Li Longji's Political Initiative

The personnel system acceded to the throne, with Yao Chong and Song Jing as the first phase, followed by Zhang, Li, Duroy, Han Xiu and Zhang Jiuling. They each have their own strengths and perform their duties, which makes national affairs full of vitality. In addition, Li Longji can accept the coach with an open mind at this time, so the politics is clear and the political situation is stable.

Li Longji adopted Zhang Jiuling's suggestion and formulated the official relocation system. Select competent officials from Beijing and transfer them to the Governor's Office to exercise their handling ability and cultivate administrative experience. At the same time, he also selected people who made a difference in the governor's yamen and promoted them to Beijing officials. This internal and external intermodulation has enhanced communication, understanding and trust between the central and local governments. In selecting talents, Li Longji also reformed the imperial examination system, limiting the number of Jinshi subjects, so as to reduce the emergence of redundant staff and improve the overall quality of officials. In the third year (7 15), Xuanzong clearly declared: "Officials can only be given away for nothing if they are not excessively promoted, but they are famous and pretentious and cannot be dummies." He is determined to appoint people on their merits. Ordering is bureaucracy. The first is to strictly implement the civil service election system and eliminate redundant staff. Since Tang Zhongzong, the civil service selection system has been very chaotic. Princesses, princesses and relatives of powerful people not only sell titles and titles, but also engage in "oblique sealing of officials" without going through the official department. As a result, foreign servants, examiners, proofreaders and other officials appeared, and redundant staff flooded the government. In the second year of Kaiyuan, Xuanzong ordered to recall all foreign officials, review and strictly control the selection of officials, and stipulated that there should be no military exploits in the future, and the official department and the Ministry of War should not pay attention to officials. The result is "overhaul, nine times out of ten". In this way, it not only overcomes the phenomenon of redundant staff and overstaffed staff, but also improves the efficiency of government affairs and saves national expenditure. In the previous supervision system of Xuanzong, because people paid more attention to Beijing officials than to foreign posts, local officials were all senior and talented people. In order to get rid of this drawback, Xuanzong made a special decree in the second year of Kaiyuan, selecting talented people from Beijing officials as governors and secretaries of local governments, and selecting people with political achievements as Beijing officials, "to make frequent and continuous access." He paid special attention to the selection of county magistrate. In the fourth year of Kaiyuan, the newly elected county magistrate was called into Zheng Xuan Hall of Daming Palace, and the emperor personally took an examination to see if the county magistrate was familiar with the way of governing the country and reassuring the people. As a result, more than 20 people refused to take office, and another 45 people were eliminated and "returned to school". At the same time, the imperial edict of managing and rectifying officials was promulgated. In October each year, provincial judges are appointed to inspect the achievements of the secretariat and county magistrate, which are divided into three grades: the most, the middle and the temple, and the advantages and disadvantages are determined in turn as the basis for changing jobs. The reform of the military system not only effectively governed the internal affairs of Li Longji, but also effectively governed the border areas and recovered the lost land. This is mainly about the reform of the military system. As the original government-owned military system was destroyed, farmers fled and the source of troops was affected. When he proclaimed himself emperor in Li Longji, the phenomenon of soldiers fleeing was extremely serious, and the combat effectiveness of the army was also very low, so it could not compete with the powerful Turkish army.

In the 11th year of Kaiyuan (723), he accepted the reform proposal of Prime Minister Zhang and established mercenaries. One hundred and twenty thousand sergeants were recruited from inside Shanhaiguan pass as guards. This is the long March guardian, also known as the long March athlete. This reform is a change from the system of officers and men to the system of mercenaries. After more than ten years' efforts, Li Longji has extended this system to the whole country. This system cancels the original practice of government soldiers guarding the border in turn, and relieves the people of all countries from the pain of guarding the border. At the same time, this kind of mercenary also provides a guarantee for centralized training and improving combat effectiveness. In addition to reforming the military system, Li Longji has taken many other measures to rectify the army, such as issuing an imperial edict on military training, ordering northwest military towns to expand their troops and strengthen training. At the same time, Wang Maozhong, the official, was appointed as the internal and external idle ambassador, who was fully responsible for the supply of military horses, so that the insufficient horses were replenished in time and the combat effectiveness was improved. In addition, in order to completely solve the problem of rations, Li Longji ordered to expand the scope of reclamation, vigorously develop reclamation in the northwest and north of the Yellow River, and increase food production.

After full preparation, the Tang Dynasty gradually recovered Yingzhou and other places, and the Uighur and other ethnic groups north of the Great Wall also automatically canceled the title of independent separatist regime and rejoined the Tang Dynasty. The capital of Anbei was also restored, and the Tang Dynasty resumed its jurisdiction over the land north of the Great Wall.

