "pastoral poet".

At that time, Tao Yuanming inherited the realistic tradition of Yuefu, formed his simple and natural pastoral unity, and created a new realm of classical poetry. Five-character poetry was highly developed in his hands. Xie Lingyun (385-433), who was about the same age as Tao Yuanming, was the first person to create the school of landscape poetry.

The characteristic of his landscape poems is that he can put feelings into them, but some poems are too elaborate, lengthy in description and unnatural in the arrangement of allusions. The Southern and Northern Dynasties is another development period in the history of China's poetry, which is manifested by the appearance of another batch of Yuefu folk songs.

They not only reflect the new social reality, but also create new artistic forms and styles. The overall characteristics of folk songs in this period are short space and lyrical rather than narrative.

There are more than 480 poems preserved by Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties, which are generally five-character and four-sentence poems, almost all of which are love songs. The number of Yuefu in the Northern Dynasties is far less than that in the Southern Dynasties, but the rich content, simple language and vigorous style are beyond the reach of Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties.

If Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties is a romantic song, Yuefu in the Northern Dynasties is a veritable "military music" and "battle song". Stylistically, Yuefu in the Northern Dynasties created seven-character quatrains and developed seven-character ancient poems and miscellaneous words in addition to five-character quatrains.

The most famous Yuefu in the Northern Dynasties is the long narrative poem Mulan Poetry, which, together with Peacock Flying Southeast, is called the "double gem" in the history of China's poetry. The most outstanding poet in the Southern and Northern Dynasties was Bao Zhao (4 10-466).

5. Classical Chinese knowledge of three poems

The flexible use of parts of speech in Gui Yuan Tian Ju (I) is a synonym of 1 in ancient and modern times. Ancient and modern synonyms (1) love relatives: ancient times refers to relatives at home and abroad, including parents and brothers.

Love words: in ancient times, it refers to confidence words, but now it refers to love words between men and women. (2) The farmer told Yichun that something was going to happen in the western regions: ancient farming generally refers to farming.

(3) Looking for cracks: In ancient times, it was a deep and tortuous appearance. Today, it means women are quiet and beautiful. 2. Flexible use of parts of speech (1) can be used to make Ke (please, make) happy.

Books, reading) or boating alone (4) Deliberately using music and piano books to eliminate worries (taking pleasure in …) and to please loved ones (taking pleasure in …).

Three poems by du fu. Basic knowledge accumulation 1, dictation as required

1, other mountains look short under the sky ... petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness. 3. Sunlight ascends the future and is alone with the elderly. 2. What else? The day immediately enters dawn and dusk. Once you climb to the top of the mountain, you will see that spring is back to the green trees and grasslands, and I touch my white hair. It's too thin. If the old man is sobbing, 3, D 4, C5 is probably incorrect: A. If it is correct, BCD6, B7, Li Bai, Tongguan official, Xin 'an official. Mute, it moisten seach thing. After three months of war, a message from hometown is worth a ton of gold. I touch my white hair. It has become so thin that it can no longer hold hairpins. 3. Five-character ancient poems, old woman. I wrote the story that officers went to Shi Hao Village to arrest people for conscription, and even the old, weak, women and children were arrested for service. 4. Explain that the government often arrests people, and ordinary people hide or resist during the day and can't catch them.

7. Literary knowledge of The Book of Songs

The Book of Songs is the first collection of poems in China. From the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, there were 365,438+065,438+0 poems, also known as The Book of Songs. It was called the Book of Songs in the pre-Qin period, or the full name of the Book of Songs. It was regarded as a Confucian classic in the Western Han Dynasty, and was originally called The Book of Songs, which has been used ever since. In content, it is divided into three parts: wind, elegance and praise. Among them, the Wind contains the folk songs on the cover of the Book of Songs in fifteen places, including Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Hebei, Shandong and northern Hubei (Qi, Chu, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin), which is called the "fifteen-country wind", with 160 articles called the Book of Songs. That is to say, the music songs enjoyed by nobles at banquets or attended by princes are divided into "Ya" and "Xiaoya" according to the music layout, with a total of 105, including 3 poems by Ya and 74 poems by Xiaoya. Ode is a sacrificial music song, which is divided into Zhou Song 3 1 song, Truffle and Shang Ode. Forty essays are one of the Five Classics. The Book of Songs has a history of more than 2500 years. The expression techniques of The Book of Songs are divided into Fu, Bi and Xing, which are called "six meanings" together with wind, elegance and ode. The Book of Songs is mainly composed of four words. Book of Songs Collection 3 10. There are 305 existing poems (with titles and words). In the Warring States period, the ceremony collapsed, a large number of music scores were lost, and the only remaining lyrics were included in the Book of Songs. The pre-Qin Dynasty was called The Book of Songs, or the whole number was called The Book of Songs. In the Western Han Dynasty, it was regarded as a Confucian classic, originally known as the Book of Songs, which has been in use ever since. These poems were originally lyrics sung by music and have been preserved.

8. Cultural knowledge in The Book of Songs

This quiet girl is so cute that she will come to the corner of my town.

