What are the main contents of biology, geography, history and politics in the second half of the seventh grade exam?

Review materials for the first semester of seventh grade geography

Mid-term review of the first volume of geography in senior one.

1. Geography: It is a science that studies the relationship between human geographical environment and human activities.

2. Learning Geography Learning Geography has four basic concepts.

① Respect the laws of nature and be friends with nature.

(2) According to local conditions, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses.

③ Comprehensive analysis of problems.

④ Have the concept of sustainable development.

Chapter 1 Earth and Map

Section 1 The Earth and the Globe

First of all, the shape and size of the earth:

1, the earth is an irregular sphere with slightly flattened poles.

2. The average radius of the earth is 637 1km, the surface area of the earth is 5 1 10,000 square kilometers, and the maximum circumference of the earth is about 40000km.

3. Portuguese navigator Magellan sailed around the world: Spain-Atlantic-Pacific-Indian Ocean-Atlantic.

4. Examples of globes: solar eclipse, Magellan's voyage around the world, satellite photos of globes. Observing the shadow area of the solar eclipse, its edge is round (arc, straight line), from which it can be inferred that the shape of the earth may be round.

Second, the globe.

1, definition: people imitate the shape of the earth, shrink it according to a certain proportion, and make a model of the earth-a globe.

Features: The globe is a miniature model of the earth.

2. Function: ① It is convenient for us to understand the face of the earth;

(2) Understand the distribution of various geographical things on the earth's surface.

3. On the globe, people use different colors, symbols and words to represent the location, shape and names of geographical things such as land, sea, mountains, rivers and lakes, countries and cities.

4. What's the difference between a globe and the real appearance of the earth?

(1) There are some geographical things on the globe that don't actually exist on the earth, such as the latitude and longitude net and latitude and longitude used to determine the direction and position of geographical things. (colors, symbols, words, etc. representing geographical things. )

There is also an axis on the globe that can make the earth model rotate, but this axis is not on the earth.

The globe is much smaller than the earth.

5. What are the geographical things on the earth?

Land, sea, mountains, rivers and lakes, countries, cities and other geographical things; Earth axis.

6. Components of a globe: base, fixing frame, sphere and earth axis.

Third, longitude and latitude lines

1. Latitude: On the earth, a circle perpendicular to the earth axis and surrounding the earth.

(1) All latitudes are round, which is called latitude circle; The length of latitude circle is long or short, the equator is the longest, it gradually shortens to the poles and finally reaches a point.

(2) The latitude represents the east-west direction.

③ The equator is equidistant from the poles, which divides the earth into two hemispheres.

2. Meridian: On the globe, the semicircle connecting the north and south poles and perpendicular to the latitude is called meridian.

(1) All the meridians are semi-circles of equal length, indicating the north-south direction.

There are countless longitude and latitude lines on the earth.

3. Earth axis: the rotation axis of the earth. Like latitude and longitude lines, they are not real on the surface of the earth.

South pole: the intersection of the southern section of the earth's axis and the earth's surface. North pole: the intersection of the northern section of the earth's axis and the earth's surface.

4. Latitude and longitude: In order to distinguish longitude and latitude, people indicate degrees for longitude and latitude, which are called longitude and latitude respectively.

The equator is zero latitude on the earth. The latitude north of the equator is called north latitude, and it is customary to use "n" as the code name; The latitude south of the equator, called south latitude, is customarily represented by "S". (Latitude of the same latitude is divided by south latitude, south latitude and north latitude)

② The zero meridian on the earth is called the prime meridian. It is divided into 180 from the prime meridian to the east and west. 180 in the east belongs to east longitude, so it is customary to use "e" as the code name, and 180 in the west belongs to west longitude, so it is customary to use "w" as the code name.

③ Primitive meridians are the dividing lines between east and west meridians. Through the former site of Greenwich Observatory in Britain. (International international date line)

④ Latitude and longitude distribution on the earth:

Latitude: centered on the equator, it gradually increases to the north and south poles, and the maximum is 90 degrees.

Longitude: From west to east, the degree of east longitude gradually increases, and the degree of west longitude gradually decreases. Maximum 180 degrees.

5. internationally, the warp circles of 20 W and 160 E are used as the dividing line between the eastern hemisphere and the western hemisphere.

The distance between the equator and the poles is equal, which divides the earth into two hemispheres.

6. Division of low, middle and high latitudes: 0-30 degrees; 30-60 degrees; 60-90 degrees.

Four, longitude and latitude network

1. Definition: It is a net woven by latitude and longitude on a globe or map.

2, on the globe or map, determine the location of any place on the surface of the earth.

