Literary common sense about classical poetry

1. Literary knowledge about ancient poetry

The Controversy between Cao Gui and Zuo Zhuan was written by Zuo Qiuming, a historian of Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period.

Born in sorrow and died in happiness is selected from Mencius' Gao Zi Xia Dynasty: Pre-Qin Dynasty. Author: Mencius and his disciples.

Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is a Preface to Peach Blossom Garden Poetry, which is selected from Tao Yuanming's Collection.

The Story of Little Stone Pond is the work of Liu Zongyuan, a poet in the Tang Dynasty. The work originated from Liuhe East Collection.

The Story of Yueyang Tower comes from Fan Zhongyan's Fan Wenzheng Gongji in the Northern Song Dynasty.

The Analects of Confucius was jointly compiled by Confucius' disciples and his disciples, and was written in the Han Dynasty.

"Humble Room Inscription" is selected from 608 episodes of "Quantang Wen" written by Liu Yuxi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty.

Guo Fengqin Feng Jiajian is one of the Book of Songs in the Spring and Autumn Period, and its author is anonymous.

Viewing the sea was written by Cao Cao in the 12th year of Jian 'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 207). Walking out of Xiamen to view the sea was selected from Yuefu poems.

Building a house by drinking in a humanistic environment is the fifth in a series of poems by Tao Yuanming, a great poet in Jin Dynasty.

2. Literary knowledge of Tang poetry

Tang poetry generally refers to poems written in the Tang Dynasty. Tang poetry is the most precious cultural heritage of the Han nationality and a pearl in the treasure house of Chinese culture, which also has great influence on the cultural development of neighboring nationalities and countries. The Tang Dynasty is considered to be the dynasty with the richest old poems in China, so it is called Tang Poetry and Song Poetry. Most of the Tang poems are included in The Complete Poems of Tang Poetry. Since the Tang Dynasty, anthologies of Tang poetry have emerged continuously, and the most widely spread is "Three Hundred Tang Poems" compiled by retired scholars in Hengtang. The creation of Tang poetry can be divided into four stages according to time: early Tang, prosperous Tang, middle Tang and late Tang. There were many poets in the Tang Dynasty. Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi and Wang Wei are world-famous great poets. There are various forms of Tang poetry. There are mainly five-character poems and seven-character poems in the ancient poems of Tang Dynasty.

There are also two kinds of modern poems, one is called quatrains, and the other is called metrical poems. Quatrains and metrical poems are five words and seven words respectively. Therefore, there are basically six basic forms of Tang poetry: five-character archaic poetry, seven-character archaic poetry, five-character quatrains, seven-character quatrains, five-character rhythmic poems and seven-character rhythmic poems. Classical poetry has a wide range of requirements for rhyme and meter: in a poem, the number of sentences can be more or less, the chapters can be long or short, and the rhyme can be changed. Modern poetry has strict requirements on rhyme and meter: the number of sentences in a poem is limited, that is, four-line quatrains and eight-line meter poems. The words used in each poem have certain rules, and the rhyme cannot be changed; Rhyme also requires that the middle four sentences become antithesis. The style of ancient poetry is handed down from the previous generation, so it is also called ancient style. Modern poetry has strict rules, so some people call it metrical poetry.

Poetry Bone-Chen Ziang: His poems are full of passion, lofty in style and "Han and Wei style", which is called "poetry bone".

Poet-Wang Bo: His poems are fluent, generous and unique, so he is called a "poet".

Poet crazy-He: Because of his unrestrained and broad-minded poetry, he is called "Siming crazy" and is called "Poet crazy".

The poet's son of heaven (another way of saying it-the poet's master)-Wang Changling: His seven poems are called "the poet's son of heaven" because of their profound feelings and vague style.

Poet Fairy-Li Bai: Poets are known as "Poet Fairy" because of their rich imagination, bold style, gorgeous colors and fresh and natural language.

Poet Sage-Du Fu: His poems are closely related to current events and have profound thoughts. Broad realm, known as the "poet".

Prisoner of Poets-Meng Jiao: Poetry is painstakingly dedicated and poorly managed. Yuan Haowen once called it a "poet prisoner".

Jia Dao, the slave of poetry, is called "the slave of poetry" because he devoted his life to writing poetry and reciting it painstakingly.

Poet-Liu Yuxi: His poems are calm and dignified, and his style is natural and rough. Bai Juyi gave him the reputation of "poet".

Shi Fo-Wang Wei: Many of Wang Wei's poems are full of Zen, and Zen is used in them.

