Why are houses in southern Anhui built like this? Does it have an impact on the environment?

Region is the geographical background of cultural formation. Different regions reflect different regional cultures and form unique regional landscapes. Goethe said: "Architecture is a book of stones", which shows that architecture is the expression of culture. Primitive architecture is a place created by people to adapt to the changes of natural environment. Due to the diversity of the global natural environment and the different resources in different regions, people will naturally use local materials according to local conditions, such as cave buildings, stone buildings and wooden structures. At the same time, different regional cultures are integrated into the building, and through historical accumulation, regional buildings with rich connotations, distinctive features and different styles are formed. In China, the regional architecture is relatively strong, forming the residential forms of South Anhui, Northwest China, South China, Beijing and Hakka. Now it has been explained by analyzing the regional architecture of Jiangnan folk houses and southern Anhui folk houses.

First, the formation of regional architecture.

In the Jiangnan area of Anhui Province, the area is small, but the combination is neat, elegant and beautifully decorated. Most of the houses in southern Anhui are buildings, and their planes are also arranged symmetrically in the longitudinal direction. Because it is not very cold in winter, wooden partition fans are used inside the house, with small patterns carved on them, and no stickers and yarns are used on the partition fans to ensure good breathability and privacy. Residential buildings in southern Anhui generally have high walls to ensure the safety of the courtyard. Generally, there are no windows on the four walls, leaving only one main entrance or small door. Jiangnan water town has always been the main representative of southern dwellings, mainly distributed in southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang. It is close to the Yangtze River with dense water network, forming a unique residential building different from other areas. Its general houses also adopt a symmetrical layout, with the north facing south. The gate is generally opened in the middle of the wall, with wooden floor-to-ceiling windows inside to adapt to the warm climate. The roof adopts the "top-down construction" method, that is, there is no ceiling on the roof, and the wooden frame on it is directly exposed and its material is thin. For safety reasons, houses in the south of the Yangtze River generally have high walls, but many of them are equipped with various horsehead walls. Building near the water is another major feature of many houses in the south of the Yangtze River, and the special geographical location has created a unique architectural form.

Second, the similarities and differences of regional buildings

There are many similarities between Huizhou folk houses and Jiangnan folk houses, and the region belongs to Jiangnan. Jiangnan Water Town is the land of ancient wuyue. Huizhou is the "Wu Tou Chu Wei", located in the upper reaches of Qiantang River, which is greatly influenced by Wu Yue culture. Buildings are all brick and wood structures, supported by wooden frames. Architectural decoration includes wood, brick and stone carving techniques. However, Huizhou folk houses are obviously different from Jiangnan folk houses.

similarity

(1) courtyard layout

Huizhou architecture is surrounded by high walls, leaving only the patio for ventilation and lighting; The patio is the center of the whole house with a strictly symmetrical central axis; In order to guard against theft, patios are generally made deep. The quadrangle buildings in Jiangnan also have the functions of ventilation, lighting and theft prevention, and are also the focus of family life.

(2) the integration of architecture and nature

Huizhou architectural villages are controlled in the natural environment as a whole, "building houses by mountains and building villages by water". The falling Horsehead Wall sets off the rolling mountains, and the dull monomers converge into a strong group effect, and the whole building group is skillfully combined with the natural environment. "Pillow Mountain, Surrounded by Water, Face Screen" is the general law of the location selection of Huizhou folk houses. The location layout of villages often depends on mountains and rivers, and the mountain water body should be considered according to local conditions. This site selection mode has the advantages of Gao Shuang's topography, wide vision, natural water system, no flood and drought disasters, convenient production and life, etc., and cleverly makes the village move with the slope, or hide in the embrace of natural landscape. This kind of village layout, in which houses are built on the mountain and villages are built on the water, skillfully uses the characteristics of natural environment and is built along the mountain trend and the flow direction of streams, which plays a role in regulating wind direction, wind power and temperature and humidity, thus forming a comfortable and pleasant regional microclimate. The folk houses in the water towns in the south of the Yangtze River have a unique natural environment, which is "simple and beautiful by mountains and waters". Typical traditional houses in water towns often make clever use of the terrain and adapt to local conditions, forming a living mode of "front street, back river and river street around". The buildings built near the water are patchwork, simple and quiet, subtle and restrained. Concise into a typical artistic conception of Jiangnan water town dwellings.

