The history of the earth

1. The history of the globe The earliest globe in the world was invented and made by the German navigator and geographer Behaim in 1492, and it has been kept in the Nuremberg Museum. 1480, when Behaim (1459 ~ 1507) visited Portugal for the first time as a Flemish businessman, he claimed to be a student of Nuremberg astronomer Miller, so he became a navigation consultant of John II. At that time, navigators used astrolabes to measure the heights of the sun, moon and stars to calculate time and latitude. He may have initiated the replacement of wooden astrolabes with brass. He may have sailed to the west coast of Africa with D Kao (1485 ~ 1486). 1490 returned to Nuremberg, and with the help of painter Glocken Dong, he began to draw his own globe, which was completed in 1492. The world terrain he painted at that time was inaccurate and outdated. On this globe, the Indian Ocean is an ocean extending from east to west, especially on the west coast of Africa. The number of mistakes is really amazing. Interestingly, however, the globe he drew on the eve of the discovery of North America provided some useful ideas about geography for people at that time.

A globe is a miniature of the earth. There is no deformation of length, area, direction and shape on the globe, so it is almost correct to observe the relationship between various scenes from the globe. The earth is a moving star. Because of its rotation and oblique revolution around the sun, various natural phenomena have been formed. Using a globe as a teaching aid to explain these natural phenomena is intuitive and easy to understand, so the earth is an essential teaching aid in geography teaching in primary and secondary schools. The globe commonly used in schools is a globe with a diameter of about 30 cm, an inclination angle of the earth axis of about 23 27' and rotating around the axis. In order to meet the needs of teaching, there are the following types of globes: (1) globes with latitude and longitude grids, and its spherical surface has only latitude and longitude grids and degree notes. (2) The administrative globe, a sphere with smooth surface, represents administrative divisions. (3) Geomorphic globe is a globe with smooth spherical surface, which represents natural features. (4) Terrain globe is a model of terrain, and the spherical surface is undulating.

2. How big is the biggest globe in the world? The Gotopp globe, which exists in the tower of lomonosov Museum in St. Petersburg, has always been regarded as a rare work of art by the world. It was displayed in the imperial garden of the Summer Palace and became one of the three treasures that Peter the Great was proud of. It integrates a globe and a planetarium (the globe is the globe outside and the planetarium inside). It is by far the largest globe in the world (with a diameter of 3. 1 m and a surface area of more than 30 square meters) and one of the earliest planetariums in the world (built in 1664). Its exquisite design and bizarre history are also rare in the world. Now that the restoration work is about to be completed, the reporter is fortunate to be nearby. Even the first tourists who saw this rare treasure from the inside. We may be the last audience to see the ball from the inside of the ball, because a sealed glass cover will be added to the ball soon to help protect it. At that time, people could only visit the sphere with virtual reality technology.

3. The history of the globe The earliest globe in the world was invented and made by the German navigator and geographer Behaim in 1492, and it has been kept in the Nuremberg Museum.

1480, when Behaim (1459 ~ 1507) visited Portugal for the first time as a Flemish businessman, he claimed to be a student of Nuremberg astronomer Miller, so he became a navigation consultant of John II. At that time, navigators used astrolabes to measure the heights of the sun, moon and stars to calculate time and latitude.

He may have initiated the replacement of wooden astrolabes with brass. He may have sailed to the west coast of Africa with D Kao (1485 ~ 1486).

1490 returned to Nuremberg, and with the help of painter Glocken Dong, he began to draw his own globe, which was completed in 1492. The world terrain he painted at that time was inaccurate and outdated. On this globe, the Indian Ocean is an ocean extending from east to west, especially on the west coast of Africa. The number of mistakes is really amazing.

Interestingly, however, the globe he drew on the eve of the discovery of North America provided some useful geographical concepts for people at that time. This globe is a miniature of the earth. There is no deformation of length, area, direction and shape on the globe, so it is almost correct to observe the relationship between various scenes from the globe.

The earth is a moving star. Because of its rotation and oblique revolution around the sun, various natural phenomena have been formed. Using a globe as a teaching aid to explain these natural phenomena is intuitive and easy to understand, so the earth is an essential teaching aid in geography teaching in primary and secondary schools. The globe commonly used in schools is a globe with a diameter of about 30 cm, an inclination angle of the earth axis of about 23 27' and rotating around the axis.

