Globe (earth model) comprehensive data

Globe is to facilitate people to understand the earth, people imitate the shape of the earth, according to a certain proportion, made the model of the earth-globe. There are deformations in length, area, direction and shape on the globe, so it is almost correct to observe the relationship between various scenes from the globe.

Chinese name: globe mbth: globe type: model shape: circular classification: paper globe and plastic globe inclination: about 23.5 History, classification, click-to-read voice, practical function, video globe, advantages and disadvantages, teaching function, identification of piracy, intelligent voice, working principle, product introduction, historical globe The earliest globe in Europe is the German navigator and geographer Behaim Yu/. 1480, when Behaim (1459 ~ 1507) visited Portugal for the first time as a Flemish businessman, he claimed to be a student of Nuremberg astronomer Miller, so he became a navigation consultant of John II. At that time, navigators used astrolabes to measure the heights of the sun, moon and stars to calculate time and latitude. He may have initiated the replacement of wooden astrolabes with brass. He may have sailed to the west coast of Africa with D Kao (1485 ~ 1486). 1490 After returning to Nuremberg, with the help of the painter Glocken Dong, he began to draw a globe designed by him. 1492, a globe with a diameter of 20 inches was completed. Because this globe is made according to the map in Ptolemy's Geographic Guide, the terrain of the world is not accurate and outdated. On this globe, the Indian Ocean is an ocean extending from east to west, especially on the west coast of Africa. The number of errors is really amazing. Interestingly, however, the globe he drew on the eve of the discovery of North America provided some useful ideas about geography for people at that time. In the early days, the process of making an ordinary globe was as follows: first, long and narrow triangular wooden blocks were printed, and then these wooden blocks were cut out and stuck on wooden balls. The most famous German globe maker is the Nuremberg scholar Joan Hann Schoner. The two globes he made in the early16th century have been preserved to this day. China's globe production began in the Yuan Dynasty and was supervised by Jamalidin, an astronomer from the Western Regions. Sphere reflects the distribution of land and sea on the earth's surface and belongs to primitive painting. Matteo Ricci, an Italian missionary, came to China in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. In order to teach China the theory of the ancient Greek earth circle, he personally made a globe and wrote the Geographic Map of the Universe. Influenced by it, Li Zhizao, a scholar, made a globe in the thirty-first year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1603). In the third year of Chongzhen (1630), the court also made a globe. These globes were drawn with latitude and longitude nets, which expanded the latitude of the globe with only 27 observation points in China to the whole latitude of the earth including the equator, the Tropic of Cancer and the South Arctic Circle, and made up for the blank that China didn't know the longitude before, and marked the theory of five continents, so that people in the current dynasty could learn new knowledge about the great discovery of western geography. After the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Kangxi, who loved science, not only introduced and manufactured many scientific instruments from the west, but also skillfully used them, which made him more knowledgeable in astronomy, geography and mathematics than other rulers in previous dynasties. There were only three globes in Ming and Qing Dynasties, two of which were in the Palace Museum, 1 in the British Museum in London. The picture on the right shows the Kangxi Dynasty globe collected by the Palace Museum. In the early Qing Dynasty, Emperor Kangxi ordered missionaries in Korea to cooperate with some court officials to make this globe. Matteo Ricci's painting method is widely used in spherical image, proportion and related text narration. The production of this instrument reflects from one side that "the theory of the earth's sphere" has been consolidated in China, and also reflects the level of China's understanding of world geography knowledge at that time. Kangxi Dynasty Globe This globe was made by the Qing Palace Department, with a height of 135cm and a diameter of 70cm. Old collection of Qing palace. The copper ring at the waist of the sphere is a horizontal circle with four quadrants engraved on it. The copper ring intersecting the horizon is a meridian ring, engraved with 360. At the north pole of the ball, there is a time dial engraved with twelve o'clock, which is divided into the beginning and the right. Draw the ecliptic, equator and longitude and latitude on the sphere, where the equator is painted in red and the ecliptic is painted in yellow, and draw a longitude and latitude line every 10. The ecliptic is marked with the names of 24 solar terms, the Tropic of Cancer, the Antarctic Circle and the Arctic Circle. The sphere depicts the administrative regions of the mainland, with the names of some big cities, such as Beijing, Taiyuan, Ningxia, Lanzhou, Nanchang, Suzhou, Xiamen, Wuchang