Overview of the development of atmospheric science

Atmospheric science is an ancient discipline. Knowledge about weather and climate originated from long-term productive labor and social life experience. As early as the fishing and hunting era and the agricultural era, people gradually accumulated knowledge about weather and climate change. China's twenty-four solar terms and seventy-two climaxes were discovered in Huainan Xun and Yi Shi Xun Jie in the 2nd century BC, which were summarized from production and life practice and used to guide farming activities. Later industrial and agricultural production activities, military activities, navigation, aviation and aerospace activities, as well as the investigation of oceans, glaciers, plateaus and spaces, have constantly put forward new topics for atmospheric science and promoted its development.

/kloc-before the 0/7th century, people's understanding of the atmosphere and various phenomena in the atmosphere was intuitive and experienced. 17 ~ 18 century, due to the development of physics and chemistry, the successive inventions of measuring instruments such as temperature, air pressure, wind and humidity, and the successive discovery of elements such as nitrogen and oxygen, it created conditions for human beings to quantitatively understand the composition and movement of the atmosphere. As a result, atmospheric science research began to enter the stage of quantitative analysis from pure qualitative description. This is a leap in the development of atmospheric science. 1820, under the condition that the meteorological elements such as pressure, temperature, humidity and wind were determined and the meteorological observation network was gradually established, H.W. brandes drew the first weather map in history, which pioneered the methods of modern weather analysis and weather forecast, and opened the way for the development of atmospheric science to theoretical research. This is another leap in the history of the development of atmospheric science. The concept of Coriolis force in 1835 and the relationship between wind and air pressure put forward by 1857 C.H.D C. H. D. Buys Ballot have become the cornerstones of the earth's atmospheric dynamics and weather analysis. Around 1920, meteorologists J. Pierre Knies, H. solberg and T. H.P.bergeron put forward the theory of front, cyclone and air mass, which laid a theoretical foundation for weather analysis and prediction of weather changes after 1 ~ 2 days. 1783, French J.A.C Charlie made a hydrogen balloon with instruments for detecting meteorological elements. In 1930s, radiosondes were widely used, which enabled us to understand the vertical structure of the atmosphere, and the real three-dimensional atmospheric science research began. According to the high-altitude weather map drawn by sounding data, the atmospheric long wave was found. 1939, meteorologist C.-G. Rossby proposed long-wave dynamics, from which the potential vortex theory was derived (see atmospheric dynamics equation). This not only extends the theoretical weather forecast period to 3 ~ 4 days, but also opens the way for later numerical weather forecast and numerical simulation of atmospheric circulation. 1946, I. Langmuir, V. J. Schaefer and B. vonnegut's experiment of "seeding clouds" proved that seeding solid carbon dioxide or silver iodide in supercooled clouds can crystallize supercooled water droplets in the clouds, increase the number of ice crystals in the clouds, promote precipitation, and then enter the experimental stage of weather modification.