In order to meet the needs of teaching, there are the following types of globes: (1) globes with latitude and longitude grids, and its spherical surface has only latitude and longitude grids and degree notes. (2) The administrative globe, a sphere with smooth surface, represents administrative divisions.

(3) Geomorphic globe is a globe with smooth spherical surface, which represents natural features. (4) Terrain globe is a model of terrain, and the spherical surface is undulating.

4. The main function and historical position of the globe In order to understand the earth easily, people imitated the shape of the earth and made a model of the earth-a globe. There is no deformation of length, area, direction and shape on the globe, so it is almost correct to observe the relationship between various scenes from the globe.

Classification by purpose

There are the following kinds of globes classified according to their uses: (1) A globe with a latitude and longitude net, and its sphere has only a latitude and longitude net and a degree note, which is also called a theodolite. (2) The administrative globe, a sphere with smooth surface, represents administrative divisions. (3) Terrain globe is a model of terrain, and the spherical surface can be divided into two types: plane and three-dimensional uplift. (4) A schematic globe, which only shows the distribution of continental plates and oceans, is often used for decorative items.

Classification by product material and function

According to the product materials and functions, there are paper globes, plastic globes, resin globes, stone globes, metal globes, solid wood globes, magnetic levitation globes, classical craft globes, electronic point reading voice globes and so on.

At present, China implements administrative licensing management for the publication and distribution of globes. The national surveying and mapping department is responsible for reviewing the map contents of the globe, passing the examination and issuing the map approval number; The State Press and Publication Administration is responsible for managing the international standard book number required for the publication and distribution of globes. Globes published in China have 1600 styles and specifications.

There are actually day and night changes on the earth, but there is no such information on the earth. The time of sunrise and sunset can only be measured or inquired by the Observatory. Astronomical globes give this information, which you can learn in hotels, homes or offices. In the past, solar terms (seasons) were given by calendars. Astronomical globe not only gives solar terms (seasons), but also gives the sunrise and sunset time and the length of day and night in the corresponding area, and also gives the latitude of the direct point of the sun. Extreme day and night areas are only mentioned when studying geography or traveling to high latitudes in summer. Astronomical globe can give information about extreme day and night areas at any time, which is of great practical significance for the unprecedented development of tourism today. People know the situation in extreme day and night areas before traveling to high latitudes. In the past, the direct point of the sun was only experienced by people between the Tropic of Cancer and the south. There is also a survey building from the sun to the Tropic of Cancer in Guangzhou. With the celestial globe, people can understand the meaning of the direct point of the sun through it. It is located in the center of Rizhao area, and its latitude change can reflect the latitude movement of Rizhao area and display solar terms (seasons). Local time, universal time, time difference, etc. In the past, the display only hung many clocks, and the city was marked with the time indicated by the clock. It is too complicated to show how many hours have been hung in so many cities, so it is often incomplete to give only the local time of a few cities. There is also a wall clock on the map, which will occupy a large area. The celestial globe can give information about local time, universal time and time difference around the world, and it is vivid according to the definition of time (the interval between two consecutive transits of the sun center). At the same time, the time of producing all kinds of astronomical information is given, which not only enables people to obtain time information, but also increases their knowledge. As for the image of the sunshine area of the earth, people didn't know it before. Astronomical globes can simulate their images. People can appreciate the beauty of nature from all angles and stimulate your imagination of space. Astronomical globe is a brand-new product, its use function needs to be further developed, and it will have more uses.

