Why is there always a difference of about one month between the lunar calendar and the solar calendar?

Each month contains two solar terms. The working people in ancient times called the first solar term (beginning of spring, Jing Zhe, Qingming, Long Summer, Mangzhong, Xiaoshu, beginning of autumn, Bailu, Cold Dew, beginning of winter, Heavy Snow and Slight Cold) "solar term". The last solar terms (rain, vernal equinox, Grain Rain, Xiaoman, Summer Solstice, Great Summer, Early Summer, Autumn Equinox, Early Frost, Light Snow, Winter Solstice and Great Cold) are called "Zhongqi". How to arrange the lunar leap month? In the history of our country, there have been different ways to deal with it. The leap month was placed at the end of the year in the Western Han Dynasty, and it was called "the last September" in the early Han Dynasty. After the Han Dynasty, the month without neutrality was designated as the leap month of the first lunar month, and this rule of placing leap has continued to this day.

Why is a lunar month not neutral? The results show that the average interval between two neutral gases is 365.2422÷ 12=30.4368 days, then 30 or 3 1 day. The earth's orbit around the sun is elliptical and moves slowly at the perihelion (vernal equinox and autumnal equinox), and the interval between the two solar terms can reach 3 1.45 days. On the other hand, the average lunar new moon is only 29.5306 days, including 29 days in the first lunar month and 30 days in the second lunar month. In this way, there will be such a situation: in some months (usually abortion), the last breath has passed at the beginning, and the next breath has not come at the end. For example, 200 1 (New Year's Eve) is May 21(April 29), and the first day of the next lunar month is May 23. However, this lunar month ends on June 20, and the summer solstice is June 2 1, so this lunar month is not "neutral", it falls in the fourth month of the lunar calendar. This year's vernal equinox is on March 20th (February 30th), the first day of the next lunar month is on March 2nd1,and ends on April18th, and the third day is in Grain Rain on April 20th. In this way, the month after February of this year's lunar calendar without "neutral gas" is designated as leap February. According to this leap rule, it will leap in July 2006, May 2009, April 20 12, September 20 14, June 20 17 and April 2020.

As for the lunar month, this involves the solar terms. There are 24 solar terms in a year, which is just a traditional saying. In detail, it should be said that there are twelve solar terms and twelve neutral terms in a year. Which of the twelve qi belongs to which month is regular: rain is the qi of the first month; The vernal equinox is in mid-February; Grain Rain is the spirit of March; Xiaoman is the spirit of April; The solstice in summer is mid-air in May; The summer heat is in mid-June; Summer heat is the qi of July; The autumnal equinox is in mid-August; The first frost is the breath of September; Light snow is the neutral atmosphere in October; The winter solstice is 1 1 mid-month; It's freezing in mid-air in December.

As for which month the twelve solar terms are in, it is not necessarily so. A month in the lunar calendar averages a little more than 29 and a half days, but the average interval from one breath to the next is less than 30 and a half days. In this way, the monthly air in the lunar month will be delayed by 1 day. At a certain time, qi is not in the middle of the month but moved to the end of the month. If next month is a miscarriage, there will probably be no gas in this month, because the gas will be moved to the beginning of the third month. The middle month is not neutral, even if last month was a leap month. Take 1998 as an example: June 2 1 day in the solar calendar is May 27th of the lunar calendar, which is the summer solstice (mid-May); But July 23rd in the solar calendar is the first day of June in the lunar calendar, and this day is the summer heat (the qi of June). From June 24th to July 22nd of the Gregorian calendar (one month after the end of May of the lunar calendar), there is only one solar term, and this month is leap May. Therefore, leap month is determined by people according to certain laws, which is not mysterious.

In the China lunar calendar, a year with a leap month is called a leap year. The general year is 12 months, 354 or 355 days, and the leap year is 13 months, 383 or 384 days. As a kind of lunar calendar, the number of days in each month depends on the monthly loss, and the time of one year is based on 12 months. In order to close the earth's cycle around the sun, that is, the tropic year, one month is added every two to four years, and the added month is a leap month, so the leap year of the lunar calendar is 13 months.

There is no thirteenth month in the lunar calendar. According to the calendar rules, leap months are repeated from February to the same month after 10, and the repeated months are leap months. For example, the leap month after April is called leap April.

Calculation of leap month in lunar leap year, three-year leap, five-year leap, 19 leap; The lunar calendar basically takes 19 as a cycle, corresponding to the same time in the Gregorian calendar. For example, in the Gregorian calendar, May 27th, 2006, 5438+0, May 27th 1982 and May 27th 1963 are the fifth day of leap April.

The month of the leap month is inferred according to the laws of the lunar calendar, mainly according to the coincidence with the 24 solar terms of the lunar calendar;

The number of leap months in the lunar calendar is 29 or 30 days, just like normal months.

