A summary of the geographical knowledge point system of the new curriculum standard college entrance examination

Unit 1 The Earth in the Universe 1: Basic forms of the Earth's motion: revolution around the central sun axis and rotation direction: from west to east (counterclockwise rotation over the North Pole, period: sidereal year (365 days, 6: 9: 10 second), sidereal day (23: 56: 4 seconds), angular velocity: average/kloc. The relationship between the earth's rotation and revolution: (1) the intersection angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane. At present, it is the movement of the direct point of 23o 26'(2) sun between the Tropic of Cancer. Second, the geographical significance of the Earth's rotation (1) diurnal variation. Second, local time (3) Objects moving horizontally along the earth's surface deviate, with the northern hemisphere leaning to the right and the southern hemisphere leaning to the left. Third, the geographical significance of the earth's revolution (1) the change of the length of day and night and the height of the sun at noon. The days are long and the nights are short. The farther north, the longer the days are. The direct point of the sun is in that hemisphere, and the hemisphere with extreme solar phenomena north of the Arctic Circle is long. ② The equatorial winter lasts for half a year, and the days are short and the nights are long. The farther north, the shorter the days are, and the day and night are equally divided. (3) The extreme night phenomenon appears in the northern part of the Arctic Circle at the spring and autumn equinox. The southern hemisphere is divided equally between day and night: as opposed to the northern hemisphere. ② The change of sun height at noon. Vernal equinox and autumnal equinox: Latitude change from the direct point of the sun to the north and south. Summer solstice: decreasing from 23 26' north latitude to north and south. Winter solstice: It decreases from 23o26'S to the north and south. The closer the direct point is to the summer solstice, the height will change with the season. The change of the knot south of 23 26 is the biggest in winter to the sun, and there are two direct rays between the Tropic of Cancer and the south every year. Light diagram interpretation (1) is usually used to judge the north and south poles, based on the following: the earth's rotation is counterclockwise from the north pole of the earth and clockwise from the south pole; Or look at the longitude, the direction in which the east longitude increases is the direction of the earth's rotation. (2) Judging that the solar terms, date and latitude of the direct point of the sun have passed the pole (or coincide with a meridian), and the direct point of the sun is the equator, that is, vernal equinox; The termination line is tangent to the polar circle. If there is an extreme solar phenomenon in the Arctic Circle, it is the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, and the direct point of the sun is 23 26' north latitude. If there is extreme night in the Arctic Circle, it is the winter solstice in the northern hemisphere, and the direct point of the sun is at 23 26' south latitude. (3) When determining the location, the meridian where the direct point of the sun is located is noon 12, and the middle meridian of the daytime part surrounded by the termination line is 65438+. The longitude between the morning line and the equator is 6 points, and the longitude between the dark line and the equator is 18 points. According to the principle that every 15o, the time difference is 1 hour, and every 1o is 4 minutes, the longitude difference between the two places (subtraction on the same side, addition on different sides) is calculated first, and then converted into time, according to the principle of adding east and subtracting west. That is to say, the length of the solar (night) arc on the latitude circle can also be calculated from the longitude of the solar (night) arc. (5) To determine the noon sun height angle, first find the latitude difference between the sought area and the direct point of the sun. If the area and the direct point of the sun are in the same hemisphere, take the latitude difference between the two places. If the calculated area and the direct point of the sun are not in the same hemisphere, take the sum of the latitudes of the two places. Then use 90o-the latitude difference between the two places is the noon sun height of the sought place. Five: Termination line and latitude and longitude (1) Determine the problem according to the intersection of termination line and latitude and longitude. ① The terminator line can judge that this day is around March 2 1 or September 23. ② The ending line is tangent to the north and south poles, and it is day in the Arctic Circle. It can be judged that this day is around June 22, summer solstice in the northern hemisphere and summer in the northern hemisphere. It's winter in the southern hemisphere. ③ The terminator line is tangent to the north and south poles, and the Arctic Circle is night. It can be