and Hankou in China, as well as rivers, lakes and islands, such as Tierra del Fuego in the south and Tierra del Fuego in the north of South America. The sphere is also marked with special geographical location, such as the "Great Wall" in China. The lower part of the globe shows grotesque aquatic animals, sailboats and navigation lines in the vast sea area. The globe is placed on a tripod carved with rosewood. Classification by use There are the following kinds of globes classified by use: (1) Globes with latitude and longitude nets, with only the notes of latitude and longitude nets and degrees on them, also called theodolite; (2) administrative globe, a globe with smooth spherical surface, representing administrative divisions; (3) Terrain globe, a model of terrain, is divided into plane uplift and three-dimensional uplift; (4) A schematic globe showing only the distribution of continental plates and oceans, which is often used for decorative items; (5) Teaching globe, which is used for school and family geography teaching; (6) Craft gift globe, which is often used for decoration of pendants in homes and offices; (7) Large-scale display globes are often used for large-scale exhibitions, teaching observation demonstrations, etc. According to the product materials and functions, there are paper globes, plastic globes, resin globes, stone globes, metal globes, solid wood globes, magnetic levitation globes, classical craft globes, electronic point reading voice globes, voice globes, video globes and so on. China implements administrative licensing management for the publication and distribution of globes. The national surveying and mapping department is responsible for reviewing the map contents of the globe, passing the examination and issuing the map approval number; The State Press and Publication Administration is responsible for managing the international standard book number required for the publication and distribution of globes. Globes published in China have 1600 styles and specifications. Click-to-read voice plane globe is a new generation of intelligent reading learning tool developed by using advanced optical recognition technology and digital voice technology of invisible code QR code. In the second half of 2005, the voice plane globe, which was jointly developed with Hong Kong listed company IDT and mainland company Eastcom Chuangyi, made its debut, using SONIX technology of Taiwan Province, the originator of invisible optical code at that time. It consists of a globe (printed with tiny carbon black elements invisible to the naked eye to complete the laying of invisible codes) and a point-reading pen (point-reading pen identifies different code values by identifying different lattice arrangements printed by carbon elements, and passes through the pen. Among them, Chinese mainland has accumulated a lot of hidden codes, but the principle is basically the same. With the help of the invisible code reader (also known as the point-reading pen), the audio-visual combination is realized and the audio and video are enriched by reading one by one, so that the traditional boring globe becomes vivid and lively, and a large number of geographical encyclopedic knowledge such as the territory, territory, history, politics, population, language, culture, cities, customs and other countries in the world can be easily obtained. A practical globe is a model of the earth. Although it can't show all kinds of geographical things and phenomena in detail like a map, and can't fully reflect the actual situation of the earth, it can avoid the errors and deformation of the length, direction, area or shape on the map, and can help us sort out many related concepts of the earth and get the main concepts of the earth. Demonstrating the Earth's Rotation Deviation In order to observe the Earth's rotation deviation, we can use a globe to make the earth's axis perpendicular to the ground plane, turn the north pole of the globe upward, and drop one or two drops of red ink at the high latitude in the northern hemisphere. When the globe does not rotate, the red ink will flow along the meridian to the low latitude, leaving ink behind. Then you turn the globe from west to east, and then drop a drop or two of blue ink at high latitude, and you will find that the flow direction of blue ink has changed to the right compared with the original flow direction of red ink. Similarly, turn the globe sideways, with the south pole facing up, and make two demonstrations in the same way. Through comparative observation, it can be seen that the trajectory of blue ink flow is shifted to the left relative to the trajectory of red ink flow. Then put the globe still and flat, the earth axis is parallel to the horizon, drop one or two drops of red ink on the equator, and find that the flow direction of red ink is along the equator line; Then drop a drop or two of blue ink into the original one and turn the globe. It is found that the flow trajectory of blue ink is consistent with that of red ink, indicating that its flow trajectory is not affected by the rotation of the earth. Therefore, it can be proved that under the influence of geostrophic bias, the law of horizontal moving objects deviating is: right deviation in the northern hemisphere, left deviation in the southern half