20 18 National Examination Common Sense: What are the 24 solar terms?

I. Successful application for World Heritage

2016165438+1On October 30th, the regular session of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage was held in Addis Ababa, the Ethiopian capital. The "24 solar terms" declared by China were approved to be included in the UNESCO representative list of intangible cultural heritage of mankind.

Twenty-four solar terms are a knowledge system formed by China people by observing the annual movement of the sun and understanding the changing laws of seasons, climate and phenology in a year, which guides the traditional agricultural production and daily life in China and is also an important part of the traditional calendar system. In the field of international meteorology, this time cognition system is known as "the fifth invention of China".

Second, the historical origin

During the Shang Dynasty from 1200 BC, Oracle Bone Inscriptions recorded the "four winds" reflecting the changes of the four seasons. In this Oracle Bone Inscriptions, four winds are used to define spring, summer, autumn and winter, so there are the origins of the earliest vernal equinox, summer solstice, autumn equinox and winter solstice.

During the Warring States Period, there were already eight solar terms named beginning of spring, Spring Equinox, Long Summer, Summer Solstice, beginning of autumn, Autumn Equinox, beginning of winter and Winter Solstice. These eight solar terms are the most important of the 24 solar terms, which clearly divide a year into four seasons.

The complete proposal of the twenty-four solar terms was in Huainanzi edited by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty. Based on the law of celestial bodies, this book completely records the names of the 24 solar terms for the first time and explains the determination method.

Starting from 1645, the "24 solar terms" are calculated by the constant gas method. The constant gas method is based on the position of the sun, and the "twenty-four solar terms" correspond to the position where the sun reaches every time it runs 15 on the ecliptic. The modern "twenty-four solar terms" follow the fixed gas method, and the specific solar term time is calculated by experts. The astronomical almanac published by Purple Mountain Observatory shall prevail.

Third, changes in solar terms.

In order to facilitate memory, people compiled 24 solar terms songs:

The spring rain shakes the spring and clears the valley, and the summer is full of mountains and summers.

Autumn dew, autumn frost, little snow in winter and cold in winter.

Accordingly, they are:

Beginning of spring, rain, sting, vernal equinox, Qingming, Grain Rain.

Long summer, small full, boundless, summer solstice, small Shu, big Shu.

Beginning of autumn, early summer heat, white dew, autumnal equinox, cold dew and early frost.

Beginning of winter, light snow, heavy snow, winter solstice, slight cold, severe cold.

This is a relatively simple version, which is relatively difficult to remember. It can basically cope with some common topics related to the 24 solar terms, such as sorting out the solar terms. This ballad, in four sentences, is arranged in the order of spring, summer, autumn and winter. Each sentence contains six solar terms, and four sentences are exactly twenty-four solar terms. At the same time, if you look carefully, you will find that the first word of each sentence is connected together, that is, spring, summer, autumn and winter, and the middle word of each sentence is also connected in spring, summer, autumn and winter, except that the first one is "four stops" and the second one is "two points". Seeing this is also helpful for everyone to remember and sort out the solar terms.

In addition to the common ordering of solar terms, there is also a common problem to examine the corresponding relationship between solar terms and phenology. Here we also present the corresponding relationship between solar terms and phenology.

The plum blossoms in beginning of spring are particularly gorgeous, the rain-red apricots are in full bloom, the lulin thunders, the butterflies in the vernal equinox dance among the flowers, the kites in Tomb-Sweeping Day are broken, and Grain Rain is connected with tender tea and jade.

Mulberry fruits in long summer are like cherries. Xiaoman cultivates silkworms and cultivates fields, and plants grow in front of the courtyard. On the summer solstice, rice and flowers smell like white practice, Xia Feng urges early beans to ripen, and Chi Pan enjoys red-violet in summer.

Qiu Chan makes people sleep, sunflower smiles in summer, and the Millennium returns to the wild goose. In the autumnal equinox, osmanthus flowers are fragrant all over the garden, cold dew vegetables are green, and the first frost reeds are floating all over the sky.

Beginning of winter reported good news and offered three blessings, with light snow and goose feathers flying all over the sky, heavy snow and cold plums rushing against the wind, till the day is full of snow, the slight cold is homesick, and the great cold is reunited at the end of the year.