Review outline of junior high school history

First, the ancient residents of the motherland

1. The earliest human in China:

The earliest known human in China is Yuanmou, who made tools and knew how to use fire about1700,000 years ago.

2. Beijingers

Beijingers lived about 700,000 to 200,000 years ago. They make and use tools, use natural fires and preserve kindling, and live in groups.

Ju life

3. Neanderthals were about 30,000 years ago. They have mastered polishing and drilling techniques and can make artificial fires. Their collective life is related by blood.

A United family

Whether (1) can make tools is the fundamental difference between humans and animals. China has discovered the oldest human site in the world.

(3) China was the first country to grow rice; (4) China was the first country to grow millet.

(5) China is an early vegetable growing country in the world.

Second, the primitive farming life

About seven thousand years ago, Hemudu people lived in the Yangtze River valley.

(1) Paddy field agriculture with rice as the main crop (2) Grinding stone tools and ploughing (3) Building hedgerow houses and settling down.

(4) Digging wells to facilitate drinking water and making pottery; (5) Raising poultry; (6) Making simple jade articles and primitive musical instruments.

About five or six thousand years ago, the original inhabitants of Banpo lived in the Yellow River Basin.

(1) semi-field agriculture with millet as the main crop (2) making stone tools; (3) live in a semi-basement house and settle down.

(4) Raising pigs and dogs; (5) weaving and making painted pottery; (6) There are many kinds of food: millet (main), fish, meat and vegetables (auxiliary).

The original inhabitants of Dawenkou lived in Dawenkou, Shandong Province about four or five thousand years ago.

(1) The emergence of private property and the polarization between the rich and the poor; (2) The farming economy has developed greatly, and agricultural tools are developed.

(3) The primitive handicraft industry has made great progress. (4) Pottery has black and white pottery with good quality.

Third, the ancestors of China.

1. Battle of Yanhuang Chiyou-Battle of Zhuolu:

Yan Di tribe and Huangdi tribe formed an alliance, and after a long period of development, they formed the future Chinese nation.

2. The Yellow Emperor-"the ancestor of mankind";

(1) Contribution of the Yellow Emperor: ① The Yellow Emperor built palaces, made clothes, taught people to dig wells, and invented boats and cars, which laid a foundation for later generations.

Foundation (2) Yan Di and Huangdi Tribe formed an alliance, and after long-term development, they formed the future Chinese nation.

3. Yao Shunyu's "abdication system":

(1) "abdication system": It is said that when Yao was old, he sought the opinions of tribal leaders and elected Yao as his successor. When Shun is old, take

Similarly, this position was given to Yu who contributed to water control. This method of electing tribal alliance leaders is called "abdication" in history.

(2) The essence of abdication system: The essence of abdication system is a method of democratic election of tribal alliance leaders in the late primitive society.

(3) the disintegration of primitive society: the development of production → the emergence of surplus products → the emergence of private property → the emergence of polarization between the rich and the poor → clan nobles → early slaves ↓

Main prisoners of war, indebted civilians → early slaves

Fourth, the rise and fall of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

1. The Rise and Fall of Xia Dynasty:

(1) Around 2070 BC, the Xia Dynasty with Yangcheng as its capital was established, which was the first dynasty in the history of China, and the slave society began.

(2) After his death, Qi succeeded to the throne, and the hereditary system replaced the abdication system, and "the public world" became "the family world"

(3) The symbol of Xia Dynasty marks the emergence of China's early state.

(4) The state organs in Xia Dynasty were tools for the slave class to oppress civilians and slaves.

(5) In 1600 BC, the Xia Dynasty perished, and Jie was the last king.

2. Shang Tang destroyed the summer and King Wu fell.

(1) About 1600 BC, the Tang Dynasty defeated Jie, the Xia Dynasty perished, and the Shang Dynasty was established.

(2) King Pan Geng of Shang Dynasty moved the capital several times, and finally moved the capital to Yin. Later, he called Shang Dynasty Yin Dynasty.

(3) BC 1046, Zhou was the last king. Zhou Wuwang fought the Shang Dynasty in Konoha, and the Shang Dynasty ended.

(4) In BC 1046, Zhou Wuwang established the Zhou Dynasty with pickaxe as its capital, also known as Haojiang, which was called the Western Zhou Dynasty in history.