of the day, and the equator does not deviate. Demonstrate that the sun is represented by electric lights or flashlights alternately day and night, so that it is on the same plane as the center of the earth. The earth rotates around its axis from west to east (the northern end of the axis points to the north). The period of the Earth's rotation (3600 revolutions) is a sidereal day, that is, 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds. When the earth rotates from west to east, it rotates counterclockwise from the North Pole. Seen from above the Antarctic, the earth rotates clockwise; Seen from above the equator, the earth rotates from west to east. These three statements are consistent. Because the earth (instrument) is an opaque sphere, the sun (electric light or strong flashlight) can only illuminate half of the earth at the same time, that is, the sun is daytime and the back is night. The hemisphere illuminated by the sun (electric light or strong flashlight) is called the daytime hemisphere, and the hemisphere illuminated at midnight is called the night hemisphere. The dividing line (two lines) between two fighting balls is combined into a circle, which is called the end line (circle). When the earth (instrument) rotates continuously from west to east, we will find that the direct point of the sun sweeps from east to west, and the morning and evening circles move regularly from east to west, so the day and night on the earth will change constantly. The globe has been turning from west to east, which can prove that day and night alternate regularly on the earth. When measuring the local time and time zone, those of us who often use the globe will find that at the north end of the earth axis of the globe, there is a "time gauge" made of circular metal sheet, half of which is painted black to indicate night; The other half keeps the metal primary color, indicating sunlight. On the two semicircles, carve 24 moments counterclockwise every 15. The timetable on the globe can be used to measure the local time and time zone. When in use, the timepiece can rotate around the North Pole, and its calculation method and steps are as follows: Handicrafts (1) measure local time. For example, if the local time in Suzhou (12 1 E) is known as 12, what are the local time in Wuhan (106 E) and Urumqi (9 1 E)? During the demonstration, first turn the "Timetable" and aim the longitude of Suzhou at 12. At this time, we can find that the local time in Wuhan is 1 1 point, and the local time in Urumqi is1point. (2) Determine the time zone of the book. For example, at Taipei time (using the East Eighth District) 12, find the East 10 and West 2 districts. During the demonstration, align the scale of 12 on the timetable with the central meridian of East Zone 8 (120 E), and you can find and read out on the timetable that East Zone 10 (the alignment time of 150 E) is 14. The central meridian degree of each time zone is the number of zones in this area multiplied by 150. East longitude is east longitude and west longitude is west longitude. (3) Measure the area on the warp line of the book. For example, Taipei time (using East Zone 8 time) is 12 in the morning. Find the time zones of W 10 and W/8 1. Since longitude 10 and longitude 8 1 are not on the central meridian of the time zone, we must realize that each time zone spans longitude 15, and its range is 7.5 on the west side of the central meridian. During the demonstration, align the scale of 12 on the timetable with the central meridian of East Zone 8 (120 E), and then you can find out the nearest two central meridians (the longitude difference is less than 7.5) 10 W and 8 1 W on the timetable. In order to determine the relative position between two points on the earth, we must first determine the local meridian on the earth. Then determine the direction line from local to somewhere; Finally, measure the angle between the local meridian and the direction line. That is, the orientation of a place relative to the local area. The specific measurement method is as follows: 1. Insert a needle in the local position on the globe, and then rotate the globe to make the needle coincide with the radius ruler (that is, the semi-circular bracket of the globe); The radius scale is the local north-south line, which is the prime meridian. 2. Determine the direction line from local to somewhere. 3. Measure the included angle between the local meridian and the local direction line with a protractor, and attach the azimuth. See the figure on the right for the specific orientation name. Calculate the distance between two places on the surface. The method of measuring the field distance between two places on the earth's surface is as follows: 1. Measure the circumference of the equator (in millimeters) on the globe with tight thin iron wire, thin metal wire or paper strip, and then calculate the scale of the globe according to the formula (some globes have been marked with standard scales, so this step can be omitted). The linear scale of the globe = the distance on the map/the distance on the ground, that is, the circumference of the equator on the globe (mm)/ the actual length of the equator on the earth (that is, 4075704 million mm), so the linear scale of the globe can be calculated). 