Characteristics of fan

Fan is a combination of carving, knitting, knitting, calligraphy and other artistic techniques. Two fan handles on both sides of the folding fan, commonly known as big bones or large faces, are engraved with calligraphy and painting; There are many fan bones in the middle, commonly known as small bones or hearts. There are many decorative techniques for fan bones, some are mother-of-pearl, and some are painted. Among them, Venus coral is based on coral red paint and sprinkled with silver powder, shining like a star. At the lower end of the fan, there are many kinds of fan head styles, such as bamboo, plum blossom, small vase, hook, round head, etc. 100. Fan pendant is carved with jade, peach stone and olivine, or woven with tassels, swaying. Embroidered fan is beautiful, wear-resistant and practical. Exquisite patterns are hollowed out on the fan surfaces of sandalwood fans, bone fans, ivory fans and shell fans. The pyrography on sunflower fans and sandalwood fans is rich in ink and simple in style. Fans have many uses. In addition to enjoying the cool in summer, they are also props for performances such as pingtan, opera, dance and Quyi.

The handle fan originated earlier, and the earliest objects found were 1982, a short-handled bamboo woven fan unearthed from the Warring States Tomb in Mashan, Jiangling, Hubei Province, and a feather fan unearthed in Chu during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

The handle fan consists of a relatively fixed sector and a handle under the sector. Some have fan brackets for reinforcement and decoration. Pay attention to, put the fan head under the handle and hang it with a fan pendant.

Because the handle fan has a long history, there are many kinds, mixed texture and mixed quality. In addition to attracting the wind and enjoying the cool, there are obstacles that show identity, such as driving and guarding the instrument.

The most commonly used material for folding fans is paper, but there are also silk and yarn. Among them, the paper industry accounts for the vast majority.

Paper sectors are divided into color sectors and white "normal" sectors. In addition to white flour, gold powder is the most exquisite, complex and popular among colored plates. There are clay gold, waste gold, sprinkled gold, cold gold and semi-cold gold. Among them, mud Kim Jae Jung has been used for a long time. In the Tang Dynasty, clay gold stickers were used in Kaiyuan, Tianbao and other places. The manufacture of clay gold starts with gold foil and turns gold into gold foil. For example, as recorded in Wu County Records, Suzhou gold foil is made, commonly known as "Red Flying Gold", and each piece is three inches and three squares. Every two pieces of gold can be made into 23 19 pieces. There are three different colors: Taiji, Fochi and Tianchi. "Big red" is the true color of gold; "Buddha red" is made of red copper, and the color is dark red; "Tianchi" contains 20% phoenix tree, so it is slightly yellow. There are three kinds of gold foil for making clay gold, so clay gold has three colors.

The gold foil used to make clay gold must be penetrated, thinned and smashed, so that the clay gold can be delicate. So mud gold, some people call it "mud gold". Some are replaced by gold powder made by special methods.

According to the Biography of Mustard Seed Garden, the method of making clay gold is to dip the glue with your fingers, stick the gold foil on the plate, and grind it with your second finger. However, Suzhou's "Jiang Xu Si Tang" uses the palm root of the right hand to grind the soil, which is more efficient and effective.

In a word, mud gold is a mixture of gold foil or gold powder and glue, hence the name "mud gold". Paint it on the white sector to form a muddy golden sector.

The difference between sprinkling gold, waste gold, cold gold and mud gold is only the difference of technology. They first spread glue on the fan, and then scattered small pieces of gold foil on the fan to form a sleet-covered surface, commonly known as "selling gold", "waste gold" or "rain gold"; Also known as "throwing money". For example, if a large piece of snow is distributed on the fan, it is called "gold nugget" or "sprinkling gold". If all gold is included, it is called "cold gold". One side is cold gold, and the other side is white flour. Some fans call it "semi-cold". In fact, there are mud gold, cold gold, sheet gold and scrap gold in the gold plate, which are different from "scarlet", "Buddha red" and "sky red". However, the specific manufacturing process is not as simple as it is said. Every fan village, every period, has its own specialties, and has its own special customers and objects, which are responsible for material selection and customization. There are "tricks" in the process. Therefore, there are different names for all kinds of gold fans, such as "Yunsongtang picks up all the red mud", "Jiuhuatang Baoji producer Yuan Chileng" and "Wang Pinhang half Chileng".