3. The enfeoffment system of the Western Zhou Dynasty

(1) enfeoffment system: In order to consolidate the rule, the Western Zhou Dynasty implemented enfeoffment system. (Purpose) King Zhou distributed land, civilians and slaves to relatives,

Heroes and so on. , sealing them for governors. Governors must obey the orders of the Zhou emperor, pay tribute to the Zhou emperor, guard the territory at ordinary times and lead troops in wartime.

Battle with the son of heaven. Content: The Western Zhou Dynasty developed remote areas, strengthened its rule and became a powerful country through enfeoffment of vassals.

(2) In 77 1 year BC, Zhou Youwang fought a vassal war and the Western Zhou Dynasty perished.

(3) Schematic diagram of the hierarchy in the Western Zhou Dynasty: emperor → vassal → Qing Dafu → scholar → people → slave.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) brilliant bronze culture

1. superb bronze craft:

(1) The Shang Dynasty was a glorious period of bronze culture in China. The famous bronzes include a huge Si Mu Wu Ding and a unique statue of four sheep.

(2) During the same period of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the world-famous "Sanxingdui" culture prevailed in Chengdu Plain in southwest China.

(3) China is the first country to invent porcelain in the world.

2. Development of agriculture and animal husbandry:

(1) Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties was a society dominated by agriculture, which was good at seed selection, fertilization and pest control.

(2) The prosperity of agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts and commerce formed a splendid bronze civilization in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties.

3. The miserable life of slaves:

(1) has no freedom of life and is bought and sold at will (2) human sacrifice (3) human sacrifice.

Disputes over intransitive verbs during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period

1.

(1) In 770 BC, it moved eastward to Luo, which was called "Eastern Zhou Dynasty" in history.

Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC-476 BC)-Slave Society

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Qin Shiwang was a feudal society during the Warring States Period (475- 22 BC1).

(2) The purpose of the hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period is to force all countries to recognize his leading position and become the hegemon.

Famous overlords: Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong and Chu Zhuangwang. Premise: the decline of the royal family.

(3) The reason why Qi Huangong became the first hegemon in the Spring and Autumn Period: {Strength: developing production, training troops, and rectifying internal affairs.

Prestige: respect the king and resist Japan, war

(4) In the late 7th century, Chu Jin fought in Chengpu, and the Jin army defeated the Chu army. Since then, Jin Wengong has become the overlord of the Central Plains.

The influence of hegemony: ① bringing all kinds of disasters to society; Small countries have been eliminated, and countries with larger territories have emerged.

2. Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period

(1) Seven Heroes of Warring States Purpose: Merger and unification

(2) Seven Heroes of Warring States: Qi, Chu, Qin, Zhao Yan, Wei and Han (from southeast to northwest to middle).

(3) Famous battles: Guiling, Maling and Changping.

Seven, the era of the great revolution

1. Use of iron farm tools and Niu Geng:

(1) The evolution process of farm tools: stone tools → bones → bronze → iron.

(2) Niu Geng was used in China at the latest in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and was further popularized in Niu Geng during the Warring States Period. Niu Geng is one of the agricultural tools in the history of China.

Sub-evolution

(3) Role of iron farm tools: The popularization of iron farm tools and Niu Geng has significantly improved the land utilization rate and crop yield.

2. The famous Dujiangyan:

Designers and builders-Li Bing's location-the significance of Minjiang River-flood control, irrigation of farmland, land of abundance.

3. Shang Yang reform:

Time-356 BC

In 356 BC, Shang Yang began to reform with the support of Qin Xiaogong. According to the law, the state recognizes the private ownership of land and allows free sale.

Sell. Those who reward farming and produce grain fabrics can be exempted from corvee; According to the size of the army, the title and Hotan government were granted, but was it abolished?

Privilege of an old aristocrat with meritorious military service. Establish a county system, and the monarch directly sends officials to govern.

Significance: After Shang Yang's political reform, the feudal system was established, Qin's economy was developed, and the combat effectiveness of the army was continuously strengthened, which developed into.

The most prosperous feudal country at the end of the Warring States Period laid the foundation for Qin to unify China.

The contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class has become the main contradiction in society. China's feudal society was formed.

Slave owners → landlord slaves → peasant slave society → feudal society.

Eight. The Prosperity of China Culture

1. The evolution of characters:

(1) China has a written history, which began in Shang Dynasty.

(2) Shang and Zhou Dynasties: Oracle Bone Inscriptions → inscriptions on bronze (inscriptions) Late Western Zhou Dynasty: Da Zhuan.

2. Achievements in astronomy, calendar and medicine:

(1) There are many records about solar and lunar eclipses in Oracle bones of Shang Dynasty.

(2) Calendar: Originated in Xia Dynasty, perfected in Shang Dynasty and measured in the twenty-four solar terms of Warring States Period.

(3) Bian Que, a famous doctor in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, summed up his expectations, smells, asks and cuts.

3. Qu Yuan and Zhong Gu Le:

Qu Yuan of Chu State at the end of the Warring States Period —— Li Sao's "Bell and Drum Music" prevailed in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

Nine, the rise of China culture

1. Confucius, a great thinker and educator:

Confucius, a great thinker and educator at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (author of The Analects);

(1) thought; The founder of Confucian school put forward the theory of "benevolence"

(2) education: ① setting up private schools; ② Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude; ③ Be honest in learning attitude; 4 review the old and learn the new.

2. Thinker Lao Tzu:

At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Laozi was the founder of the Taoist School (the author of Tao Te Ching);

Thought: Everything has two opposing sides, and the opposing sides can be transformed into each other.

3. A hundred schools of thought contend:

(1) The founder of Mohism is Mozi.

(2) Mencius was a representative figure of Confucianism in the Warring States Period.

(3) The representative figure of Taoism in the Warring States Period was Zhuangzi.

(4) The representative figure of Legalism is Han Fei at the end of the Warring States Period.

(5) The originator of the militarist was Sun Wu, an outstanding militarist at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period (the author of Sun Tzu's Art of War, the earliest art book in the world).

Peter, the ever-victorious general. "

Ideas and opinions of school representatives

Mohist Mozi advocates "universal love" and "non-attack"

Mencius, a Confucian, asked the ruler to govern the country with benevolence, ignored the thin tax and advocated not to overfish.

Taoist Zhuangzi's "Governing by Doing Nothing"

Legalist Han Fei advocated reform, opposed empty talk about benevolence and righteousness, advocated the rule of law, and proposed the establishment of a feudal autocratic monarchy system.

Military strategist Sun Wu opposes empty talk about benevolence and righteousness.

X. "The King of Qin Sweeps Liuhe"

1. Qin unified the six countries and established centralized rule;

In 22 1 year BC, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, established the first unified centralized feudal country in China history-Qin Dynasty, with Xianyang as its capital.

2. Measures to consolidate the rules:

(1) Politics: A set of feudal autocratic centralization was established.

(2) Changes: ① Unified round square hole copper coins; ② Unified measurement; ③ Unified character (seal script) (official script).

The changing order of characters: Oracle Bone Inscriptions → Inscription → Dazhuan → Xiaozhuan → Lishu → cursive script → running script → regular script.

(3) thought: burning books to bury Confucianism-in order to strengthen ideological control, Qin Shiwang accepted Reese's suggestion and issued a book burning order, stipulating that except the government,

People are only allowed to leave books about medicine, divination and planting, and all other books should be burned; Whoever talks about Confucian poetry books again in the future will be sentenced.

Execute. He buried alive a group of Confucian scholars who secretly criticized him in Xianyang. This is the history of "burning books and burying Confucianism"

3. Build the Great Wall in the north and develop southern Xinjiang;

(1) Qin Shiwang sent Meng Tian to build the "Wan Li Great Wall" from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east, which is the wisdom and originality of the working people in ancient China.

the symbol of

(2) Qin Shiwang sent troops to unify the southeast and Lingnan areas, and built a Lingqu to connect the Yangtze River water system and the Pearl River water system, which is the Central Plains and Lingnan areas.

Economic and cultural exchanges provide favorable conditions.

(3) The Qin Dynasty has a vast territory, stretching to the East China Sea in the east, Longxi in the west, the Great Wall in the north and the South China Sea in the south.