judged that this day is around 65438+February 22nd, the northern hemisphere is the winter solstice, the northern hemisphere is winter, and the southern hemisphere is summer. (2) Judging the length of the day and the length of the night According to the intersection between the termination line and the meridian, the length of the day or the length of the night in a place can be calculated. When calculating the day length, calculate the intersection of the latitude circle where the place is located from the morning line and latitude circle to the dark line and latitude circle in the daytime hemisphere. Divide the longitude span by 15, which is the day length of this place. If only half a solar hemisphere is drawn on the map, it should be noted that the longitude difference of the Japanese span in the map is twice, divided by 15, that is, the day length of the place is 7: 00. The first step in calculating local time is to find out the longitude difference between the two places. The second step is to find the time difference, which is calculated according to the longitude difference of 4 minutes per degree. The third step is to subtract from the west. If the time exceeds 24 hours, subtract 24, add 1 day to the date, and add 24 hours if the time is negative. Date minus 1 day. Unit 2 Atmosphere 1: Composition and vertical stratification of the atmosphere 1) Composition of the lower atmosphere: dry and clean air (basic components of nitrogen-organisms, basic substances of oxygen-organisms that sustain life activities, basic raw materials of carbon dioxide-photosynthesis, ozone-the "protective umbrella" of earth life), water vapor and solid impurities (cloud formation and rain) The upper atmosphere is 2000-3000 km, and the ionosphere reflects radio waves. Stratosphere 50-55 km. With the increase of altitude, advection rises, and ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays to heat up. The low latitude of troposphere: 17- 18km, the middle latitude: 10- 12km, and the high latitude: 8-9km, which is beneficial to high-altitude flight and decreases with the increase of altitude. The weather phenomenon of convective movement is complex and changeable, which is closely related to human beings. The second is the weakening of solar radiation by atmospheric thermal action (1). Water vapor and carbon dioxide absorb infrared rays, while ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays, and its reflection on visible light is less: there is no selectivity, and the thicker the clouds, the stronger the reflection; on cloudy days in summer, the temperature is not very high on scattering; it is selective, and it is easy to be scattered for blue-violet light with short wavelength, so the clear sky is blue. (2) Insulation effect on the ground ① The atmosphere absorbs long-wave radiation from the ground, intercepts heat and raises the temperature. Because the atmosphere has a poor absorption capacity for solar short-wave radiation, it has a strong absorption effect for ground long-wave radiation, and most of the ground radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere. ② Atmospheric inverse radiation is a kind of atmospheric radiation, which faces the ground and compensates the ground heat, thus playing the role of heat preservation. (2) Thermal state of the atmosphere, thermal effect of the atmosphere 1) Thermal cycle: The air cycle formed by uneven ground heat and cold is the simplest form of atmospheric movement. As can be seen from the figure, the isobar near the ground bends in the direction of low pressure (downward), and the isobar at high altitude bulges in the direction of high pressure (upward). 2) The horizontal movement of the atmosphere-the influence factor of wind: The denser the isobar, the greater the wind force (Figure 2. 10, 2. 1 1, 2.65438). Under the action of horizontal pressure gradient force and geostrophic deflection force, the wind direction is parallel to the isobar. Under the action of three forces, the wind direction forms an angle with the isobar, always pointing from high pressure to low pressure. 3. Global atmospheric circulation 1) Three-circle circulation (Figure 2 on page 37 of the textbook14) ① Seven pressure belts and six wind belts are formed on the surface, and the wind belts of the pressure belts are in direct contact with the sun. In winter, it moves south, and its position is south. (fig. 2. 15) ② Influence of land-sea distribution on atmospheric circulation (fig. 3) Monsoon circulation (fig. 2. 18) Regional East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia climate types Temperate monsoon climate Subtropical monsoon climate leads to the difference of thermal properties between land and sea, and the seasonal movement direction of pressure belt and wind belt. Northwest wind in winter (Asian continent) Northeast wind (Asian continent) Southeast wind in summer (Asian continent) The warm air mass actively moves to the cold air mass. Weather characteristics are controlled by a single air mass before crossing the border, and sunny weather is controlled by a single air mass. When the temperature is clear, it will be cloudy, rainy, windy and cool. After continuous precipitation, the air pressure rises, the temperature drops, the weather is fine, and the air pressure rises and falls. Distribution of precipitation When the weather improves, precipitation generally appears behind the front, and precipitation generally appears in the atmosphere before the front, such as heavy rain in summer in the north, strong wind in winter and spring, cold wave and sandstorm. 