The restoration of political power in the western region has gone through two stages. The first stage is to recover the broken leaf town, and the second stage is to restore the Silk Road. The Tang Dynasty re-established its prestige in the Western Regions. There were ten ambassadors from Kaiyuan to Tianbao, and ten ambassadors from Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty. Four towns of Pinglu, Fanyang, Hedong, Shuofang, Longyou, Hexi and Anxi were formed in the north, and eight ambassadors were set up in Yixi in the north. Together with Jiannan and Lingnan towns, it became a fixed military region. When our envoy was ordered, he was given two flags and two festivals, so that he could be killed by the army. When he walked, he built festivals and built six flags (banners) in the government, which was extremely powerful. Our envoys, who combine military, political and financial affairs, are often in charge of two or three towns by one person, reaching as many as four towns. They are more authoritative than the governors of Wei and Jin Dynasties and are called Jie Zhen. Therefore, the emphasis on the outside and the light on the inside led to the Anshi rebellion in the last years of Tianbao. In order to increase the national income, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty launched a campaign of land inspection and household contracting. At that time, after occupying farmers' land, the strongmen called it land outside their hometown, and turned the fleeing farmers into their own private property, evading state taxes in both land and population.

From the first year of birth (765,438+02) to the thirteenth year of Kaiyuan (725), Li Longji's land-checking and household-building campaign achieved tangible results. He appointed Yuwen Rong as the national ambassador to persuade farmers to cover fields, and set up ten ambassadors and judges to inspect hidden land and protect farmers. Then all the detected land will be confiscated and distributed to farmers for farming. Concealed farmers are also registered. In this way, the customer's money increased by several million a year.

Through these effective measures, Li Longji put the economy of the Tang Dynasty on the right track, reduced the burden on farmers, increased the national fiscal revenue and promoted the national economic prosperity. Although Buddhism was not banned in the early years of the Tang Dynasty, its development was restricted by Confucianism and Taoism, especially the promotion of Taoism, which made the development of Buddhism not reach the supreme position. But in the period of Wu Zetian, in order to attack Li religiously, Wu Zetian adopted a conniving attitude towards Buddhism, which made Buddhism develop rapidly. Basically, there are Buddhist temples in every state of the country. Monks not only annexed land under the cover and connivance of the state, but also tried their best to avoid state taxes. The large increase in the number of monks has reduced the number of people who bear taxes and corvees, which has affected the national income.

In the second year of Kaiyuan (7 14), Li Longji ordered the reduction of the number of monks and nuns in the country, eventually bringing the number of monks and nuns to 12000. Then, Li Longji banned the construction of new temples, the casting of Buddha statues and the copying of Buddhist scriptures. The communication between officials and monks and nuns was also banned, which made Buddhism suffer a great blow during Xuanzong period. Attach importance to book construction in cultural undertakings and book construction. In the third year of Kaiyuan (7 15), Chu Wuliang, Ma Huai Su and others were invited to discuss the classics of the history museum. Because "The Imperial Palace" is an old book left over from the era of Emperor Taizong and Emperor Gaozong, it is often managed by imperial officials, incomplete and not supplemented. The volume is messy and difficult to judge. Chu is unscrupulous and Ma Huai Su leads scholars to sort it out.

In the seventh year of Kaiyuan (7 19), it was ordered: "All the different books were written by officials." More than 20 scholars, including Ma Huai Su, Yuan Hangchong, Jason Wu and Shu Wei, have been editing and proofreading in the Secret Pavilion for several years, becoming a 200-volume "Four Records of Group Books". Later, there were specialized book collection institutions such as academies. In the 10th year of Kaiyuan (722), Li Zheng Academy was established in Lize Hall of the East Palace, and Jixian Academy was established the following year to collect books and proofread books. The collection of books in the Kaiyuan era was the most prosperous in the Tang Dynasty. A total of 3060,51.852 volumes; There are more than 2,500 Taoist scriptures and Buddhist scriptures. There are four books in Chang 'an and Luoyang, which are divided into A, B, C and D, and arranged in the four libraries of Classics, History, Zi and Ji. History says that "the collected works of Kaiyuan are the most prepared", with a collection of 70,000 volumes. Forty-seven people, including Zhang Yue, a bachelor of Jixian Academy, were ordered to divide the classics. In the fifth year of Kaiyuan, Xuanzong heard that a group of monks were knowledgeable, especially proficient in astronomical calendars, and recruited them to Beijing. In order to prepare this consultant, he specially placed his party in the Guang Tai Hall of the Royal Palace, and visited him many times to ask about the way to govern the country and protect the people.

In the ninth year of Kaiyuan (72 1), the imperial edict of Xuanzong and his party reformed the new calendar and corrected the mistakes of the old one. First, the team made a patrol instrument of the zodiac to determine the advance and retreat of the zodiac. Then, a line uses it to measure the degree of the 28 constellations and the celestial North Pole. In the actual measurement, it is found that the position of Erbasu is different from that recorded in ancient books, which proves that the position of the constant star is constantly moving. This is nearly a thousand years earlier than the theory of star autonomy put forward by British astronomer Harley in 17 18.