Love without seeing, scratching your head. (Chapter 1) A quiet girl is a good girl, which makes me in charge.

Tong Guan Hui You said she was afraid of female beauty. (Chapter 2) From grazing to grazing, it is beautiful but different.

The bandit girl is beautiful and awkward. (Chapter III) ① Mao Chuan: "Hey, beautiful.

As soon as possible, wait. "Zhu said," a quiet person means elegance.

Corners of the city, secluded places. If you haven't seen it, you haven't arrived.

The horse said to him, "Say,' Those who have horns also have horns." Guangya:' Jiao, Jiao.

It is the corner of the city, that is, the corner of the city. ""The poet beggar gang defined it as a word to satisfy a woman. "

According to the corner of the city, it is higher and thicker than the city wall, so it is quiet and suitable for meetings. Hey, Mao legend "beauty"; Wei's Beauty.

③ Mao Chuan: "Fat is the beginning of Mao." Jian Zheng: "Xun, Xin also: Mao, white matter also."

Zhu Dui said: "Pastoral poetry, outfield also." . Returning is also awkward. "

"Yan Jingnv also gave me a fat meat. Its fat meat is also beautiful and different, but it is not beautiful, especially given by a beauty, so its things are also beautiful." "Fine Woman" is a beautiful poem, which is not deep in meaning, but it is the most attractive.

But because there is a corner and a Tong Guan in the poem, the interpreter will go out of the harem, which leads to the history of women and many stories that have nothing to do with the poem. It would be very interesting to sort out the opinions that have always been interpreted as "Beijing women" and call them "Biography of Beijing women".

The preface says: The Quiet Woman is also a thorn. Wei Jun has no way, and his wife has no virtue. "

Zhu reversed the order and said, "This is an impulsive poem." Lv Zuqian obeyed, saying, "This poem tells Wei Jun that he is heartless and his wife is unfaithful, so it tells the story of the ancient sage and the virtuous princess."

Kau Lam's statement is humorous: "If you look at it from its villains, you will admire this poem." If viewed from its upright people, then this poem is the meaning of etiquette. "

Amin Wei Diaoding said, "This is a gift from a man and a woman. When the preface thought of stabbing, Ouyang Gong said that people could stab at that time, but there is still a gap in this article.

Mao Zhengni's word "Jing" does not understand the meaning of "Tongguan" and is strongly attached to the History of Women in Gonghu. Zhang Hengqu and Lu Donglai want to solve the problem again, and they are all offensive words.

Zheng and Wei have many poems that men and women tease each other, catching fingers and stabbing their husbands, which is different from talking in a dream. "Many claims are much more clear than the later Qing Dynasty.

The controversy about "Beijing women" has been going on, and the articles about "Tong Guan" are getting bigger and bigger. However, by borrowing Jiang Shaozong's so-called "knowing the handle by reading poems", we can think that the "handle of poems" in Jing Nv is not "making me understand", but "loving but not seeing, stumbling".

Poetry about love between men and women is self-evident, but it doesn't have to involve "female history" or "folk". The so-called "folk" in later generations and the "folk" in pre-Qin are not the same concept, or simply, there was no such "folk" in pre-Qin.

"Those who say' quiet women' are also admired by others in private" (Liu Shixing), which is just like the title of "Ji's" in Zhao Nan's Butterfly with Leaves. The word "love" that "loves but doesn't see", or with the help of three poems, is considered as "borrowing words", that is, teaching as "hiding", but there seems to be no such twists and turns in the poems.

"Xiao Ya Sanchi", "My heart is almost in love, but my leisure is not enough", this sentence is remarkable. Jiao Lin said, "When the clouds disappear, the next two chapters will go back to the past for a long time."

"I don't want to stay long, so I think it's time to meet." "Tong Guan is influenced by a quiet woman, but when she is affected, she must be talking and laughing, which is obvious to those who are easy to know. But the so-called "beauty" in this chapter is the so-called "beauty", that is, the speech and the modality of smiling under the influence of Tong Guan.

""I didn't stay long, but I thought of the first thing I saw. I met an Iraqi in the suburb of * * * that day, and I dare not be frivolous. If I had understood it long ago, I would have been overwhelmed by it. This is not what I dared to expect, but I got what I wanted, so I said,' It's beautiful, it's different'. Although this story is a bit disrespectful, it is unreasonable to make this poem a "legend" after all.

Ma believes that poetry is "a word to welcome a woman", which is also a good opinion. In fact, seeing emptiness in reality can be said to be a very obvious feature of love in the poem Wind, so it is solid on the one hand and ethereal on the other.

Li Shangyin's poem "I love the happiness between people, only the king of Xiang is in my dream" has a very beautiful meaning here, but if it is used in its meaning, it can be said that poetry always has the ability to regard the happiness between people as the dream of the king of Xiang. It is said that life and art are unified, which is a theory summarized by later generations. At that time, I'm afraid it was just a poetic style.

Only in this way can I feel that this simple and natural perfection is really unattainable.