The movement of the earth in the second quarter

First, the rotation of the earth.

1, definition: The earth keeps rotating around its axis, which is called the earth's rotation.

2. Rotation direction: from west to east; The rotation time is about 24 hours, which is one day.

3. Phenomenon: ① Time difference (time difference in different longitude places); ② Day and night alternation

4. Time difference: Because the earth is constantly rotating from west to east, the time in different longitude places on the earth is different, and the time in the east is always earlier than that in the west.

Divide the longitude by 15, and then round off to get the number of time zones. (Early in the east and late in the west, increasing in the east and decreasing in the west)

Time zone calculation increases by 1 hour every eastward 1 time zone.

Beijing time takes Dongba District (local time 120 E) as the standard time. Universal Time: Time based on prime meridian time.

The direction of the earth's rotation is from west to east. Seen from the north pole of the earth, it rotates counterclockwise.

The direction of the earth's rotation is from west to east. Seen from the north pole of the earth, it rotates counterclockwise.

The terminator line is judged along the direction of rotation, with the transition from night to day as the morning line and the transition from day to night as the faint line.

6. There are two basic conditions of day and night on the earth: ① the sun shines on the earth; The earth is an opaque sphere.

The generation of day and night has nothing to do with whether the earth moves or not, but if there is no rotation of the earth, there will be no alternation of day and night.

At the same time, the sun can only illuminate half the earth, and the hemisphere illuminated by the sun is daytime, which is called daytime hemisphere; The hemisphere that is not illuminated by the sun is night and is called the night hemisphere.

Second, the revolution of the earth and the changes of the four seasons.

1. When the earth rotates, it also revolves around the sun.

2. Direction: The revolution direction of the earth is consistent with the rotation direction, from west to east.

3. Time: one year.

4. Phenomenon: ① Length of day and night; ② Seasonal variation

5. Orbit rotation plane: ellipse.

6. Schematic diagram of revolution: The seasons in the northern hemisphere are opposite to those in the southern hemisphere.

7. In the process of the earth's revolution, there are two outstanding features: ① the earth axis is always inclined and intersects with the plane of the revolution orbit, with an included angle of 66.5 degrees; (2) The tilt direction of the earth's axis remains unchanged, and the north pole always points to the vicinity of Polaris.

8. 15. At different positions in the orbit of revolution, the degree of sun exposure is not exactly the same, forming four seasons, and the seasons in the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere are opposite.

solar term

date

Latitude of direct sunlight

The length of day and night in the northern hemisphere

Obtaining solar photothermal energy

Winter solstice

65438+around February 22nd

Tropic of Capricorn

Long nights and short mornings.

Spring Equinox

2 1 year around March

equator

The length of day and night is roughly equal.

Summer solstice

Around June 22nd.

Tropic of Cancer

A short night by day.

Autumn Equinox

Around September 23rd.

equator

The length of day and night is roughly equal.

At the vernal equinox (2 1 March), the direct point of the sun is on the equator, and its termination line coincides with the meridian.

During the summer solstice (June 22nd), the direct point of the sun is on the tropic of cancer, and the included angle between the terminal line and the meridian is the largest.

At the autumnal equinox (September 23rd), the direct point of the sun is on the equator, and the termination line coincides with the meridian.

On the winter solstice (65438+February 22), the direct point of the sun is on the tropic of Capricorn, and the angle between the terminal line and the meridian is the largest.

Concept of summer half year: March 2 1 to September 23. The concept of winter half year: September 23rd to March 2nd1.

Interpretation of the side map of the earth: upper north and lower south, left west and right east.

Interpretation of the top view of the earth rotates counterclockwise, with the north pole as the center; Rotate clockwise, and the center is the South Pole.

Judgment of the length of day and night: The longer the day in the north in summer, the longer the day in Vietnam in winter.

Astronomical season: The season with the longest day and the highest sun in a year is summer.

The traditional four seasons in China: beginning of spring (February 4th), Changxia, beginning of autumn and beginning of winter are the starting points for dividing the four seasons.

Twenty-four solar terms: spring rain surprises spring, clear valley, summer full of mountains and summer heat, autumn dew, autumn frost, winter snow and winter cold.

Division of three or five regions

1. According to the distribution of solar heat on the earth's surface, the earth's surface is divided into five zones: tropical zone, north temperate zone, south temperate zone, north frigid zone and south frigid zone. The greater the angle at which the sun shines on the ground, the more sunlight and heat the ground gets.