Historically, most famous painters have their own fan-shaped workshops to meet the needs of their fans and make their paintings handy, arbitrary and comfortable. The Five Miscellanies of the Ming Dynasty said: "At first, it was very expensive to decorate its surface with heavy money, but recently it was extremely refined with bones." In the Ming Dynasty, fans handed down and unearthed from generation to generation were still made of clay gold. The department pays a lot of money to show its brilliance and wealth, which pleases scholars and literati and is also favored by collectors.

In addition to all kinds of gold fans, there are Ge Jing, persimmon green, supernatant, lake color, coral and other color fans, which are very popular. Unfortunately, most varieties have been lost at present. For example, "Chronicle of Long History" records: "His paintings ... the ground is decorated with gold and silver fragments ... The dyed green is very strange, and it is specially made of empty Qinghai green, which is really strange."

White flour has always been the main product of this department, including paper, silk and stationery. Among them, paper is the main one. Large output, many varieties and early appearance. From the fan handed down from generation to generation, there is Xie Jin's "Shuting Fishing Map" in the early Ming Dynasty. The process is complex, some are multi-layered rice paper, with 3, 4 and 5 layers; Some choose the best rice paper as the surface layer, and the middle lining paper uses "lint" and "Shi Lian".

The quality of this department is not only the choice of materials, but also the manufacturing process. It is also a white plain fan, and the height varies greatly. It's really the difference between clouds and mud. There are mirror letterheads in history and so on. After liberation, the "old alum fan" is the most famous one, which is specially designed to match the fan bones of advanced folding fans. Exquisite production, simple and elegant, superior to pen drawing, tall and firm, durable. In particular, its manufacturing method is complicated, and it needs to go through ten processes: cutting, scraping, cutting, alum, finishing, mounting, brushing, folding, cutting and edging.

There are also white plain fans such as antiques, stationery and silk.

Especially the three-opening fan is specially prepared for the "erotic painting" fan, which can be spread out left and right. Sprinkle to the left, that is, show the "erotic picture", spread to the right, and another picture appears for concealment.

Folding fan has the richest cultural connotation, simple and beautiful shape, elegant and unique; Rare materials and rich colors; The decoration is simple and elegant, pleasing to the eye; Carvers are ingenious and unique, which complement each other with fan art and are called "red flowers and green leaves". The ribs of folding fans are made of many materials. According to the "Night Fire", in the Ming Dynasty, "Wuzhong folding fan, where rosewood, ivory and ebony gradually flourished; Those who stack bamboos are called elegant things with sleeves. " Wen Mingzhenheng's "Long History" said: "The most important sectors of painting and calligraphy in Gusu are white bamboo, brown bamboo, ebony, rosewood, ChristianRandPhillips, eyebrow green, and occasionally teeth and tortoise shells." Fan Xinlu, a staff officer in the Qing Dynasty, said: "Bones include peach silk, ebony, sandalwood, ivory, tortoise shell, and all exotic things that can live in."

Indeed, for fan bones, the first thing is to draw materials, the key is to be refined, and to go through several technological processes such as polishing, painting, carving and inlaying. If it is bamboo, it must go through a series of processes such as selecting materials, boiling, drying, splitting, forming and baking. Then enter the "grinding". Besides bamboo, other materials such as ebony, teeth, bones and horns also need polishing. Then draw it. These two steps mainly complete the beauty of light and the color of bones; The purpose of carving and inlaying is to decorate and beautify bones.

The fan is described with meticulous brushwork, the sun is shining high, the mountains are rolling, the Gu Song is winding and green, cranes stand or dance, and the fan bones are set off with fine flowers.

In polishing, water mill has a unique effect, especially some natural beauty, such as ChristianRandPhillips and Bambusa. There is continuity in the silk, color in the color and a little in the flower. When the water mill is used, it is more crystal clear and pleasing to the eye, dense and interesting. Lacquerware is a remedy for the lack of materials. If polishing is expensive, painting is better than hand painting. Lacquerware became popular as early as the Ming Dynasty, and its patterns increased day by day. There are mainly monochrome paints and striped paints. Among them, Venus coral paint and pure gold rain and snow are the most popular. The former is based on coral red pigment and sprinkled with yellow silver foil fragments. The latter is also coral red paint, and the gold flakes are like sleet. There are also polo paints, all kinds of eight-treasure paints, and what's more, they are embedded in handicrafts such as Luodian. Especially the "painted jade edge", the middle of the big bone is painted with patterns, and the bone edge is reserved as a border. Lacquerware is mainly used to make Fan Gu lacquer glow, colorful, quiet and elegant. Carving is the decoration of model bones. First, choose patterns, which are rich in themes and all-encompassing. But good workmanship is the key. In particular, it is bamboo carving that reflects the level of sculptors, which is simple and profound, especially in Liuqing, which leaves bamboo green as the pattern and bamboo yellow as the bottom, with hierarchical contrast and color contrast.