2) Low pressure and high pressure systems-Cyclones and anticyclones (taking the northern hemisphere as an example, Figure 2.2 1) Cyclone anticyclone pressure low pressure (low center, high periphery) high pressure (high center, horizontal movement converges around the center (north to south), and the center diverges around (north to south). Vertical motion rises and falls. It's rainy, sunny and dry. For example, the drought in the Yangtze River basin is a typhoon, and the weather in the north is "crisp in autumn". Formation and change of climate 1) Formation factors of climate (solar radiation, ground conditions, atmospheric circulation, human activities) ① Temperature characteristics of different climate types l The distribution of temperature is generally low latitude and high latitude; The temperature on the mountain is lower than that under the mountain; The temperature in the area where the warm current passes is higher than that in the area where the cold current passes. At the same latitude, due to the different underlying surfaces, the temperature conditions in different places are also different. Among them, the most influential is the comparison between continental climate and maritime climate (northern hemisphere). Climate type, daily range, maximum temperature, monthly minimum temperature in the year, continental July, 65438+ 10, maritime small 8, February, ② precipitation in different climate types, and the air flow in equatorial region is mainly convergent. Between the Tropic of Cancer and 30 degrees north latitude, there is abundant rainfall all year round. Under the control of subtropical high and trade winds, there are two situations on the west coast of the mainland. Take Asia and Europe as an example. In summer, the Mediterranean region (subtropical zone) is at the edge of the subtropical high center, where the airflow sinks and it is dry and rainy. In winter, because the subtropical high moves southward and is controlled by the westerly belt, it is characterized by many cyclones, humidity and rain. In Europe (temperate zone), the west wind prevails all year round, and the precipitation in each month is relatively uniform. The east coast of the mainland, taking Eurasia as an example, is controlled by monsoon circulation, with little precipitation in winter and warm and humid airflow from the ocean in summer. L Within the mainland, taking Eurasia as an example, it is controlled by continental air mass all the year round, with less precipitation. The polar regions are mainly downward airflow convergence. Less annual precipitation 2) Climate type (figure 2.26 on page 47 of the textbook) 3) Judgment of main 10 climate type (figure 2.27 on page 48 of the textbook) Steps to judge the highest (or lowest) temperature month in the northern hemisphere 6.7.8, and the highest temperature in the northern hemisphere12.12. 15℃ tropical climate is the hottest in Leng Yue, subtropical climate or temperate maritime climate is the hottest in Leng Yue, and the temperature is-15℃ ~ 0℃. ； The climate of 5℃ cold region determines the specific climate type. Annual distribution of precipitation. Annual Rain Rainforest Climate >: 2000mm temperate temperate maritime climate 700 ~ 1000 mm summer rain tropical grassland climate (750 ~ 1000 mm) tropical monsoon climate 1500 ~ 2000 mm) subtropical subtropical monsoon climate temperate temperate continental climate winter rain subtropical Mediterranean climate little rain tropical desert climate cold zone polar climate six Atmospheric environmental protection (1) The cause of global warming: the increase of carbon dioxide leads to the increase of temperature. The reasons for the increase of carbon dioxide are: ① burning a lot of fossil fuels; ② deforestation: ① rising sea level, flooding land; ② changing the precipitation and dry and wet conditions around the world, leading to changes in the economic structure of countries around the world. Protective measures: ① Improve energy utilization technology and energy utilization efficiency, adopt new energy ② Strive to strengthen international cooperation (2) Reasons for ozone layer destruction and protection: Apart from natural reasons, the main hazards are HCFCs emitted by human using refrigeration equipment: ① Harm to human health; (2) damage to the ecological environment and agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery; Protective measures: reduce and gradually ban the emission of ozone-depleting substances such as HCFCs, and strengthen international cooperation. (3) The concept of acid rain: people generally refer to rainwater with a PH less