Twenty-four solar terms in the Song Dynasty

Spring rain shakes the valley in spring, summer is full and summer is full for two days, spring is cold and autumn is cool, the first frost is cold in winter, and the first snow is cold in winter.

Twenty-four solar terms can be divided into four categories, namely beginning of spring, vernal equinox, long summer, summer solstice, beginning of autumn, autumn equinox, beginning of winter and winter solstice. Five solar terms symbolizing temperature change: slight summer heat, great summer heat, summer heat, slight cold and great cold; Rain reflects precipitation, Grain Rain, white dew, cold dew, first frost, light snow and heavy snow; Four solar terms reflecting phenology or agricultural activities, namely, fright, Qingming, Xiaoman and Mangzhong.

The following are solar terms songs circulating in the north:

Beginning of spring Yang turns, and the rain crosses the Yanhe River; Scared the crow to cry and dry at the vernal equinox;

Qingming busy planting wheat, Grain Rain farming; The long summer goose feathers live, and the birds come to the whole;

Mang seeds are shoveled, and cotton is not collected from summer to Sunday; It is not hot in the summer, but hot in the dog days;

Beginning of autumn is busy playing indigo, and busy sharpening knives and sickles in summer; In the Millennium, there is no land in the autumn equinox;

The frost has changed before the cold dew is cold; Beginning of winter fief, Xiaoxue River seal;

Snow and water are closed, and the winter solstice is not allowed; A slight cold is not too cold, and a bad cold lasts for three or nine days.

As can be seen from the quotation, solar terms are closely related to people's production and life.

Flowers and trees control the season, and birds sing to announce the agricultural season. This is what people call phenology.

Phenology refers to the activities of flowers, trees, birds and animals in nature according to certain seasons, which is closely related to climate change.

It includes three aspects:

Germination, leaf spreading, flowering, yellow leaves and deciduous leaves of various plants;

Arrival, initial singing, final singing, departure and hibernation of migratory birds, insects and other animals;

Some hydrometeorological phenomena, such as first frost, last frost, freezing, melting, first snow, first snow, etc.

In ancient China, there were five days for waiting period and three days for solar terms. From winter to spring, the eight solar terms from slight cold to Grain Rain have 24 days. Every moment, there is a flower in bloom. People call the wind blowing when flowers bloom "Hua Xinfeng", so there is the saying of "Twenty-four Hua Xinfeng". In order to describe it accurately, people chose a plant that blooms every day for twenty-four days.

Slight cold: plum blossom, camellia, daffodil;

Great cold: Daphne odora, orchid and alum in Phnom Penh;

Beginning of spring: Waiting for Spring Festival, Cherry and Spring;

Rain: first-class cauliflower, second-class apricot flower, third-class plum flower;

Surprise: waiting for peach blossoms, waiting for Tang Di, waiting for roses;

Vernal equinox: first-class begonia, second-class pear flower, third-class magnolia;

Qingming: waiting for tung flowers, wheat flowers and willow flowers;

Grain Rain: First peony, second peony, third flowering.

Hua Xinfeng not only reflects the natural phenomena of flowering and seasonality, but also can be used to master the farming season and arrange farming.

The following are proverbs about plant phenology summarized by working people in our country in their production and life:

Peach blossoms bloom, and swallows come to prepare the grain for farming.

Willow sprouts warmly, and the cold weather won't last long.

The lotus is in bloom and is planting seedlings. The chrysanthemum is yellow and the wheat is busy.

Tung trees bloom, but frost and snow no longer fall.

Let a hundred flowers blossom and farm work come together.

Catkin is prosperous, and every family grows rice seedlings.

Plums are golden, apricots are fat, durian is like fire, peaches and plums are falling, and lotus-horn crops are flourishing and happy.

Phenology is the most direct language of nature. The appearance of migratory birds and insects clearly tells us the changes of seasons: the domestic swallow begins to see when it is startled, and beginning of winter flies south;

Cicada started to sing when she was startled, and the Millennium never sang.

Crickets sing at the beginning of Tomb-Sweeping Day and at the end of the autumnal equinox;

Wild geese began to appear in Qingming, and the autumnal equinox was never seen before;

Toads appear in Qingming, but the cold dew disappears;

Frogs sing at the beginning of vernal equinox and at the end of autumnal equinox.

There are also many proverbs about animal phenology:

Cats and dogs change their hair early, and it gets cold early in winter.

Thrush hides more grain, but it snows for a long time.

Sparrows hoard food and it will snow.

When the dog entered the kitchen, the snow arrived.

A cold wave comes when pigs embrace grass.

Frogs croak just in time to plant early rice.

Cuckoo Cuckoo, grow grain and cut wheat.

The orioles sing, and the wheat needs to be cut. ..

When the toad comes out of the hole, it never stops raining.

Earthworms climb the road, and it rains like hemp.

The smell of cicadas in the rain indicates the coming of sunny days.

Chickens stay late, ducks croak, and a storm is coming.

It's going to rain in the ant nest.

Swallows fly low, it's going to rain.

The fish dived and it rained.

Turtle back tide, rain omen.

The loach is quiet and sunny.

The influence of meteorological activities on us can be described as meticulous, so people come to the conclusion that:

Winter snow is a wheat quilt, and Chun Xue is a wheat ghost. Wheat covers three quilts and sleeps with steamed bread.

The winter solstice is full of frost, and Man Cang will be in the valley next year.

When the frost is thick in winter, there must be a good sun.

Spring frost does not stay overnight, it depends on staying overnight.

The fog in the Three Dynasties was westerly, and without westerly wind and rain, it was empty.

Spring fog is rainy and summer fog is hot, autumn fog turns cold and winter fog is snowy.

The morning mist is closed, and the rising sun is available; The morning mist has not been collected, and the drizzle is endless.

The fog is only three days, and it takes 38 days.

The dew is heavy and the weather is fine.

Frost and fog dried up the well.

After first frost, the south wind continued to rain at night.