Poet-Bai Juyi: He works hard in poetry. "The drunkard's intention is not to drink, but to attract the poet's hair, and it is sad to go to the west in the afternoon." He is called a poet.

Five-character Great Wall-Liu Changqing: He is good at five-character poems, which account for 78% of all his poems, so he is called "Five-character Great Wall".

Shi Gui-Li He: His poems are good at casting ci, galloping imagination, using myths and legends to create colorful images, so they are called "Shi Gui". Poet Sage-Master of Seven Temperaments-Li Shangyin's Poetic God-Su Shi (Song)

3. Five pieces of knowledge about ancient poetry

1. What is the word "poem"? It is the abbreviation of The Book of Songs among the Four Books and Five Classics (Poetry, Calligraphy, Ceremony, Book of Changes, Spring and Autumn Period).

The Book of Songs was originally called The Book of Songs, and was later regarded as a classic by Confucianism, so it was called The Book of Songs. The Book of Songs is China's first collection of poems.

Poetry, originally sung with music, is also called "poetry", and later evolved into a literary genre without music. 1, the definition of poetry: < 1 > Ci Hai is the earliest literary genre.

It expresses social life and people's spiritual world with concise language, rich feelings and rich imagination according to certain syllables, tones and rhythms. < 2 > Modern Chinese Dictionary: A literary genre that reflects life and expresses feelings through rhythmic language. 2. Definition and interpretation of poetry (according to modern Chinese dictionary) (1) prosodic language.

Old-style poetry has strict requirements in rhythm and prosody. Especially in Tang poetry and Song poetry, there are strict rules on the number of words, the level of words, antithesis, allusion and rhyme.

① Rhythm (or beat): refers to the priority and cadence of sound, which is mainly manifested in the intermittent pause of tone. △ Wang Wei's "Acacia": Red beans/born in the south, spring comes/sends a few branches.

I wish you/get together more and more, this thing/is the most lovesick. △ Du Mu's Qingming: Qingming/season/rain, road/pedestrian/desire to break the soul.

Excuse me, where is the/restaurant/shepherd boy/Yaozhi/Xinghua Village? Poetry can have no strict rhythm, but it must have a distinct rhythm.

Guo Moruo said: "Poetry is not without rhythm." (2) Rhythm: refers to the flat pattern and prosodic rules in poetry.

Ci Hai refers to the rhyme and rhythm in poetry. △ Pingping: There are four tones in ancient Chinese: Pingping, rising tone, falling tone and entering tone (now entering tone has disappeared in Putonghua).

According to the four tones of modern Chinese (except suicide), it can be divided into flat tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone. There is also an entering tone in the singing of Beijing Opera: Street. The characteristics of flat tone: flat tone: gentle and long; Silence: short and urgent.

The use of flat and even words can make poetry have a strong sense of rhythm. When singing, the drawl can only be dragged until it is flat. For example, the "bright" in the lyrics "The Moon on the 15th" falls on Liang Yin.

△ rhyme: refers to the same or similar vowels at the end of some sentences in poetry, which makes the tone harmonious and beautiful. Generally, the first sentence can be bet or not.

There are some lines in this new poem that rhyme or not. Example: Wang Zhihuan's poem: △ "Lodging in the Heron": The mountains cover the daytime, and the ocean drains the golden river.

A hundred feet further △ "Liangzhou Ci": The Yellow River is far above the white clouds, and the lonely city is Wan Ren Mountain.

Why use the elegy of willow to complain about the delay of spring, old Yumenguan, a spring breeze is not blowing! (2) Reflect life ① Reflect working life: △ Ancient proverb: Broken bamboo, continued bamboo.

Fly the soil and eat meat. △ "The Book of Songs: Cutting Tan" Kan Kan cut Tan, and the river dried up.

The river is clear and blue. No crops, no crops, no crops, no crops, no crops. No hunting, no hunting. Is there a county in Hu Zhaner's court? He is a gentleman, he is not a vegetarian! ② Reflect the wedding of social Shijie officials △ Three histories of Du Fu △ Tongguan officials △ Three parting △ Du Fu's famous sentences △ Du Fu's famous sentences △ Du Fu's famous sentences △ Du Fu's famous sentences △

△ Du Fu's "Soldiers to the East": "Cars, each of you has a bow and quiver on your belt. My parents, my parents, my wife and children all ran to see them. When they marched, the dust covered the sky and they couldn't see xian yangqiao.