2. The tropics are between the Tropic of Cancer, and there is direct sunshine every year. The ground gets the most sunlight and heat, and the climate is hot all year round. The Tropic of Cancer is the dividing line between tropical and temperate zones.

The cold zone is located in the area north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle, and it is extreme day and night. Polar circle is the dividing line between cold zone and temperate zone.

In temperate regions between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle, and between the Tropic of Cancer and the Antarctic Circle, there are no extreme days and nights in a year, and the solar light and heat obtained on the ground are less than those in tropical regions and more than those in cold regions, and the climate changes obviously in the four seasons.

There are solar terms in March and July: the size is the hottest; There was slight cold and severe cold in June+10/October, 5438, and it was the coldest.

4. Spring: 12, 1, February; Summer: March, April and May; Autumn: June, July and August; Winter: 12, 1, February. The four seasons are divided by the combination of astronomical season and climatic season.

At the same time, with different latitudes, the situation of being exposed to sunlight is different, and there will be differences between hot and cold.

6. Polar circle: 66.5 degrees; Tropic of Cancer: 23.5 degrees.

7. In vernal equinox (around March of February1year), summer solstice (around June 22nd), autumn vernal equinox (around September 23rd) and winter solstice (around February 22nd of February1year), the direct points of the sun are located at the equator, tropic of cancer, equator and tropic of Capricorn respectively.

8. In the northern hemisphere, the height of the sun is the highest in summer and the longest in day. In winter, the sun has the lowest height and the longest night time.

9. The tropics are hot all year round, the temperate zones have four distinct seasons, and the frigid zones are cold all year round.

Fourth, summary.

Comparison project

earth rotation

The revolution of the earth

direction

From west to east

From west to east

Indicate the direction on the map

Around the center

earth's axis

sun

circulate

20 hours a day

1 year

Geographical significance

Produce the phenomenon of alternating day and night

Generate jet lag

Variation of the length of day and night

Variation of sun height at noon

Four seasons change

Summary: Because the earth revolves around the sun obliquely, the understanding of the sun changes between the tropic of cancer in a year, resulting in the change of the height of the sun at noon and the seasonal change of the length of day and night in a year, which makes the solar light and heat obtained at different times on the earth different, forming the change of four seasons and five zones.

The tropics are located between the Tropic of Cancer, and there is direct sunlight in a year. The ground gets the most sunlight and heat, and the climate is hot all year round. The Tropic of Cancer is the dividing line between tropical and temperate zones.

The cold zone is located in the area north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle, and it is extreme day and night. Polar circle is the dividing line between cold zone and temperate zone. In temperate regions between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle, and between the Tropic of Cancer and the Antarctic Circle, there are no extreme days and nights in a year, and the solar light and heat obtained on the ground are less than those in tropical regions and more than those in cold regions, and the climate changes obviously in the four seasons.

Section 3 Map

First, the basic elements of the map

1. Map is an important tool for our daily life, production and study of geography.

A map has three basic elements: scale, direction, legend and annotation.

The smaller the area drawn on the map, the more detailed the content to be represented and the larger the scale to be selected; On the contrary, the smaller the scale. On the map, it is usually "up north and down south, left west and right east"

2. We call the ratio of the distance on the map to the distance on the spot as the scale.

Scale on the map: indicates the extent to which the distance on the map is smaller than the actual distance.

3. The three expressions of proportion: number, line segment and text can be converted to each other. Pay attention to unit conversion when converting.

Second, the direction on the map: ① the latitude and longitude network sets the direction; (2) pointing to the calibration direction; ③ General orientation method

On a map with a latitude and longitude net, the direction should be determined according to the latitude and longitude net, with the longitude line representing the north-south direction and the latitude line representing the east-west direction.

Look at the map: facing the map, "up north and down south, left west and right east".

Three. Legend and notes

The symbols representing various geographical things and phenomena on the map are called legends, and the words and mathematical symbols describing geographical things are called annotations.

Help us distinguish different types of geographical things and understand their characteristics. Commonly used legend symbols have unified regulations.

Four. Interpretation of topographic map

1, the vertical distance above sea level on the ground is called altitude.

The vertical distance from one place to another is called relative height.

2. Contour line: connecting points with the same altitude into a line is the contour line. Each contour line has a corresponding height value.

3. Isobathymetry: connecting points with the same depth in the ocean into a line, which is called isobathymetry.

4. From the density of contour lines or isobath lines, we can judge the ups and downs of the ground or the slope of the seabed.

