Cancel solar terms

The setting of 24 solar terms is a unique creation in the ancient calendar system of China. It correctly reflects the objective law of alternation of four seasons in a year and alternation of cold and summer, and is of great significance to guiding agricultural production and handicraft production.

The current 24 solar terms system was established at the turn of Qin and Han Dynasties at the end of 3rd century BC. The method of setting the 24 solar terms is to divide the length of a solar year into 24 equal parts, which are evenly distributed in one year. This method is called flat gas method.

China's traditional calendar (called "Lunar Calendar" or "Lunar Calendar") has two major shortcomings. First,1February matches the four seasons, namely, spring, summer, autumn and winter, once it is three months, but when there is a leap month, it is four months, which is too irregular. Second, solar terms such as vernal equinox, autumnal equinox, winter solstice and summer solstice are irregular in the middle of the month, and most people can't grasp them.

In the traditional lunar calendar, the solar terms set by the sun movement and the months set by the moon movement (called "lunar calendar" or "lunar calendar") are not fixed, and there are insurmountable contradictions. It often happens that the season has entered spring and the month is still in winter, that is, the season does not match the month. Adding a leap month is a last resort, and this contradiction cannot be eliminated. In order to solve this problem, Shen Kuo (103 1- 1095), a scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty, boldly innovated and founded the Twelve Calendars of Qi.

Shen Kuo, a scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty, created a calendar similar to the current solar calendar-the twelve-qi calendar.

"Twelve-year calendar": solar calendar, no leap month; The moon is not determined by its first sight, but by the solar terms. Is to divide a year into 12 gas, and cancel 65438+ February. "Take beginning of spring as one day of Meng Chun (the first month), and surprise as one day of mid-spring (February), ending on the 31st (big month) and ending on the 30th (abortion). All the years are spent together without any leap. Twelve qi is often a big one and a small one, even if there are two small phases, but once a year. " That is to say, a year with "two little things coincide" is 365 days, and a year without "two little things coincide" is 366 days, which is the same as today's solar calendar.

12 calendar is a calendar system based entirely on solar terms. It is based on the solar term 12, that is, beginning of spring is the first day of Meng Chun (the first month), beginning of spring is the first day of mid-spring (February), and so on. Big moon 3 1, small moon 30. Generally, the big moon and the small moon alternate, and the two small moons are connected at most once a year. Although the moon's profit and loss has nothing to do with solar terms, it can be marked with "new moon" and "hope" in the calendar.

This is a pure solar calendar system, which is simple and convenient for all kinds of production activities.

12 calendar is not only consistent with astronomical practice, but also convenient to master and arrange agricultural time. It is a calendar with great scientific value and practical significance. But it didn't work then.

The calendar implemented in A.D. 128 1 year (eighteen years from Yuan Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty) was named "Shoushi Calendar", which was named after Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu, and was called "Shoushi Calendar" in the original works and history books. This method takes 365.2425 as one year old, which is only 26 seconds away from the modern observation value of 365.2422. Its accuracy is equivalent to that of the Gregorian calendar (referring to 1582 Gregorian calendar), but it was adopted more than 300 years earlier than that of the West. In A.D. 1276 (13th year of Yuan Dynasty), Yuan Shizu ordered Xu Heng to "take charge of imperial academy affairs" and take full charge of this work, with Wang Xun and Guo Shoujing as deputy directors and * * * as co-authors.

Guo Shoujing (1231-1316) was an astronomer, mathematician, water conservancy expert and instrument manufacturing expert in China in the Yuan Dynasty. 1276, Guo Shoujing revised the new calendar, and after four years, it worked out the chronograph calendar, which has been used for more than 360 years. This was the most advanced calendar in the world at that time.

Xu Heng, proficient in astronomy and calendar calculation. In the 13th year of Zhiyuan (A.D. 1276), Yuan Shizu "mixed the sea and the universe, so it was necessary to match the time", so it was necessary to abandon the Jin Dynasty (Daming Calendar), which had been used for a long time and was full of mistakes, and create a new calendar. So, Xu Heng was ordered to "take charge of imperial academy affairs" and take full charge of this work, with Wang Xun and Guo Shoujing as deputies and * * * as research partners. Through their active efforts, this arduous and complicated task was finally completed in the seventeenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (AD 1280).

The traditional calendar was used until the Ming Dynasty. However, the annual apparent motion of the sun is actually uneven. During the Northern Qi Dynasty in the 6th century, it was found that the movement of the sun was uneven. The sun runs later after the vernal equinox and faster after the autumnal equinox. Therefore, from the Sui Dynasty, some people advocated using the position of the ecliptic to divide the solar terms, that is, dividing Huang Daozhou into 24 equal parts from the winter solstice. In this way, the position of the sun in each solar term is fixed, and the time length of each solar term is unequal. For example, the sun moves rapidly around the winter solstice, only 14 days at a time; Around the summer solstice, the sun moves slowly, approaching 16. This method is called the method of fixing qi, and it was not adopted until the Qing dynasty promulgated it. Today, the calendar we commonly use also adopts the method of constant gas.

To sum up, China's traditional calendar (lunar calendar, or lunar calendar) and the 24 solar terms are contradictory.

As early as the Sui Dynasty, some people advocated using the position of the ecliptic of the sun to divide solar terms.

In the Northern Song Dynasty, in order to facilitate the calculation of the twenty-four solar terms, Shen Kuo created a twelve-gas calendar similar to the solar calendar (but it was not used at that time). In the Yuan Dynasty, 128 1 realized a more accurate time service calendar.

However, it was not until the promulgation of the Qing Dynasty that the atmospheric determination method of 24 solar terms was adopted. The method of regulating qi is not contradictory to the Gregorian calendar. Today, the calendar we commonly use also adopts the method of constant gas.

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