Fan bones with different textures are also decorated and beautified by inlaying, embedding, painting and ironing. For example, wooden bones are inlaid with iron, and painted bones are portrayed. It's really changeable, clever and interesting. No wonder there were so many celebrities who made bones in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Long History of the Ming Dynasty said: "... its craftsmen are Li Zhao, Li Zan, Ma Xun, Jiang San, Liu Yutai and Shen Shaolou, all of whom are masters".

The shape of the fan bone is relatively simple, but its details, such as shoulders and heads, are varied. The length, short, many, few, wide, narrow and style of the fan bones determine the shape of the fan. But it mainly depends on the change of fan shoulder and head and the number of fan bones. The shoulder of the fan is usually under the big bone. If it is a split shoulder in the middle, the upper one is called "inverted shoulder". Fan shoulders are also divided into shoulders and no shoulders. There are many changes in shoulders, such as eggplant, ancient square, dovetail, magnolia, plum blossom, ruyi, bamboo joint and so on. Usually square and round. Big bones are generally divided into fancy and plain colors. Fancy is divided into zigzag type and flat type, which is straight type. Both are divided into width and length.

There are many kinds of folding fans, depending on different objects and occasions. For example, male, 95. 16 or 95.18; Women are smaller, only 7 inches.

Fan Tou, also known as "Duan". Its shape is the most distinctive and attractive among folding fans. According to Wuxian Records, "Ma (Xun) has a round head, Li (Zhao) has a pointed head, Liu (Yutai) has a square head, and Jiang (Shen (Shaolou) is skillful." The forms of fan heads that have been passed down to this day can be described as dazzling and countless. In fact, attention should be paid to the collection of fan bones in Suzhou. Fan bone, as a folk handicraft, not only spread widely in Suzhou, but also gathered celebrities in the 1950s and 1960s. In particular, a group of old experts in cultural relics system are themselves arts and crafts artists and cultural relics appraisers. There are tens of thousands of fan bones in their hands and hands, and a large number of fans and fan bones are collected for Suzhou Museum. At the same time, they often compare, discuss and identify what they have collected or just collected at home by combining the fan bones and sectors in their collections. By studying and pondering, we can distinguish between imitation and innovation, and hold some small appreciation meetings regularly to improve the appreciation level. Even held many exhibitions of Fan and Fan Gu. Draw some typical and representative sectors into schematic diagrams according to the times. Some experts hide the essence of fan bones and the beauty of fan heads beyond words. When it comes to the types of fan heads, they are full of good structures, which is very interesting. Its development has continuity and inheritance. Although some fan heads were from the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, they were still in use in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, only the fan heads were replaced. Imitation, in particular, has existed throughout the ages.

Fan bone nail and its technology: "Make the finishing point" Small fan bone nail is so important to a famous thin fan bone that it is called "pivot button technology at the tail of fan bone". First, drill a hole, insert the corner nail, and then add a cap with boiling water. Ironing a hat is not easy. Generally, the methods of "nipping" and "drilling" are used, so that not only the nail rod will not be out of stock, but also "rat eyes", commonly known as "pepper" and plum blossom. Especially some picky people, in order to decorate the fan bone, added a screw cover to the mouse eye. In order to beautify the fan head, some fans have a larger fan surface, such as pine branches, flower drums, open-shouldered eggplant, big round head, gourd round head, round head, water chestnut round head (Figure 17), pipa round head and so on. Outside the big bone, some jadeite, white jade and precious stones with circular, annular and diamond shapes, various feeds or gold, silver and copper sheets are inlaid. Then iron the nail. Some add ordinary nails to the nail tips, commonly known as screw caps. Its screw cover is inlaid or set off, or the finishing touch, or integrated. Make the overall tone of the bones harmonious and bright. Especially for some lacquerware, the model bones inlaid in Luodian pay more attention to the embellishment of model nails.