Where the slope is steep, the contour lines are dense; Where the slope is gentle, the contour lines are sparse.

Different parts of the mountain have different contour shapes.

Peak, ridge, valley, saddle, steep plateau, mountains, hills, basins and plains.

Verb (short for verb) gets information from a map.

1. There are many kinds of maps, which are divided into natural maps and socio-economic maps. Different maps can reflect different information.

According to the purpose of use, the correct choice of maps can get useful information in time and accurately.

2. Maps have different scales and different levels of detail.

Other knowledge points:

1, "the roof of the world" refers to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

2、

1) Which side is the most labor-saving to climb the mountain? Why?

Dense contour-steep slope, sparse contour-gentle slope. It's easy to go up the mountain from B.

2) Summarize the characteristics of contour lines in different parts of the mountain and write a book. Peak by.

Ridge: The contour line bends downward.

Valley: The contour curves upward.

Saddle: between two closed curves

Steep cliffs: contour lines overlap

Chapter II Land and Sea

Section 1 Mainland and Ocean

1, the basic characteristics of the surface: the distribution of land in Shanghai is very uneven in the world. Land is mainly concentrated in the northern hemisphere, but there are oceans around the North Pole. Most of the oceans are distributed in the southern hemisphere, but there is a land around the South Pole.

Seven parts of the earth are oceans and three parts are land. 7 1% of the earth's surface is ocean, and the land area accounts for 29%.

7 1%+29% = 5 1 100 million square kilometers

The oceans are connected with each other, and the land is divided into many large and small lands by the oceans.

No matter how it is divided, any two hemispheres of the earth with the same size have an ocean area larger than the land area.

5. Columbus (Italian explorer)-Discovering America

Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions-Silk Road

The first man to go into space-Gagarin (former Soviet Union).

seven continents

1, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Oceania.

2. Mainland: Together with the islands around it, the mainland is called the mainland.

Mainland: A large land mass (Eurasia, America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica).

Islands: Small land (Greenland, Taiwan Province Island, Hainan Island).

Peninsula: the part of land that extends into the sea (Shandong Peninsula, India Peninsula)

3. smallest continent: Australia.

The largest island: Greenland (Denmark)

The seven continents are all triangular in shape.

The Urals, ural river and the Great Caucasus are the dividing lines between Europe and Asia. The Suez Canal separates Asia from Africa. North America and South America are in the Western Hemisphere, called America. The Panama Canal is the dividing line between North America and South America. Antarctica is mainly located in the Antarctic circle, surrounded by the ocean.

Looking at the map, we can see that the land in the northern hemisphere is bigger than that in the southern hemisphere.

four oceans

1, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean

2. Ocean: The oceans on the earth are divided by land, forming four interconnected oceans.

Ocean: it is the marginal part of the ocean, and it is also the marginal part of the ocean near the mainland. (Yellow Sea, East China Sea, Arabian Sea)

Strait: a narrow waterway connecting two oceans. (Malacca Strait, Bohai Strait)

Other questions:

1, the continents contained in the eastern and western hemispheres:

Mainly distributed in the Eastern Hemisphere: Asia, Europe, Oceania and Africa;

Mainly distributed in the western hemisphere: South America and North America;

2. The continents included in the northern and southern hemispheres:

All or most of them are in the northern hemisphere: Europe and North America are in the northern hemisphere; Most of Asia and Africa are in the northern hemisphere;

All or most of them are in the southern hemisphere: Antarctica is all in the southern hemisphere; Most of South America and Oceania are in the southern hemisphere.

3. The continents crossed by the equator: Asia, Africa, South America and Oceania.

4. The continent with the longest longitude span: the continent with the highest latitude in Antarctica: Antarctica.

Continents spanning cold, warm and hot zones: Asia and North America.

That is, across east, west, north and south: Asia and Oceania.

5. Continent adjacent to three oceans:

Asia: Arctic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.

Antarctica: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean.

North America: Arctic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean.

Europe faces two oceans: the Arctic Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.

Continents along the Arctic Ocean: Asia, Europe and North America.

Section 2 Changes in Land and Sea

1. The land and sea on the earth's surface are always moving and changing.

The change of crust and the rise and fall of sea level are the main reasons for the changes of land and sea. (Things have changed)

① Himalayas: It was an ocean tens of millions of years ago, and then it was subjected to strong compressive pressure, and the seabed swelled, becoming today's majestic mountains. This is the crustal movement.

② Seabed of the East China Sea: The crust sinks and the remains of human activities are submerged.