Another scientific achievement is to measure the length of meridian for the first time. In the 12th year of Kaiyuan (724), Xuanzong ordered Taishi to supervise Nangong and others to measure the shadow of the north and south and the height of the North Pole, and found that the ratio of the shadow difference to the distance was not fixed, which proved the fallacy of the previous theory that "Wang Qianli, the shadow difference is one inch". Using the self-designed "overlapping moment diagram" instrument and Pythagoras diagram calculation, the team concluded that the distance between the north and the south is 35 1 80 steps (about today's 129.22 kilometers), and the height of the North Pole is 1 degree. A group of people measured the length of meridian on the spot, which is not only a pioneering work in the astronomical history of China, but also the first time in the world. Although the measured meridian length is not very accurate, it is close to the modern measured figure (1 1 1.3km), and the method is scientific.

The writing of Dayan Calendar is a new achievement in the field of astronomical calendar in Tang Dynasty. On the basis of developing the zodiac patrol instrument, the group consulted the calendars of past dynasties to test their gains and losses. In the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan (727), I wrote a draft. After his death, Zhang Tejin and calendar official Chen Ji continued to compile calendars, which became a book the following year and began to issue new calendars in seventeen years. Da Yanli put forward the correct concept of "fixing qi" and calculated the 24 solar terms corresponding to the farming season. There are 23 schools of thought from the taichu calendar method in the early Han Dynasty to the Linde calendar in Tang Gaozong. Although it is close to the celestial body, it is not as accurate as the Dayan calendar. "The method of relying on numbers is solid and easy. Although later generations changed the author, they all copied it. " Gongshu in Li Longji, especially Shanbafen and Cao Zhang, is one of the famous imperial calligraphers in the history of China calligraphy. The Book of Old Tang Dynasty said that Li Longji was "good at temperament and good at writing eight points". Calligraphy is neat, clear and beautiful. It occupies a certain position in the calligraphy of the Tang Dynasty. Tang Dou Yi's Shu Shu Fu says: "Kaiyuan should be dry, smart, vigorous and magnificent. His thoughts are like a spring, and his pen is swallowing whales. " "Ancient and Modern Law Library" says: "Tang Huang Ming has eight chapters of grass in cm, and it is lush." There are many books handed down, the most famous of which are Fu on the Cormorant, Ming on Mount Ji and Shijing.

"Goose Fu" begins and ends with integrity and novelty. The style of the book is beautiful, the structure is rich, and the pen is thick. On the whole, calligraphy is vigorous and vigorous, with typical Tang style. This book was published between the "two kings" and gradually became fat, imitating traditional family studies. Learn from past generations. Fang of the Ming Dynasty commented on this post: "The structure is exquisite and the brushwork is vertical and horizontal". Zhan Ming Jingfeng's "East Map Xuan Bian Lan" says: "The word diameter is so large, majestic and magnificent, and it is covered by the decree of the French emperor." Liang Qing Liang's "Into Jin Zhai Ji Lu Wen" says: "If you are frustrated, you will get the interest of Chu and open the door to rice." Wu Qizhen's Calligraphy and Painting Book in the Qing Dynasty also said, "Calligraphy is beautiful and rich in structure, and there is no Shan Ye spirit." Yang Shoujing's Xue Ji in Qing Dynasty: "The monument of Ming Di has become a mature school. This post is soft and bony, and can be autobiographed. " This Fu is the only unique book handed down by Xuanzong's calligraphy ink in the Tang Dynasty. It is a rare treasure in the Tang Dynasty and can be called a treasure in the world.

The calligraphy of this post is patchy and colorful, giving people a sense of honesty. The pen is accurate, light and heavy, solid and heavy, full of atmosphere and vigorous and stretching. Huang Yue said, "The book of Xuanzong is full of stains and spots, and it still has the style of grandfather." Comparing this post with Tang Taizong's Wenquan Ming and Jinci Ming, we can really see the same origin, but Tang Taizong's style is still different. Wang Wenzhi's Postscript in Qing Dynasty: "The book of emperors, with a phoenix in Yi Long between the lines, is beyond the reach of humanists. Seeing this ode still makes people feel that Kaiyuan is brilliant and outstanding. " Li Longji is rich in musical talent, which has a great influence on the development of music in the Tang Dynasty. He likes to play pipa and knot drums himself, and is good at composing music. He wrote more than 100 pieces of music, such as Colorful Feathers, Little Broken Array, Good Spring, and High Autumn Wind. After he ascended the throne, he set up a teaching workshop in the palace, and the "pear garden" was a place where actors were specially trained. Tang is very talented in music, and his sense of music is very sensitive. He often sits in town by himself. The disciple of Liyuan Ensemble made a little mistake, and he could immediately detect and correct it. This is the origin of later calling this troupe "Liyuan".

He also composed 92 key songs, such as Seju Teng, Begging for Dance and Yao Da Huang, and several key solos.

Li Longji also likes dancing very much. According to legend, the tune of the famous "Coat Dance" was adapted from the Sanskrit introduced by Yang Congyin, the messenger of the River Festival. It is also said that the Moon Palace Fairy held a dream and created it with him. No matter how legendary, The Coat Dance is really a rare masterpiece. Li Longji can play many kinds of musical instruments: pipa, erhu, flute and drum set.