They shouted as they ran, pulling your sleeve, and their sad voices floated to the sky ... "△ 《 The Book of Songs 》 Yellow sand wears golden armor for nothing, but broken loulan will not be returned.

(2) The desert is dusty and the red flag is half rolled out of Yuanmen. The former army fought in Taohe River overnight and reported that Gu Hun had been captured alive.

△ Wang Changling's "Out of the Fort": The moon passes through Qin, and the people on the Long March have not returned. If Wei Qing, who attacked Longcheng, and Li Guang, the flying general, were alive today, the Huns would not be allowed to go south to spend their horses in Yinshan.

△ William Wang's Liangzhou Ci: A glowing glass of wine urges you to drink pipa immediately. Don't cry when you are drunk on the battlefield. The ancients fought several times.

④ Reflect love life: △ Guanluo △ Peacock flies southeast △ Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang in Li Ji ⑤ Reflect landscape and countryside: △ Tao Yuanming returns to the garden: beans are planted at the foot of Nanshan, and the grass is full of beans and seedlings are sparse. In the morning, it was ridiculous to go home with Dai Yue's hoe.

The narrow path covered with vegetation, the night dew wet my clothes. It's not a pity to get wet, but I hope it won't be against my will.

△ Tao Yuanming's sentence in "Drinking to build a house in a humanistic environment": "Take the East grave and see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. "

△ Wang Wei's "A farmhouse by the Weihe River": In the setting sun of the countryside, cattle and sheep go home along the path. A rugged old man stood at the door of the thatched cottage, waiting for Fei Jing with a cane.

There are whistling pheasants? Full ears of wheat, sleeping silkworms and peeled mulberry leaves. The farmers who came back with hoes greeted each other cordially.

No wonder I long for a simple life and sigh the old song, oh, back to the past! . △ He Jingzhi's Guilin Landscape Song (3) Lyric: belinsky: "Emotion is the most important driving factor of poetry; Without feelings, there would be no poets and no poems. "

Poetry expresses feelings in many ways: joy, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, fear and thinking. Example: ① Happiness: Du Fu's "The banks of the Yellow River were recaptured by the imperial army": Jibei suddenly spread from the Great Wall to the beginning, and I couldn't stop crying on my coat.

Where are my wife and son? There is not a trace of sadness on their faces. However, I packed my books and poems crazily. On a green spring day, I began to go home, singing my songs loudly and drinking my wine.

Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south and then go north-to my own town! . 2 Anger: Yue Fei's "Man Jiang Hong": Angry and rushing to the crown, leaning against the bar and raining.

Looking up, screaming in the sky, strong and fierce. Thirty fame, dust and earth, eight thousand miles of clouds and the moon.

Don't wait to see young people's heads turn white, empty and sad. Jingkang shame, still not snow; When will the courtiers regret it?

Driving a long car, Helan Mountain is neglected. Eat pork when you are hungry, and drink Hun blood when you are thirsty.

Stay from the beginning, clean up the old mountains and rivers, and go to the sky. 3 mourning: △ Li Qingzhao's "Slow Voice": looking for it, cold and clear, sad and miserable.

It's the hardest to stop breathing when it's warm and cold. How can you beat him when you talk about wine with three cups and two lamps? It's too late to worry! Guo Yan is very sad, but this is an old acquaintance.

△ Li Ying's mourning in January: Dear Premier Zhou, I can't go to the hospital to see you, so I have to stand quietly in the twilight of Chang 'an Avenue with a cold newspaper. Any month's wind has lifted my hair, and the dim street lamps are shining with cold tears ... ④ always in my heart's wife thought: △ Li Qingzhao's "Point your lower lip and miss your boudoir": "Lonely boudoir, one inch of sorrow.

Cherish spring and spring, let it rain ... "△ Li Qingzhao's" Don't worry about cutting plums ":red lotus root fragrance, jade dying. Gently untie Luo Shang and go to Lan alone.

Who sent the brocade book? The word goose returns, and the moon is full of the west building. Flowers bloom and fall, and flowing water gurgles.

4. Literary knowledge of Nineteen Ancient Poems

Nineteen Ancient Poems and its title are remarkable signs of the humanization of Yuefu ancient poems.

It is composed of 19 ancient poems selected by Xiao Tong in the Southern Dynasties from unknown names handed down from ancient times, and compiled into Selected Works of Zhaoming. Nineteen Ancient Poems profoundly reproduces the disillusionment and degradation pursued by literati and the awakening and pain of the soul during the great transformation of social thought at the end of Han Dynasty.