2. Then use the above method to measure the distance (mm) between any two places on the globe and divide it by the linear scale of the globe to calculate the actual horizontal (actually spherical) distance between the two places. You can also measure the distance (arc length) between any two places on the globe first, then measure the radian of this distance with the scale of the equatorial circle on the globe, and then multiply the measured radian by11.1.65438km (11). According to this method, you can also make a ruler for measuring the distance between great circles with a piece of paper or metal with the length equal to the equator, divide it into 360 equal parts, and each equal part can be directly converted into a scale of kilometers, so that you can directly measure the shortest distance between any two places (that is, the spherical arc distance) and the distance between aviation and navigation lines on the globe. Calculate the area of area 1 The grid method first calculates the proportion of the area according to the linear proportion of the globe. The area scale is the square of the linear scale, for example, the linear scale is 1cm, representing the field distance of 200km and 400km, and its area scale is 1cm ~ 2, representing 40000km 2 and 160000km 2. Then, use transparent paper with a square of cm to lay it flat on the globe to be measured. First, calculate the number of complete squares in the measurement area, then assemble (visually) the incomplete squares into several complete squares, and finally multiply the total number of squares (that is, the number of square centimeters) by the square kilometer represented by 1cm2, which is the actual area of the measurement area. For example, the area ratio of the globe is 1cm 2, which represents 40000km 2 and 160000km 2 respectively. When the measured area (such as Egypt) is 48.5cm 2 and 6.25mm2, the field area is 40000km2× 48.5 =1940000km2 and 65438. This method can be used to measure the area of the earth with small scope and complex outline, for example, the area of African countries can be measured by this method. Second, trapezoidal method This method uses the trapezoidal area surrounded by latitude and longitude grids on the globe to measure the actual area of the measured area. It can be used to measure the area of a large area on the earth. The trapezoidal area between two adjacent weft yarns is equal; The trapezoidal area between different latitudes decreases with the increase of latitude. Trapezoidal method is used to measure area. Firstly, the trapezoidal number of the measured area of each latitude zone on the earth is estimated, then multiplied by the trapezoidal area of that latitude zone, and then added one by one to get the total area. There are about 13 trapezoids between latitude 0 ~ 10, with an area of 7962500km2; There are about 7 trapezoids between north and south latitudes 10-20, with an area of 4161500 km2. There are about 5.5 trapezoids between 20 and 30 north latitude, with an area of 3071750km2; There are about three trapezoids between 30 and 40 latitudes, with an area of1518000km2; There are about two trapezoids between 40 and 50 latitudes, covering an area of 876,000 square kilometers. There are about 1.5 trapezoids between 50 and 60 latitudes, covering an area of 534000 km2；. Adding up the above trapezoidal areas, the area of South America is about 18 123750km 2. Other functions in addition to traditional globes, modern globes also have animal distribution globes and historical archives distribution globes, such as the China on the globe, which symbolizes pandas and terracotta warriors and horses. It also enables us to understand countries and their distribution around the world, and intuitively understand their area, neighboring countries and other political earth information. Video Globe Video Globe is a new generation of intelligent demonstration, learning and decorative display tools developed by using advanced optical recognition technology of invisible code and digital voice technology. The only video globe in China, just click on the video globe with MPR reader, and you can play local detailed audio and video information on the led display screen of the globe in full screen, including seven continents, four oceans, territory, history, politics, population, language, culture, cities, customs and habits, etc. , but also has the function of interactive games. Video globe is suitable for teaching observation, office decoration, exhibition and other occasions, creating a fashionable and new cultural atmosphere. Advantages Globe is a common instrument for geography researchers, a common teaching aid for geography teachers and a tool for ordinary people to solve some geography-related problems. It has the following functions: (1) correctly represents the position, direction and area of continents, oceans, islands and countries on the earth; (2) Define the shape of the earth and the concepts of its axis, pole, polar circle, tropic of cancer, equator, longitude and latitude; (3) explain the reasons for the earth's revolution and rotation, day and night, four seasons, local time and standard time; (4) Calculate the geographical coordinates of any place, the area of a certain area, or the distance between any two places marked on the globe; (5) Measuring the hours of day and night and the time of sunrise and sunset anywhere