than 5.6 as the cause of acid rain: a large number of acidic gases such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emitted by burning minerals are harmful: acidification of rivers and lakes, acidification of soil, harm to the growth of forests and crops, and corrosion of buildings and cultural relics. The most fundamental measure to prevent acid rain is to reduce the emissions of artificial sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. China has taken measures such as developing clean coal technology and clean combustion technology to control acid rain. Unit 3: Composition and circulation of crustal materials (1) Mineral elements that make up rocks: oxygen, silicon, aluminum and iron combined minerals from the most to the least; The main rock-forming minerals are syenite, mica, feldspar, slate-accumulated magmatic rocks (granite, basalt) rock sedimentary rocks: layered. Including (limestone, shale, sandstone, conglomerate) metamorphic rocks: marble, slate (2) the cycle of crustal materials from magma to various rocks, and then to the formation of new magma, which is the cycle of crustal materials II: crustal changes and surface morphology 1) Geological processes: according to different energy sources, it can be divided into internal forces and external forces. Internal force: earthquake, volcanic eruption, crustal movement, metamorphism. External force: weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, debris flow, landslide and collapse. 2) The basic form of crustal movement and its influence on landform. The relationship between the two forms is a folded mountain system formed by horizontal movement, such as the rift valley and the ocean, and the formation of the Great Rift Valley and the Atlantic Ocean is dominated by horizontal movement. Vertical movement is supplemented by vertical movement, resulting in uneven surface and land-sea changes. 3) Basic Argument of Plate Tectonics (1) The global lithosphere is divided into six plates (Figure 3 on page 63 of the textbook.11). 2) The plate is in constant motion, the interior of the plate is relatively stable, and there are many volcanoes and earthquakes in the crust at the boundary of the plate. 3) The plate is cracked. For example, the Rift Valley in East Africa and the Atlantic Ocean, mountains are often formed in plate collision and compression zones, and trenches, island arcs and coastal mountains are formed when the ocean collides with continental plates. When the continent collides with the continental plate, a huge folded mountain range is formed. 4) Geological Structure and Structural Geomorphology (1) The concept of geological structure: crustal deformation and displacement caused by crustal movement. 2) The common geological structures and the surface morphology after structural geomorphology erosion are related to human production. Synclines that are often eroded into valley oil storage structures, generally, rock layers bend downward into valleys, and many synclines are not easy to be eroded into mountains to store groundwater. Faults are staggered along the rocks on both sides of the fault plane, such as the Great Rift Valley in East Africa and the Great Cliff on the northern slope of Huashan Mountain. Ascending rocks: Huashan, Lushan and Taishan, and descending rocks: Weihe Plain, Fenhe River Basin and Poyang Lake. Strengthen or avoid mistakes in engineering construction; 5) External force and landform erosion carry and accumulate running water to scour the surface, such as the landform of the Loess Plateau. The flowing water makes the valley deeper and wider, and carries the eroded products such as quicksand to reduce the velocity, and the sediment gradually deposits and accumulates to form the piedmont alluvial fan. Wind erosion gullies and depressions in the alluvial plain and estuary delta in the middle and lower reaches of the river form Gobi, sand dunes, sand ridges and loess deposits on the edge of the desert, such as Loess Plateau III; Sea water temperature and salinity (1) The distribution law of sea water temperature in the horizontal direction is that the water temperature in the same sea area is high in summer and low in winter. The water temperature at different latitudes is low, high and low at high latitudes. The water temperature in the sea area where the warm current passes is higher, and the water temperature in the sea area where the cold current passes is lower. The vertical distribution of water temperature decreases from the surface layer to the deep layer, and the vertical temperature difference below1000m is small. (3) The concept of salinity per unit mass of seawater. The average salinity of the world oceans is 3.5%. ② Distribution law: It decreases from two subtropical seas to low latitude and high latitude seas on both sides. The Red Sea is the highest (4. 1%) and the Baltic Sea is the lowest (less than1%). 3 Influencing factors Influencing precipitation and evaporation precipitation >: evaporation and salinity are low; A large amount of river fresh water is injected into the runoff sea area, precipitation