In art, the language is simple and natural, the description is vivid and true, and it has a natural artistic style. At the same time, Nineteen Ancient Poems expresses the most basic and common feelings and thoughts in life, allowing readers to read and innovate constantly.

1. Introduction to Poetry 1. The exegesis of Nineteen Ancient Poems was first seen in the Selected Works compiled by children in the Southern Dynasties according to the ancient poems passed down by Anonymous. The editor collected these five-character poems that the author has been unable to verify, and named them Miscellaneous Poems. Later generations regard them as a group of poems. Nineteen Ancient Poems are customarily titled with the first sentence, namely: Journey, Re-Journey, Grass on the Green River, Cypress on the Green Mausoleum, Good Banquet Today, Tall Buildings in Northwest China, Lotus Picking in Shejiang River, Bright Moon, Solitary Bamboo in Ran Ran, Strange Trees in Courtyard and Stripes.

2. There have always been different opinions about the author and the writing age of Nineteen Ancient Poems. The bet on the title of the anthology of Zhao Ming's Miscellaneous Poems and Nineteen Ancient Poems clearly explains: "The ancient poems are like clouds, and the author is unknown." It was said that there were works by Mei Cheng, Yi Fu, Cao Zhi and RoyceWong. For example, eight of the questions were Han Meicheng, and later generations suspected that they were inaccurate.

A comprehensive survey of the emotional tendency, social life and skillful artistic skills of Nineteen Ancient Poems shows that it was not written by one person at one time, but was produced in the late years of Shun Di in the Eastern Han Dynasty and before Xian Di, that is, between 140- 190. 3. Nineteen Ancient Poems is a remarkable symbol of the humanization of Yuefu ancient poems.

At the end of the Han Dynasty, the literati attached importance to the value of individual existence, which made them establish a broader and deeper emotional connection with their social environment and natural environment. In the past, things related to external achievements, such as the worship of the ancestral temples of emperors and princes, the martial arts of literary records, hunting and recreation, and even the official offices in the capital, once dominated the subject areas of literature, but now they have given way to the source of advance and retreat, friendship and love, and even the streets and fields related to the poet's real life and spiritual life, phenology and solar terms, literary themes, styles and skills have undergone tremendous changes.

Nineteen Ancient Poems occupies an important position in the development of five-character poems and is also of great significance in the history of China's poems. Its theme, content and expression techniques have been imitated by later generations, almost forming a model. His artistic style also influenced the creation and criticism of later poems.

As far as the actual situation of the development of ancient poetry is concerned, Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long is called "the crown of five words", while Zhong Rong's poems praise it as "flawless and golden". "The ancestor of five words throughout the ages" is not too much.

In the history of poetry, Nineteen Ancient Poems is regarded as the power of five-character ancient poems. For example, Wang Shizhen in Ming Dynasty said, "Nineteen Poems is not as good as Three Hundred Poems in reasoning, but it is the originator of five-character ancient poems. Lu Shiyong said, "Nineteen Poems is the wind and the mother of poetry. "

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was social unrest and political chaos. The lower scribes wander, and there is no way to swim.

Nineteen Ancient Poems was born in such an era, expressing the situation and feelings of the same kind. This 19 poem is basically the words of a wandering woman.

Specifically, the parting between husband and wife and friends, the hesitation and frustration of scholars and the impermanence of life are the basic emotional contents of Nineteen Ancient Poems. Some works show the idea of pursuing wealth and eating, drinking and having fun in time.

Chen Ruoming, a poet in A Qing, made a very accurate comment on this in his Selected Ancient Poems from Caicaitang: "Nineteen poems are the works of writers of past dynasties, so they can express people's feelings. How many people have succeeded? Although rich and powerful, it is still insufficient. Poor? Ambition is unattainable, life is like running water, who doesn't feel bad? Everyone loves each other and wants to be together for life, but who doesn't leave? In my mind, it is common to guess his ideas and abandon them.

The husband who has been with him all his life knows neither sadness nor happiness. At first glance, it's hard to be sad. Abandoning my wife and my friends is the same purpose.

Therefore, although Nineteen Poems has two meanings, they are all repeated in a low voice. If everyone reads it, it will hurt my heart, so this poem is a temperament thing. And if everyone has the same feeling, then everyone has his own poem.

But everyone has feelings but can't talk, that is, they can talk endlessly, so they push nineteen songs to the extreme. "This passage points out that the emotion expressed in Nineteen Ancient Poems is an innate * * * * experience and feeling.

