Senior three geography knowledge points

In the third year of senior high school, in order to facilitate candidates to review geography knowledge more comprehensively, we collected all the knowledge points of senior high school geography for reference. Welcome to refer to!

First, describe the location characteristics of a place:

(1) latitude position (high latitude? Mid latitude? Low latitude? (2) Land and sea location

(3) Relative position (relationship with famous geographical things here)

Second, climate.

1. Factors affecting solar radiation intensity:

① solar altitude angle (determined by latitude) ② atmospheric conditions (weather, climate)? (3) altitude (high altitude, the air is thin and weak. Strong solar radiation)? ④ sunshine length

2. Factors affecting temperature:

① Latitude (solar radiation) ② Terrain (altitude? Cover? Leeward slope? Windward slope? Block the airflow? )

③ Atmospheric circulation ④ Location and distribution of land and ocean (the temperature of mainland is lower than that of ocean in winter and higher than that of ocean in summer).

⑤ Ocean current ⑤ Heat capacity and reflectivity of underlying surface (vegetation status).

3. Factors affecting precipitation:

① Atmospheric circulation (pressure area, wind area; Monsoon circulation; Atmospheric activity center) ② Ocean current? ③ Sufficient water vapor, condensation nuclei and updraft ④ Topography (windward slope? Leeward slope? Airflow barrier? )

⑤ Land and sea location (how far is it from the sea? Sea wind, land wind? )

4. Factors affecting air pressure:

① Terrain (elevation) → Air pressure decreases with elevation ② Temperature → High temperature and low air pressure at the same elevation.

5. Factors affecting climate:

(1) Latitude position (solar radiation, determining heat)? ② Atmospheric circulation (precipitation)

③ Underlying surface (land and sea position, topography, ocean current, surface condition, etc.). )? ④ Human activities (affecting microclimate and global warming)

6. Factors affecting the temperature annual range.

① Latitude position (the higher the latitude, the greater the temperature annual range).

② Underlying surface A. Land-sea position (land-sea heat capacity difference) B. Topographic height (H rising, T difference decreasing)

7. The reasons that affect the daily temperature range

(1) atmospheric conditions? ② Location of land and sea (difference in thermal properties)? ③ Underlying surface (vegetation coverage and vegetation type) ④ Latitude

8. Influencing factors of large temperature difference between north and south in winter in China.

Latitude position (solar radiation): In winter, the sun shines directly in the southern hemisphere, and the latitude in the south is low. At noon, the sun is higher than the north, and during the day, it is longer than the north, and it gets more solar radiation than the north? ② The north is close to the winter wind source, which aggravates the cold in the north and is greatly affected by the cold wave.

9. Factors of small temperature difference between north and south in summer in China.

In summer, the sun shines directly in the northern hemisphere. Although the height of the sun in the north is smaller than that in the south at noon, the day is longer than that in the south.

Therefore, the sunlight and heat obtained are not less than those in the south. ② The rainy season in the south is long and cloudy.

10. The reasons for the formation of high value centers in Turpan Basin in summer.

① Living inland, the temperature rises rapidly in summer; ② The altitude is low, and the temperature is high; ③ Surrounded by mountains, the terrain is blocked, and the heat is not easy to spread; ④ The climate is dry, with less clouds and more sunny days, and the solar radiation is strong.

1 1. The factors that are less affected by winter winds in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.

① Away from the winter wind source; ② Blocked by the east-west mountains in the north (such as Qinling Mountains); ③ Plateau topography, with high terrain.

12. the forming factors of "Sanjiang melting pot" in the Yangtze river basin

(1) is located in the valley, and the terrain is blocked, so it is difficult to dissipate heat. ② Located on the leeward slope of summer monsoon, the airflow sinks and heats up; ③ Living inland, the climate is continental, and the temperature rises rapidly in summer; ④ In July and August, controlled by subtropical high, downward flow prevailed, with clear weather, strong solar radiation and high temperature (summer drought); ⑤ The scale of the city is large and the heat island effect is strong.

13. The influencing factors of annual precipitation in Huoshaoliao in Taiwan Province Province rank first in China.

① Located on the windward slope of the hillside, it is influenced by the southeast monsoon and the warm current of Taiwan Province Province in summer, with abundant precipitation.

(2) In winter, the temperature and humidity of the northeast monsoon increase through the ocean surface and are lifted by mountains, with abundant precipitation.

14. The influencing factors of annual precipitation in Toksun Basin are the least in China.

(1) Living in the deep inland, it is difficult for ocean air to reach? (2) the terrain is blocked, surrounded by mountains, and it is difficult for water vapor to enter.

15. Influencing factors of climate non-zonal distribution

① Terrain fluctuation ② Ocean current ③ Land and sea distribution

16. factors affecting the formation of heavy rain:

(1) Continuous steam supply? ② Strong updraft? ③ The weather system that forms precipitation lasts for a long time.

17. Analysis of factors of long and cold winter in Russia

① The latitude position is high. The obtained solar radiation is less and the temperature is low. ② It faces the Arctic Ocean in the north, which is greatly influenced by the polar cold air flow.