5. The history of the earth movement is interesting to talk about people's understanding of the shape of the earth. Now people have a clear understanding of the shape of the earth: the earth is not a regular sphere, but an irregular sphere with slightly flat poles and slightly bulging equator. But this correct understanding took a long time. In China, as early as the Zhou Dynasty more than two thousand years ago, there was a saying that "the sky is as round as a cover and the place is like chess". With the development of production technology, the expansion of human activities and the accumulation of all kinds of knowledge, people finally found that some objective phenomena could not be explained by early intuitive and simple concepts. Practice forced people to correct their original misconceptions, so some people put forward the theory of arch. This has produced the "Huntian Theory". Zhang Heng, a famous scientist in the Han Dynasty, wrote in Notes on the Huntianyi: "The Huntianyi is like a chicken, the celestial body is round like a projectile, and the rehmannia is like a chicken, and it is lonely in size. There is water in the sky, the sky is covered with earth, and the shell is covered with yellow. Heaven and earth stand by and float in the water. " In the 3rd century BC, the concept of spherical earth appeared, but after all, there was no direct evidence, so people did not form a * * * knowledge about it. Until 15 19 ~ 1522, the fleet led by Portuguese Magellan completed its voyage around the world, further confirming that the earth is indeed a sphere. Since then, people have called the "Earth" where we live "Earth". The realization of Magellan's voyage around the world is a milestone for mankind to finally prove that the earth is a big ball. The best gift given to the navigators by the Spanish king at that time was a globe, which was a model of colorful earth owned by human beings but not really recognized by people. It is engraved with a meaningful inscription-"You hugged me first". The earth is spherical. In the16th century, there is nothing to argue about. But human understanding of the shape of the earth is not over. What kind of sphere is the earth? Is it a * * * body or an ellipsoid, a flat sphere or a long sphere, regular or irregular? Newton, a famous British physicist, put forward the law of universal gravitation in the 1980s. Based on this theory, he proposed that the earth can't be a regular sphere, because it rotates around its own axis, but can only be a flat sphere with polar compression and equatorial uplift, like an orange. In other words, the radius of the earth becomes shorter with the increase of latitude, the radius of the equator is the longest and the radius of the pole is the shortest. When the French astronomer Richard observed astronomy in South America, he found that the pendulum clock only oscillated under the action of ground gravity, and the period of oscillation in Paris, France was different from that in South America. He thought it was caused by the difference of ground gravity, and then explained the change of ground gravity. His speculation is completely consistent with Newton's theory, and Richir formally put forward his own conclusion. However, the authority of the Paris Academy of Sciences at that time could not accept the objective fact that the ground gravity would change. In The Shape of the Earth, the representatives who opposed Newton's theory were Cassini and his son, who was the first director of the Paris Observatory under the Paris Academy of Sciences at that time. They made a very inaccurate arc measurement of the meridian between Paris and the northern city of Dunkirk. Their measurement results are completely contrary to Richir's conclusion. So Voltaire said in his article: "The shape of the earth is considered as an orange in London, but it is imagined as a watermelon in Paris." In the 1930s from 65438 to 2008, the debate about flat land and long land became more and more intense. The French Academy of Sciences in Paris is divided into two factions, and those who theoretically support Newton's flat ball theory form a powerful force in the institute. In order to solve this dispute, King Louis XIV of France sent two expeditions to measure the radian of meridian again. One team went to Lapland at 66 degrees north latitude, and the other team crossed the ocean to Peru in South America (2 degrees south latitude). This is a great feat in the history of science in18th century. The South American expedition returned to Paris after working for 10 years. As soon as this precise meridian measurement result was published, it caused a sensation in the Paris Academy of Sciences and the whole scientific community, because they proved that Newton's flat ball theory was completely correct with facts. For this reason, Voltaire wrote humorously that the two expeditions "finally suppressed the poles together with Cassini" with the most eloquent facts. It should be said that Eratosthenes, a Greek geographer in the 3rd century BC, was the first to calculate the size of the earth. He successfully measured the meridian length between Aswan and Alexandria by triangulation, and calculated that the circumference of the earth was about 250,000 Greek miles (39,600 kilometers), only 340 kilometers away from the actual length, which was really remarkable more than 2,000 years ago. Since 1950s, the rapid development of science and technology has opened up many avenues for geodesy. High-precision microwave ranging, laser ranging, especially satellite launch, coupled with the application of computers and international cooperation, enable people to accurately measure the size and shape of the earth. Through actual measurement and analysis, the exact data are finally obtained: the average equatorial radius of the earth is 6738. 14 km, the polar radius is 6356.76 km, and the equatorial perimeter and meridian perimeter are 40075 km and 3994 1 km respectively. The survey also found that the North Pole is about 18.9 meters high and the South Pole is 24~30 meters low. It seems that the earth is shaped like a pear: its equatorial part protrudes, which is its "pear body"; The North Pole is a bit sharp, like "pear pedicle"; The South Pole is a little concave, like a "pear navel", and the whole earth is like a pear-shaped rotating body, so people call it a "pear-shaped earth". To be exact, the earth is a triaxial ellipsoid.