For example, "Picking Hibiscus on the River" and "Studying in Japan" show the yearning for hometown and relatives; In the lingering dusk, the guests and Altair from afar show the deep yearning and sincere love for the wanderer; Show tourists' feelings about life and some thoughts about life: "Go back to the car and talk about it" and "The moon shines at night". In a word, Nineteen Ancient Poems expresses the most basic and common feelings and thoughts in life, and it is "people feel the same way".

Therefore, these poems can permanently touch people and last forever. At the same time, it shows the social situation, spiritual life and personality temperament of scholars in an artistic way, thus revealing one side of social life in the late Han Dynasty, which has important cognitive significance.

Nineteen Ancient Poems profoundly reproduces the disillusionment and degradation pursued by literati and the awakening and pain of the soul during the great transformation of social thought at the end of Han Dynasty. Scholars call it "chasing officials and abandoning friends, thinking about women's hard work, taking advantage of the situation to express their feelings, competing with natural selection, caring for each other, giving birth to new things, telling fables and sighing three times" (Alva Wang's Preface to Nineteen Ancient Poems). For example, the screenwriter of "Qing Ling on Bai Shang" plays Wan Luo, aiming at his career.

However, he found that the palace was magnificent, powerful people were in cahoots, and Jingxing, the capital, was not his world. In the seemingly cold attitude of the poet, there is confusion of losing the sense of belonging to life.

Some political ideals have been desecrated.

5. Literary knowledge of poetry

Poetry is one of the basic literary genres, which originated from religion. There is another form, which comes from labor. The most essential feature of poetry is lyrical beauty. Ci is a new style word that appeared in the Tang Dynasty, also known as tune, long and short sentences and idle poems. It is a song and poem, the abbreviation of Qu Qu and Yuan Qu, and one of the famous literary genres in the history of China literature. Yuanqu is a combination of Yuan Zaju and Sanqu, and people generally think it refers to Yuanqu. In fact, Qu is a generalized opera. The art of traditional Chinese opera occupies a very important position in China literature and even in the whole cultural history of China, and its achievements are no less than those of poetry, ci and fu. According to the different needs of content expression, the ancients created three types of poetry styles: poetry, ci and qu, and each style has its own merits, which can be described as the same strain and self-perfection. Poetry is the earliest literary style produced by any nation. So is China. Since the Book of Songs, the history of poetry development has been thousands of years, and the form of poetry is difficult to describe. Generally speaking, poetry can be divided into classical poetry with little emphasis on meter and modern poetry with emphasis on meter. There are also classical poems, songs of Chu, Yuefu poems (ancient Yuefu, new Yuefu), folk songs, seven-character ancient poems and five-character ancient poems. Directly reflect the reality and express freely. Modern poetry includes five-character or seven-character poems and five-character or seven-character quatrains. Their general characteristics are conciseness, gracefulness, implication, indirect reflection of reality, rigorous meter, great leap from poem to poem, and quatrains emphasize ethereal charm. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, Ci, a new poetic style, began to appear and developed rapidly, keeping pace with poetry. The middle tune is similar to the seven-character modern poetry in scale, which is divided into two parts, but it pays attention to change, seeing implication in simplicity and seeing the whole in separation; Long tune is also called slow character, because the beat is slow and the length is long when singing. Because of its long length and large capacity (The Preface to Birds is the longest, with 256 words), poets can give full play to their talents, narrate and express their feelings, write scenes calmly, pay attention to the turning point and structural changes, and thus tend to be unified. The songs that appeared in the Yuan Dynasty (Yuan Qu is divided into drama, Sanqu and meat) have different flavors. Different styles of poems and songs are just like people's different costumes to meet the needs of different seasons and aesthetics. Recognizing this, we have to admire the wisdom of the ancients in creating different styles of poetry. The ancients have long recognized the difference between the three and discussed it many times. However, some of them are too abstract. For example, Wang Guowei believes that "poetry is vast and long-lasting"; Some of them are too intuitive. For example, Wang Shizhen took Yan Shu's words, "I can't help falling flowers, and I feel familiar with Yan's return" and Tang Xianzu's lyrics, "What a beautiful day, who is happy?" Give an example to illustrate the difference between words and songs; Some of them are too simple, for example, Li Yu thinks that the word "is not like poetry in the world, but not like music in the world, standing in the middle". In fact, the differences between the three are reflected in the theme, artistic conception, style, technique and form.