2. Continental drift theory: German scientist Wei Gena.

Content: 200 million years ago, the continents on the earth were interconnected and surrounded by an ocean. Later, the primitive continent split into several continents and drifted away slowly, gradually forming the distribution of seven continents and four oceans today.

3. Plate tectonic theory:

① Developed from continental drift theory. Plate movement caused the drift of the continent.

② Names of six plates: Asia-Europe plate, America plate, Africa plate, Antarctica plate, Pacific plate and Indian Ocean plate.

③ Content: The earth surface composed of rocks is not a whole block, but a combination of plates. The world is roughly divided into six plates, and each plate is constantly moving. Generally speaking, the crust inside the plate is relatively stable; The crust is active where the plates meet. Volcanoes and earthquakes in the world are also concentrated in the areas where plates meet.

(4) Volcanoes and earthquakes are mostly distributed in areas where plates meet. Names of two major volcanoes and seismic zones:

Pacific Rim Volcanic Seismic Belt and Mediterranean-Himalayan Seismic Belt

4. The plates move relatively, collide and squeeze, and collide into mountains (Himalayas).

When the plates are in tension, oceans are formed.

5. The forces that change the terrain are called internal forces, such as crustal movement, volcano and earthquake, which are all manifestations of the internal forces of the earth. Volcanoes and earthquakes in the world are mostly distributed in areas with active crustal activity, mainly concentrated in the Pacific Rim and the Mediterranean-Himalayan Mountains. Forces from outside the earth are called external forces, such as running water, wind, waves and glaciers.

6. In the process of putting forward the theory of continental drift, Wei Gena carried forward the scientific spirit of being good at observation, being brave in practice and not afraid of sacrifice, which is worth learning and carrying forward.

7. The earth is divided into three parts: crust, mantle and core. Plate refers to the crust and upper mantle, which is the area where the lithosphere is divided into blocks.

8. Earth science research shows that continental drift is caused by plate movement. Measurements show that the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Africa is shrinking, and the Red Sea between Asia and Africa is expanding.

13. Cartography: fill in the names of continents or oceans and the boundaries between continents represented by letters in the map. P29

14, fill in the latitude, time, solar terms, and the length of day and night of direct sunlight at each position of the earth's revolution. P 1 1

15, write the latitude and longitude, hemisphere and temperature zone of each point in the diagram.

16, judging the relative directions of points A, B and C in the warp and weft diagram; Judge the extension direction of the highway and the direction of the chicken farm in the village in the marked map.

17. Fill in the names of the six major plates, and explain the reasons for the volcanic earthquake in Japan, the expansion of the Red Sea, the shrinking of the Mediterranean Sea, and the formation and rise of the Himalayas. P39

18. Fill in the names of the five zones, the names and latitudes of the dividing lines, and what special phenomena are there in tropical and cold zones. P 12

19, judging the terrain name and water flow direction represented by the letters in the figure; The altitude and relative altitude of A and B at the top of the mountain, the altitude of point E, the fast river speed, and the uphill route of E and F, which is more labor-saving?

20. Look at the map and know the map. Large-scale maps have small display range and detailed content; A map with a small scale represents a large range. P 19

Add:

1. Move the globe from west to east and observe and analyze it. Seen from above the North Pole, the earth rotates counterclockwise; Seen from the Antarctic, the earth rotates clockwise.

2. China is about 5,000 kilometers from east to west and 5,500 kilometers from north to south; The latitude and longitude of Beijing is 40 degrees north latitude and 1 16 degrees east longitude.

China covers an area of about 9.6 million square kilometers, and the top three are Russian, Canadian and China.

3. Longitude 180 degrees is nothing, and there is no "w" and "e".

4. Latitude and longitude network positioning: latitude first, then longitude. Lighthouses usually refer to the north.

5. Reasons for the formation of the Himalayas (Atlas P 17).

The formation of the Himalayas took a long time. Due to the collision between the China plate and the Indian plate, the rock strata rose sharply and the seawater disappeared, forming today's Himalayas. With the continuous movement of the plate, the Himalayas continue to rise.

6, where the slope is the same, the contour spacing is equal.

7. Map types: city map, topographic map, road traffic map and world political map.

8. Three elements of a map: scale, direction and legend.

9, tropical: hot all year round, direct sunlight;

Temperate zone: the four knots change obviously, and there is neither extreme day nor night nor direct sunlight;

Cold zone: it is cold all year round and extreme day and night.

10, read the picture: valley, ridge, saddle, steep cliff.