The Qin Dynasty was the first unified multi-ethnic feudal country in the history of China, and it was also a big country in the world at that time.

Xi。 "If there is no way to cut it, punish Qin severely."

1. Qin's tyranny: (1) hard servitude (2) heavy taxes (3) cruel criminal law and more cruel rule.

2. Guangwu Uprising in Chen Sheng: (1) Time: 209 BC (2) Significance: Guangwu Uprising in Chen Sheng was the first large-scale uprising in China history.

Peasant uprising. Their revolutionary leadership inspired millions of working people in later generations to rise up against cruel rule.

3. Xiang Yu and Liu Bang Uprising: In 207 BC, Xiang Yu defeated Qin Jun's main force in Julu (Battle of Julu).

In 207 BC, Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty with Chang 'an as its capital, known as the Western Han Dynasty in history. Liu bang is the emperor gaozu.

XII. Unifying the Han Dynasty

1. Governance of cultural scenes: light taxation and development of agriculture.

2. The unification of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty:

(1) measures: ① politics: weaken the influence of the vassal States, the less the number of vassal States; ② Thought: "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone", imperial academy (Taitai

Learning is the highest knowledge in ancient China, which takes the Five Classics of Confucianism as the main material and does not learn the theories of other schools.

(2) Significance: The Western Han Dynasty entered its heyday, which was also the first heyday of China's feudal era.

3. The rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty:

(1) The demise of the Western Han Dynasty: AD 9.

(2) The establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty: In AD 25, Liu Xiu/Emperor Guangwu made Luoyang his capital.

(3) In the last years of Emperor Guangwu, the society was stable and the economic situation improved obviously. History calls the rule of this period "the rejuvenation of the military".

Thirteen. Economic development in Han dynasty

1. Harnessing the Yellow River and agricultural progress;

(1) Water conservancy: When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty governed the Yellow River and Emperor Han Ming governed the Yellow River, the Yellow River was governed by Wang Jing.

(2) Farm tools: the progress of plowing and the emergence of plowing.

(3) Crops: wheat, rice and Sang Ma.

2. Improvement of silk weaving and smelting technology;

(1) Silk weaving industry: jacquard machine (2) Iron smelting: Du Fu, the magistrate of Nanyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, made it clear that water rafts (3) iron weapons replaced bronze weapons.

3. Strengthen centralized economic measures and commercial prosperity:

(1) Economy: During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the local coinage right and the management right of salt and iron were merged into the central government, and five baht were uniformly minted.

(2) Commerce: Chang 'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, and Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, are also called "East and West Beijing".

There is a special business district in the city, which is called "City"

Fourteen The Rise of Xiongnu and Its Peace War with Han Dynasty

1. Maodun unified Mongolian grassland: During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Maodun Khan, the outstanding leader of Xiongnu, unified Mongolian grassland for the first time and established a powerful country.

2. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing defeated Xiongnu: In 1 19 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent generals Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to attack Xiongnu respectively.

3. Zhaojun went to the fortress: In the middle of BC 1 century, Emperor Han and Yuan married Wang Zhaojun to Uhaanyehe, and Uhaanyehe and Zhaojun were friendly to the Huns.

And made great contributions to cultural exchanges.

4. Emperor Han Ming of the East sent Dou Gu and Dou Xian to fight back against the Huns.

15. Hantong Western Regions and the Silk Road

1. Zhang Qian's trip to the western regions;

(1) Western Regions: During the Han Dynasty, Xinjiang and other regions were called the Western Regions.

(2) Zhang Qian connects the western regions: ① 65438 BC+038 BC ② 65438 BC+065438 BC+09 BC.

(3) In 60 BC, the Western Han government set up the Western Regions Duhu, which was in charge of the affairs of the Western Regions.

2. The Silk Road:

(1) This land route connecting China and the West is the famous Silk Road in history.

(2) After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, merchants in the Western Han Dynasty often went to sea for trade, which opened up major maritime traffic routes. This is the famous Maritime Silk Road in history.

3. Ban Chao manages the western regions;

(1) In 73 AD, the Eastern Han government sent Ban Chao to the Western Regions.