(3) Most areas live in the depths of Eurasia, far from the sea, and the temperature is low in winter.

18. the upswing is the influencing factor of the cold pole in the northern hemisphere.

(1) Latitude: high latitude, less solar radiation and low temperature.

② Location of land and sea: Living in the depths of Eurasia, the mainland cools rapidly in winter.

③ Atmospheric circulation: greatly influenced by the polar cold current.

(4) Terrain: high terrain and low temperature. The terrain is horseshoe-shaped and open to the north, which makes the cold air in the south accumulate.

19. the causes of tropical desert climate on the west coast of south America

① Affected by subtropical high and southeast wind, the airflow sinks, blowing near the sea breeze, and the precipitation is less.

(2) Peru cold current flows to reduce temperature and humidity.

20. The reason for the long and narrow climate of tropical desert in western South America.

(1) topography: the influence of the Andes? ② Ocean current: Peru cold current reduces temperature and humidity.

2 1. The influencing factors of Antarctic becoming the world's "cold pole"

① High latitude, less solar radiation on the surface; ② The terrain is higher; (3) The temperature is covered by snow and ice, and the reflection of snow and ice on solar radiation is extremely strong.

④ The westerly circulation at 400 ~ 600 degrees south latitude creates a special "wind wall", which hinders the heat exchange between the Antarctic region and the low latitude region.

⑤ The circulation in west wind drift and Antarctica hinders the heat exchange between high-latitude seawater and low-latitude seawater.

22. Factors affecting precipitation in Antarctica

(1) is controlled by the polar high pressure, and the downward flow prevails.

(2) The temperature is very low, the evaporation is very weak, the water vapor content in the air is very low, and the air is dry.

23. Basis for judging the nature of oceans and continents

① Precipitation and seasonal changes ② Temperature in annual range ③ Months with the highest and lowest monthly temperatures.

24. Description of climate characteristics:

(1) climate type? ② Temperature (high or low? What are the temperatures in winter and summer? The temperature changes with the seasons, and it changes greatly every year. )

(3) Precipitation (What is the annual precipitation? Seasonal and interannual variation characteristics of precipitation)

④ The combination relationship between temperature and precipitation (especially monsoon, plus "rain-heat synchronization")

① Topographic types (plains, hills, plateaus, basins and mountains)

② Topography (ups and downs, elevation, tilt direction) ③ Topography area name.

④ Terrain combination (only in a large range) ⑤ Terrain inclination direction (judged by river flow direction)

25. The reason why the temperature in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is lower than that in surrounding areas:

① The terrain is high and the temperature is low; ② Winter is influenced by quasi-static cold front air mass in Kunming.

③ Located on the windward slope of the summer monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, the atmosphere is rich in water and the clouds are thick.

Strong ability to reduce solar radiation, low temperature.

④ There are many lakes in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, with good vegetation, obvious climate regulation and low temperature.

26. Formation factors of the "oasis" in the degraded desert belt (23 26' passing through the southeast of China).

(1) Land and sea location? ② Climate and precipitation ③ Typhoon influence.

Third, topography and geology.

1. Synthesis of topographic features

(1) terrain (high? Low? Tilt? Fluctuation) ② Altitude ③ Type and distribution of terrain? (4) combined terrain and combined structure.

Distribution characteristics of contour lines (values): ① Density ② Trend ③ Direction of numerical change ④ Bending degree and direction ⑤ Center of high and low values.

2. Influencing factors of surface morphology:

① Internal force: earthquake, volcano and metamorphism (internal force of folds and faults).

② External force: weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition and rock formation.

3. Reasons for the formation of Turpan Basin and Hami Basin ① Internal force: crustal fracture and settlement.

4. Reasons for the formation of Ili Valley ① Internal force: Crustal fracture settlement ② Ili River is formed by sediment accumulation.

5. Reasons for the formation of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin

① Internal force: It is located at the junction of Asia-Europe plate and Indian Ocean plate, and it is a fault zone formed by the collision of the two plates.

② External force: eroded by Yarlung Zangbo River.

6. Reasons for the formation of Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon and Hengduan Mountain Canyon.

① Internal force: Crustal rise? ② External force: river erosion and undercutting.

7. Genesis of Hengduan Mountains

① Internal force: collision, extrusion and uplift of Eurasian plate and Indian Ocean plate.

② External force: The area is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone, with heavy rainfall, strong water erosion and river cutting.

8. The causes of the mountains in Taiwan Province Province.

① Internal force: collision, extrusion and uplift of Asia-Europe plate and Pacific plate.

9. Influencing factors of earthquake intensity:

① magnitude and focal depth of the earthquake itself ② epicentral distance.

③ Geological structure (fault development? ) ? ④ Seismic grade of ground buildings.

10. the origin of north China plain

① Internal force: Crustal subsidence? ② External force: Haihe River, Yellow River and Huaihe River carry sediment and accumulate.

1 1. Genesis of alluvial fans in the northwest hills and Taihang Mountains of China.

External force: the river carries sediment out of the mountain. Due to the slow flow rate, a lot of sand and gravel are piled up in front of the mountain.