(3) the skill of unity of opposites

The black and white of Huizhou residential buildings form a brightness contrast, and the big firewall and residential quarters form a point-to-point contrast. The flowing water in the courtyard and the surrounding bluestone are both rigid and flexible, while the flat white wall and the finely carved gatehouse form a strong contrast between simplicity and complexity, and the bright hall and the dark room are clearly defined. Seen from a big place, that ethnic residential area lives in a green mountain and green water, which invisibly forms a dynamic and rigid contrast. There are also many contrasts in Jiangnan folk houses. Exquisitely carved doors and windows and solid walls constitute the contrast between reality and reality. This square courtyard is different from the so-called round sky around the square. Even better, some borrow scenery from the garden, so that the garden and the surrounding mountains form a spatial contrast in size, distance and reality. The flower window made of ceramic tiles lends the scenery of the outer wall to the garden, which increases the sense of space. Through the flower window, you can see the green trees and onions in the garden. In addition, besides the aesthetic embodiment of the unity of opposites in the building itself, there is an old saying of "Yin and Yang". The pattern of folk houses is sitting north facing south, facing the mountain and facing the water. Here is a complete set of Yin and Yang Feng Shui theory.

(4) reflect the characteristics of local conditions

The puzzle of Huizhou school and the folk houses in the south of the Yangtze River all reflect the simple characteristics of adapting to local conditions. Taking local building materials such as brick, wood and stone as the main building materials, white walls and gray tiles are used to express simple natural beauty. The site selection and design of Huizhou village houses reflect the pattern of walking along the mountain and water, that is, planning and designing by using natural terrain, and communicating internal and external spaces by using appropriate methods such as pavilions, flower walls, leaky windows and patios, so that residential communities can achieve the artistic conception of ingenious combination with the environment. Folk houses in the south of the Yangtze River also make more use of the terrain and are flexibly placed in the gaps where flowing water haunts. There is also the shadow of the water lane in Jiangnan town. The buildings in this area reflect Jiangnan people's understanding of nature. Small water lanes extending in all directions are matched with long corridors, simple white walls and tiles on both sides of small bridges. Local residents live by and around the water.

(2) Difference

(1) single building

For a single house, there are patios and courtyards in Jiangnan, which are flexible in layout and open to the outside world. Most of the houses are independent and not closed, and the plane and elevation are very practical and eclectic. There are usually three houses. In addition to daily life, the guild hall is also a place for handicraft labor. There is a clearing in front of the house, and the bigger house is square, or a three-dimensional courtyard. Huizhou folk houses have a regular layout and the facade is closed inward. Huizhou ancient dwellings are mostly brick and wood buildings with three rooms and four houses, which have several types, such as mouth, concave, H and Japanese style. There are many entrances on the two floors, and each entrance has a patio, which gives full play to the functions of light transmission, ventilation and drainage. Jiangnan water town is humid and muggy in summer. Many halls are separated by doors and large windows, and large windows are also opened on the riverside side for ventilation and heat dissipation.

(2) Street form

Jiangnan has expensive land, many buildings, narrow streets and high building density. Judging from the shape of streets and lanes, the roads in Jiangsu and Zhejiang water towns are also free in layout and narrow in scale. Compared with the cobweb-dense streets and lanes in Huizhou, the former grows naturally with the water system, and the aspect ratio is not large, which makes it seem cordial, while the latter is more artificially planned, and the aspect ratio is large, which makes it seem rigorous.

(3) the whole village

Huizhou is a mountainous area as a whole, and most buildings are built by mountains. Although there are many streams in the village, the terrain is steep, the drop is large and the water is fast. The water network in the south of the Yangtze River is vertical and horizontal, and most of the buildings are built near the river, which is very hydrophilic and the planning is complete and rigorous. Compared with Huizhou village, the former is a simple house with many original stones and logs, resulting in a spacious and refreshing architectural style of the whole village. The latter painted many buildings, but the individual disappeared in the deep house compound, which caused the architectural characteristics of the whole village to prevent closure.

(4) Charm

Huizhou has its style of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, while Jiangnan has its gentle and steady temperament of Confucian scholars. If Huizhou architecture is compared to the orchid in the deep mountain valley, it will spit out fragrance and elegant charm; Jiangnan architecture is like a lotus flower in clear water and green leaves, showing all kinds of charm with a clear body.