at a certain latitude; (6) Calculate the number of days at any latitude in the polar circle and the start and end dates of polar painting and polar night; (7) Calculate the number of days and start and end dates of white nights anywhere in temperate high latitudes; (eight) the date of determination of the twenty-four solar terms; (nine) when calculating the local time and standard at each longitude, explain the reasons for the formation of the international international date line; (10) Determine the approximate number of solar declination on any day of the year; (eleven) other demonstrations in geography teaching. Disadvantages Of course, the globe also has some disadvantages, such as: (1) scale is too small to record the things on the earth's surface in detail; (two) the elevation and inclination can not be expressed in detail; (3) It has a certain volume and is inconvenient to travel and carry. But there is no doubt that it has the characteristics that large-scale plan, small-scale map and geographical model do not have. In order to make this useful tool available to the public, it is necessary to introduce its usage in detail, as shown below. The teaching function globe is an indispensable teaching aid in geography teaching in China. Often used to describe the following: 1. Earth: all kinds of globes understand the reasons for the alternation of day and night and seasonal changes; Analyze the influence of earth movement on climate. Second, the distribution characteristics of longitude and latitude lines: the length in the shape direction; Understand the function of latitude and longitude net. Third, the world's land and sea: understand the positional relationship between the seven continents and the four oceans and the latitude belt; Know the location of the six plates; Understand the topographical features of major topographic regions and major continents; Find the location of the date line. There are three ways to identify piracy: first, look at the drawing approval number, second, look at the book number, and third, look at the publishing house and publication date. Globes with the pattern approval number must pass the examination of the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping before publication, and only those that pass the examination can obtain the pattern approval number. Although the earth is small, it involves international administrative divisions. Whether to recognize the establishment of a country and the national boundaries between countries represents a country's diplomatic stance and political principles is a very serious issue. Globes with reading numbers also belong to official national publications, which is related to copyright issues. The Globe can only be published by publishing houses. Like books, books are not published by printing houses. The printing factory is only a processing unit and does not own the copyright of books. If the printing factory directly prints and sells wholesale, it will definitely infringe on intellectual property rights, that is, piracy. Similarly, the globe is not an ordinary teaching instrument. If the teaching instrument enterprise directly sells the globe, it is also piracy and infringement (the publishing house can entrust the teaching instrument factory to process it). The core attribute of a globe as a publication is knowledge, and the correctness and richness of knowledge depend on which publishing house publishes it. Only China Map Publishing House and Planet Map Publishing House have independent intellectual property rights to publish globes in China. Therefore, if you buy a globe without a detailed description of the core information, there is definitely something wrong. The working principle of intelligent voice The intelligent voice globe is a new generation of learning and intelligent reading tools using digital voice technology and advanced optical recognition technology of invisible codes. The globe can intelligently identify the signals given by users, play the detailed information of the country through voice, and light the led lights representing the national capital. Multifunctional globe is a powerful, reliable and interesting learning and teaching tool, and it is a typical combination of traditional products and high technology. The multifunctional globe can be used for different geography teaching and various exhibitions related to geography knowledge. The product introduction can be read anywhere by using the matching reader, and the combination of audio and video is realized. In the past, only the image globe became vivid, and the encyclopedic knowledge of seven continents, four oceans, national territory, territory, politics, population culture, customs and habits could be easily mastered. As a teaching tool, multifunctional globe not only contains a lot of geographical knowledge, but also plays a guiding and auxiliary role in learning geography and understanding the basic information of countries around the world. It also has an interesting game function. The function of the game is to edit geography, politics, history and other knowledge in interesting games, which not only perfectly combines knowledge games, but also increases the fun of learning knowledge and reduces boredom. Multifunctional globe is absolutely the perfect tool for study and entertainment.