The so-called "leap" in the lunar calendar is just called leap year and leap month, and there are also leap years in the solar calendar.

Gregorian calendar 1982-2042 and lunar leap year leap month comparison table

The year of the leap month (the first day) in the Gregorian calendar month.

1May 23, 982, leap April, small non-year.

1984165438+1October 23rd, October of leap year.

1July 26, 987, leap June, big year.

1June 23, 990, leap in May, year of Dageng Wunian.

1April 22, 993 March of leap year.

1995 August 25th of leap year.

1June 24, 998 leap year may small wuyin year

200 1 leap April, Xinsi year.

March 2 1 day, 2004, was February of the Great Shen Jianian.

August 24, 2006, leap July, the year of Taepo B.

June 23, 2009, leap May, the year of great ugliness.

20 12 may 2 1 leap April, the year of Xiao renchen.

2014101October 24th, leap in September, Xiao Wu's good year.

2065438+July 23, 2007, leap June, Dading Unitary Year.

May 23, 2020, leap into April, the year of little boxer.

March 22, 2023, leap February, the year of the Great Guimao.

July 25, 2025, leap June, has been four years.

June 23, 2028, leap in May.

April 22, 20031year, leap into March, 1911.

August 25th, 2033, July of leap year.

July 23, 2036, leap June, Xiao nian.

The year of the leap month (the first day) in the Gregorian calendar month.

June 22, 2039, leap in May, has not yet reached the end of the year.

March 22, 2042, leap February, a big year.

Calculation method of leap year: Divide by 4 but not by 100 or divide by 400 is leap year.

/kloc-leap once in August of 0/9.

The origin of leap August

1995 belongs to the second year of the lunar calendar, with 13 months, that is, there is an extra leap August. At that time, there were some sayings circulating in the society, such as "Leap eight is unlucky", "Leap seven is not leap eight, and leap eight is killed with a knife", which obviously has no scientific basis. Then, why is there a leap month, and why is 1995 a leap August?

The calendar adopted in China is the perpetual calendar, commonly known as the solar calendar. The earth revolves around the sun for one year; The traditional lunar calendar in China, commonly known as the lunar calendar, takes the cycle of the moon as the unit for calculating time. The earth goes around the sun once, and the temperature changes once. So the solar calendar is 365 days a year, which is consistent with the change of hot and cold. The lunar calendar has 354 days a year, which is different from the solar calendar by 1 1 day, so it is adjusted by leap month. The error in 8 years is nearly a quarter, and the error in 16 is half a year. Setting leap month can not only accurately reflect the changes of cold and summer, but also ensure the relative stability of gas changes throughout the year.

According to the current lunar leap system, the August of the lunar calendar must include the autumnal equinox, and the September of the lunar calendar must include the first frost. If the leap August is not arranged, the first frost will appear on the first day of 10, and the vernal equinox, summer solstice, autumn equinox and winter solstice of 1996 will be pushed off. In order to avoid this situation, it is more appropriate to arrange a leap August in the lunar calendar 1995.

Leap August occurs once every 19 years, 1957, 1976, 1995 are leap August, and there will be another leap August on 20 14, 2033 and 2052. This is a reasonable arrangement in calendar calculation, and there is nothing mysterious.

The full name of the lunar calendar is the lunar calendar or the pure lunar calendar. The lunar calendar is based on the cycle of the moon, which is the new moon. Because the ancients called the moon "lunar calendar", it was called "lunar calendar" for short. It is difficult to determine the exact date of the lunar calendar, but judging from the Oracle bones in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the lunar calendar was quite popular in the Yin Dynasty.

The main feature of the lunar calendar is that the length of the calendar month is determined according to the astronomical phenomena, that is, the phase of the moon, and the average length of the calendar month is roughly the same as that of Wang Shuoyue. 5306 days, etc. The length of a year is only an integer multiple of a calendar month, which has nothing to do with the tropical year. Therefore, the month of the lunar calendar has nothing to do with the four seasons. The date of the lunar calendar indicates a certain moon phase, that is, the first day is the new moon, that is, the new moon; The fifteenth, sixteenth or seventeenth is the full moon, which means hope; The seventh and eighth days are the first quarter moon; Twenty-two and twenty-three are the last quarter moons, and it is very convenient for the ancients to judge the date by the phase of the moon. The change of the moon phase is the easiest astronomical phenomenon to see, so most of the calendars in various countries have the lunar calendar first and then the solar calendar. However, because the lunar calendar has nothing to do with the tropical year, it is not harmonious with agricultural production and people's daily life, and it was gradually eliminated. Today, except for a few Islamic countries that still use a lunar calendar called "hijri" for religious reasons, all other countries have given up.

In addition,. 19 12 after China adopted the Gregorian calendar to arrange the months, people called it the Gregorian calendar, while the traditional summer calendar coexisting with the people was popularly called the lunar calendar.