6. History of maps

Our map has a long history. With the continuous development of social forms, maps have developed from a single tool carrying political and military functions to a tool for people to learn geography and travel, and users have also developed from officials and military generals to ordinary people. The original map containing some simple lines and symbols appeared between about10,000 BC and15,000 BC. At first, people used simple symbols to represent things, and later, words gradually came into being, so symbols and words appeared on the map at the same time. Chinese characters in China are developed from hieroglyphics. For example, Chinese characters in Sichuan are water, Chinese characters in mountain are composed of three peaks, and Tian Zi is divided into small pieces of land. These ancient graphic symbols may be the first symbols marked on the map.

The oldest recorded map in China is Jiuding, Yu Xia, 4000 years ago. Jiuding was a symbol of the ruling power at that time. In addition to projecting various pictures on the tripod, there are original maps representing mountains and rivers. The oldest preserved maps are the wild hunting map unearthed in garden village, Anyang, Henan Province, and the huge rock painting village map discovered in Canglang County, Yunnan Province, which has a history of 3,500 years. The earliest existing plane map is Zhao Yutu found in the ruins of Sun Yat-sen's capital city during the Warring States Period in Pingshan County, Hebei Province. It is a plan of the cemetery design, with regular figures such as "Palace", "Hall" and "Gate", as well as figures of people and distance, and it is carved very finely, which fully shows that the map making level in China was very high at that time.

Some people speculate that the origin of maps predates that of words. Because the original map, like a painting, faithfully draws mountains, roads and trees, which is a guide for ancient human beings to go out for hunting and labor.

The maps of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China have been widely used in war and state management, and suffered serious losses after Qin and Han Dynasties. Pei Xiu, a famous map expert, appeared in the Western Jin Dynasty. Due to political and military needs, Pei Xiu led and organized the compilation of 18 regional maps of Gong Yu, which is the earliest recorded historical atlas in China and even the whole world. Pei Xiu's main contribution to cartography is that he first established the theory of drawing ancient maps of China. He summed up the experience of ancient map drawing in China, and put forward the famous epoch-making cartography theory-"Six-body Cartography" in Preface of Gong Yu Area, which became the basis of cartography theory before Ming Dynasty in China, influenced the traditional cartography in China before Qing Dynasty, and occupied an important position in the history of cartography in China and the world.

/kloc-Before the middle of the 0/9th century, people thought that maps were "the abbreviation of the earth's surface on the plane" or "the epitome of the earth on the plane". This definition is simple and easy to be understood by most people, but it is not accurate and comprehensive. Because this definition also applies to other images, such as landscape paintings, landscape photos, aerial photos or satellite photos. It doesn't fully express the characteristics that distinguish maps from other images.

With the expansion of map application and the development of map science, people have a deeper understanding of map and a more accurate definition of map, that is, map is based on certain mathematical laws, and uses map language to represent the graphics on the earth's surface through drawing and synthesis. This definition summarizes three characteristics of a map: it has certain mathematical rules, it is described in map language, and it is synthesized by drawing. These three basic features of the map are impossible for other images, pictures and words to have at the same time.

In modern society, the types of maps are more abundant, and the use of maps is becoming more and more common. We often come into contact with all kinds of maps in our daily life, study and work. In addition to common paper maps and thematic maps (such as plastic three-dimensional maps and globes), there are also electronic maps, multimedia maps and network maps.

Traditional paper maps, thematic maps, electronic maps, multimedia maps and network maps are all different forms of maps, and their three basic features will not change.

Each map contains a lot of geographical information. Using the combination of points, lines and surfaces, tangible things such as topography, rivers, lakes, traffic lines and towns can be vividly represented, as well as intangible phenomena such as realms, longitude and latitude lines and isotherms. The interpretation of these symbols composed of points, lines and faces is the legend. Symbol system and annotations constitute the unique language of maps. Using map language to represent geographical things is more intuitive than other languages, characters and codes.

7. I got extra points for the detailed introduction of the globe!

A globe is a miniature of the earth. There is no deformation of length, area, direction and shape on the globe, so it is almost correct to observe the relationship between various scenes from the globe.

There are the following types of globes: (1) A globe with a latitude and longitude grid, and its sphere has only latitude and longitude grids and degree notes. (2) The administrative globe, a sphere with smooth surface, represents administrative divisions. (3) Geomorphic globe is a globe with smooth spherical surface, which represents natural features. (4) Terrain globe is a model of terrain, and the spherical surface is undulating.

See: /view/86238 for details.

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