(2) When Ban Chao was in the Western Regions, he sent his men Gan Ying to Daqin. In A.D. 166, Daqin was sent to the Han Dynasty, which was the first time that a European country was with China.

first hand exchange

Sixteen, the prosperity of Qin and Han culture

1. The invention of paper and the improvement of papermaking in Cai Lun;

(1) Paper made of hemp in the early Western Han Dynasty is the earliest known paper in the world.

(2) Cai Lun, the eunuch of the Eastern Han Dynasty, improved papermaking, which was called "Cai Hou Paper" by later generations.

2. Chapter 9 Arithmetic and Seismograph:

(1) Nine Chapters of Arithmetic in the Eastern Han Dynasty is a famous mathematical work.

In the early Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng, a scientist, made an instrument, called a seismograph, which can determine the direction of earthquakes. This is recognized as the earliest in the world.

Seismic instruments are based on

3. Hua tuo and Zhang Zhongjing:

The most famous physicians in Han Dynasty were Hua Tuo and Zhang Zhongjing.

(1) Hua Tuo's "Ma Fei San" with general anesthesia is a pioneering work in the history of world medicine. It also imitates five kinds of birds: tiger, deer, bear, ape and bird.

The beast made up a "five beasts play"

(2) At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases, which comprehensively expounded the theory and treatment principles of traditional Chinese medicine. Later people called him "

Medical sage "

17. Prosperous Qin and Han culture

1. The introduction of Buddhism and the rise of Taoism;

(1) Buddhism originated in ancient India and was introduced to the Central Plains of China in the late Western Han Dynasty.

(2) In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Hanming sent people to the Western Regions to learn from the scriptures, and then built the White Horse Temple in Luoyang, which was the earliest Buddhist temple in China.

(3) During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taoism rose among the people, and one of its founders was Zhang Ling. He respected Laozi as the leader and called him "the old gentleman on the throne".

2. Chong Wang weighed again:

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the thinker Wang Chong wrote Lun Heng, criticizing superstition.

3. Sima Qian and Historical Records:

(1) Sima Qian was a great historian in ancient China.

(2) Historical Records records the historical events from Huangdi to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and is the first biographical general history of China. The history books affirmed Chen Sheng,

Guangwu rebelled against the pioneering spirit of Qin violence, denounced the sins of tyrants and cruel officials, and boldly commented on the merits and demerits of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, which became a legend of later generations.

A model of sports history books. This book is concise in writing, vivid in language and vivid in characterization. It is also an excellent literary work.

4. Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses that caused a sensation in the world:

The level of sculpture in Qin and Han Dynasties was very high, and its outstanding representative was the world-famous Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Shiwang.

Eighteen, three kingdoms.

1. Guandu War: (Less wins more)

In 200, Yuan Shao led an army of 100,000 to attack Cao Jun, and the main force matched Guandu where Cao Jun was located, which laid the foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north.

2. Battle of Red Cliffs: (Less wins more)

Time-In 2008, Cao Cao and Liu Sun joined hands to form a situation of sharing the world with Liu.

3. Formation of the Three Kingdoms:

When the country name is established, the founder makes its capital.

In 220, Cao Pi proclaimed Luoyang as emperor.

Shu (Han) 22 1 year Liu Bei (proclaimed emperor) Chengdu.

In 222, Sun Quan (Wang) established Jianye.

Nineteen. Development of Jiangnan area

1. The rise and fall of the Western Jin Dynasty and the nationalities who moved in:

(1) In 266, Sima Yan, the grandson of Sima Yi, usurped the throne to establish the Jin Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital, which was called the Western Jin Dynasty in history (3 16).

(2) In 280, the Three Kingdoms perished (the Three Kingdoms survived for 6 1 year).

(3) The second generation emperor Jin Huidi was mentally retarded and unable to govern the country, which led to the "Eight Kings Rebellion".

(4) Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the northern and western ethnic minorities such as Xiongnu, Xianbei, Xiongnu, Xi and Qiang have moved inward one after another, and by the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty, the number reached.

One million, 3 16 years, an armed force of the Huns who moved inward perished in the Western Jin Dynasty.

2. Battle of Surabaya: (Less wins more)

(1) In the second year of the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty (3 17), Si Marui, the royal family, rebuilt the Jin Dynasty with its capital in Jiankang, which was called "the Eastern Jin Dynasty" in history.