12. the causes of the formation of Fenhe river basin and Weihe plain

① Internal force: Crustal fracture settlement? ② External force: Fenhe River and Weihe River carry sediment accumulation.

13. Influencing factors of multiple earthquakes

① Near the plate boundary? ② Two volcanic seismic zones.

14. Fold and topography: early stage of fold; Syncline into valley; The anticline becomes a mountain range; In the later stage, the tension at the top of the anticline is easily broken and eroded into valleys due to internal and external forces. Synclinal trough becomes solid by extrusion and is not easy to be eroded, forming mountains.

Faults and topography: the horst forms massive mountains, such as Taishan, Lushan and Huashan; Graben: Weihe Valley and Fenhe Valley.

15. Formation of Congo Basin: The Congo Basin was originally an inland lake, which was formed by the uplift of the crust, the downward cutting of rivers and the outflow of lake water.

16. Causes of the Dead Sea (Lake Baikal, Lake Tanganyika, Fenhe River Basin and Weihe River Basin): internal force-fault collapse.

17. Genesis of five major freshwater lakes (European fjords and lakes) in North America: external force-glaciation.

Four. Hydrology (rivers and lakes)

1. Hydrological characteristics of rivers: discharge, seasonal variation, sediment concentration, ice age, flood season and dry season.

2. Characteristics of water system: flow direction, process, basin area, bend and shape of water system (fan-shaped, tree-shaped, feather-shaped, heart-shaped, etc. );

How many tributaries are there,

3. Influencing factors of river flow:

① River recharge (precipitation) (melting water of ice and snow) ② Watershed ③ Tributaries ④ Human activities.

4. Regulating factors of river runoff: ① Regulation of reservoirs and lakes; (2) the regulation of forest and other vegetation; ③ Renovation of terraced fields and flat land.

(4) regulation of river tributaries (regulation of water system) (5) regulation of groundwater.

5. Factors affecting the value of river transport:

Natural causes: topography and velocity, water quantity and seasonal changes, ice age, sediment concentration.

Social reasons: population, urban density and economic development level in the floating areas.

6. The reasons for the great shipping value of rivers in Western Europe are abundant water, stable water level, small sediment concentration, no ice age and great shipping value.

Russian ob river (Yenisei River and Lena River) has low shipping value: high latitude, long freezing period and ice flood.

7. Factors affecting seawater temperature:

(1) solar radiation (heat budget)/latitude? ② Ocean current ③ Land climate

8. Influencing factors of seawater salinity:

① Precipitation evaporation (climate, latitude) ② Ocean current (warm current passing through: high salinity; Cold current passes through low salinity)

(3) freezing and thawing; (4) River runoff injection? ⑤ seawater exchange with the outside world (whether the sea area is closed)

9. Factors affecting tides: (Tidal observation in Qiantang River)

(1) Terrain conditions (is it a trumpet-shaped opening with a big mouth and a small mouth)? ② Meteorological conditions (wind direction)

(3) Astronomical conditions (the position of the sun, the moon and the earth) The first and fifteenth days of the first lunar month are astronomical tides.

10. Factors affecting the quantity of water resources:

① Precipitation evaporation (river runoff)? ② Water circulation activity

1 1. Factors affecting the formation of fishing grounds:

① Continental Shelf: the depth of seawater and the amount of sunlight obtained ② Runoff (freshwater river): the amount of nutrients.

Latitude: temperate waters ④ Ocean current: confluence or upwelling of cold current and warm current.

12. Factors affecting swamp formation

① Terrain: Low-lying, easy to accumulate water and poor drainage.

② Meteorological conditions: high altitude or latitude, low temperature, small evaporation and accumulated water on the surface.

(3) Water source conditions: river water, melting water of mountain snow and ice, river ice flood and flood cause surface water to accumulate in depressions.

(4) Geological conditions: underground frozen soil and surface water are not easy to penetrate? ⑤ Human activities

13. Influencing factors of ice flood formation

The latitude is high, the temperature is below 0℃, and there is ice? ② The river flows from low latitude to high latitude.

Five, the integrity and difference of geographical environment

1. Factors affecting the vertical band spectrum: ① latitude, ② relative height of mountains.

2. Differences in natural zones between the northern and southern slopes of the Himalayas:

① The natural belt on the south slope is more complicated than that on the north slope? ② The distribution of the same natural belt on the north and south slopes is lower on the south slope than on the north slope.

(3) Forest on the south slope and alpine meadow grassland on the north slope? ④ The snow-covered glaciers on the south slope are lower than those on the north slope.

3. Analyze the influencing factors of the above differences:

① The latitude of the southern slope is lower than that of the northern slope, and the baseband elevation is lower and the relative height is higher; ② The south slope is sunny and the north slope is sunny.

(3) The southern slope faces the Indian Ocean, and is influenced by the monsoon, so the precipitation is richer than that on the northern slope.

4. Determinants of snow line height:

① Temperature: latitude, sunny slope, back sunny slope, T rising, the higher the snow line.

② Precipitation: maritime (humid climate → snowdrop line)

Continental (climate drought → snow line rising) windward slope → snow line falling? Leeward slope → snow line rising