(2) In the late 4th century, the Miao people established the pre-Qin regime.

(3) In 383, Wang Fujian gathered more than 800,000 troops, intending to destroy the Eastern Jin Dynasty in one fell swoop, and confronted 80,000 people in the Eastern Jin Dynasty across the water, and 8 Jin Army won a great victory.

Unify the north

(4) in 420, the general emperor wu of song self-reliance for the emperor, the title "song". Since then, the south has experienced four dynasties, collectively known as the "Southern Dynasties"-Song Dynasty,

Qi, Liang and Chen

3. The development of Jiangnan area:

(1) Conditions: ① Jiangnan has abundant rainfall, hot climate and fertile land, which has superior conditions for developing agriculture; (2) people who move south give money to the river.

The southern region has brought advanced production technology and different lifestyles. There are relatively few wars in Jiangnan, and the social order is relatively stable.

(2) Significance: The development of the south of the Yangtze River has had a far-reaching impact on China's economy, laying the foundation for the gradual shift of the economic center of gravity to the south.

Twenty, the great integration of northern nationalities

1. Northern unification and national integration:

In the late 4th century AD, a branch of Xianbei nationality in Northeast China was powerful, establishing the Northern Wei Dynasty, making Pingcheng its capital, and unifying the North in 439.

2. Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang:

Reason: Pingcheng's climate is dry, and the grain produced can't meet the needs of many people in Beijing. Pingcheng is located in the north, which is not conducive to the widespread spread of the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Central Plains.

Large-scale rule is also not conducive to the Xianbei regime to learn and accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality

3. The reform measures of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty:

(1) Historical background: There is a trend of ethnic integration in the Yellow River Basin.

(2) Main measures: the court must use Chinese, and Xianbei language is prohibited; Officials and their families must wear Han costumes; Jiang Xianbei

The surname was changed to Han nationality, and the royal family was changed from Tuoba to Yuan. Encourage Xianbei nobles to intermarry with Han nobles; Adopt the official system and laws of the Han nationality;

Learn the etiquette of the Han nationality, respect Confucius, govern the country with filial piety, and advocate the atmosphere of respecting the elderly.

(3) Historical function: These measures are conducive to the recovery and development of the northern economy, accelerate the feudalization process of all ethnic groups in the north, and promote national integration.

(4) Post-Northern Wei split: Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, Eastern Wei and Western Wei merged to form the Northern Dynasty.

21. Culture of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (1)

1. Zu Chongzhi and Pi:

(1) Zu Chongzhi in the Southern Dynasties was a famous mathematician and astronomer in ancient China. He is the first person in the world to draw a circle by "secant".

The weekly rate is calculated to the seventh place after the decimal point, which is nearly a thousand years ahead of the world.

(2) Zu Chongzhi wrote a mathematical work "Composition".

2. He Qi Yao Minshu:

(1) Jia Sixie of the Northern Dynasties was a famous agronomist in the history of our country, and he wrote The Book of Qi Yao Min.

(2) The Book of Qi Yao Min is China's first complete agricultural scientific work, which occupies an important position in the world agricultural history.

3. Li Daoyuan and Shui Jing Zhu;

Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty was an outstanding geographer in ancient China. His Notes on Water Classics is a comprehensive geographical monograph, and the whole book is annotated.

Taking the waterway system as the key link, this paper introduces the mountains, rivers, towns, topography, customs and historical sites in detail.

Twenty-two, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties culture (2)

1. Brilliant calligraphy and painting art:

(1) Preface to Lanting, the masterpiece of Wang Xizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, has the reputation of "the best running script in the world" and was later called "the sage of books".

(2) Gu Kaizhi was a famous painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and his representative works include The History of Women and The Map of Luoshen.

(3) It is said that Gu Kaizhi has "three unique skills", namely, talent, painting and infatuation.

2. The prevalence of Buddhism and the theory of deification;

Fan Zhen, a thinker in the Southern Dynasties, wrote The Extinction of Immortals, which recorded the fact that the ruling class used Buddhism to deceive the people and systematically expounded it.

Atheism.

3. Brilliant grotto art:

Two caves in the Northern Dynasties: Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi and Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan.