What does the lunar calendar depend on?

Classification: society/culture >> Historical topics

Analysis:

Gregorian calendar, lunar calendar, lunar calendar

Gregorian calendar (Gregorian calendar) is a common calendar in most countries in the world, which was revised from "julian calendar". Julian calendar is the calendar decided by Julius Caesar, commander-in-chief of ancient Rome in 46 BC.

The solar calendar is a calendar based on the movement of the earth around the sun. It takes one revolution of the earth around the sun as a year. The length of a tropical year is 365.2422 days, that is, 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds. In four years, there are 23 hours 15 minutes and 4 seconds, which is roughly equal to one day, so every four years, 1 day is added, and 366 days are obtained at the end of February, which is a leap year. But four years plus 1 day actually adds 44 minutes and 56 seconds to the tropical year. When the product reaches 128, one more day is counted, that is, 400 years is counted as three more days.

The leap year in the solar calendar stipulates that if the number of years in AD can be divisible by 4, it is considered a leap year. In order to subtract three days from more than 400 years, when an integer of the century A.D. is specified, that is, the number of years A.D. is 100, leap years can only be considered if they are divisible by 400. For example, 65,438+0600,2000,2200,2400 are leap years. In this way, three days have been cleverly shortened in 400 years. The solar calendar stipulates that every year is 12 months, and the size of the month is completely artificial. It is now stipulated that 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10 and1February are big months, with 3 1 day per month; April, June and September 165438+ 10 are abortion, with 30 days per month; February in a normal year has 28 days and leap year has 29 days.

The lunar calendar is based on the change of the moon phase (that is, the new moon). Because the ancients called the moon the lunar calendar, it is also called the lunar calendar, which is a pure lunar calendar. In China, the term "lunar calendar" is used, and most people call it "lunar calendar", which is wrong. The lunar calendar is not a pure lunar calendar, but a "yin and yang calendar".

The lunar calendar takes the full and short periods of the moon as one month, and 12 months as one year. However, the moon has a full moon, which is 29 days, 12: 44: 3, which is more than 29 days and less than 30 days. For convenience, the lunar calendar divides months into two types: big month and small month. 30 days a month, 29 days a month, 354 days a year.

In fact, the new moon is not exactly equal to the average of the big moon and the small moon-29 days and a half, but 44 minutes and 2.8 seconds more than 29 days and a half. So 12 moon is actually 8 hours, 48 minutes and 34 seconds longer than 354 days, and it will be 1 1 day in 30 years. Therefore, a leap year 1 1 will be inserted in the 30 years of the lunar calendar, and an extra day will be added in the 12 months of each leap year. The leap year in the lunar calendar is 355 days. So every 30 years, the lunar calendar has 19 354 days and 1 1 355 days, and the average length of a year is 354 days, 8 hours and 48 minutes. Its year is almost shorter than the tropical year 1 1 day. In three years, we lost more than a month, and 17 lost more than half a year. So with this length of time, the New Year doesn't have to be spent in winter, but it can be spent in spring, summer and autumn. Its only advantage is that the shape of the moon can be known on every date of the lunar calendar.

As a calendar, the lunar calendar is not in harmony with agricultural production and people's daily life, so in today's world, except for a few countries that are still in use for religious reasons, other countries have generally abandoned it.

The lunar calendar takes the time of the first month of the lunar calendar as the average time of the calendar month. This is the same as the pure lunar calendar, but the lunar calendar adopts the method of setting leap months and 24 solar terms, so that the average length of the calendar year is equal to the tropic year, which has the elements of the solar calendar, so it is better than the pure lunar calendar.

It is said that our ancestors used this calendar in all lunar calendars as early as the Xia Dynasty (before17th century BC). So people also call it the summer calendar. After liberation, it was still called the summer calendar. After 1970, it was renamed as the "Lunar Calendar" in China. As for the origin of the name "lunar calendar", it is probably because the country has been founded on agriculture since ancient times, so the calendar must serve agriculture.

The lunar calendar is based on the new moon. The time of the first lunar month is 29th 12 hours, 44 minutes and 3 seconds (that is, 29.5366 days), so the lunar calendar is also 30 days for the big month and 29 days for the small month, but it is not exactly the same as the pure lunar calendar, because the pure lunar calendar is arranged alternately with big and small months, and the size and month of the lunar calendar are determined by calculation.

The first day of each month in the lunar calendar happens to be a "new moon" (that is, the moon is in the middle of the sun and the earth faces the earth with half of the darkness). Sometimes there may be two big months or two small months in a row. Because the first month of the lunar calendar is slightly longer than 29 and a half days, there are about 53 big months and 47 small months in every 100 calendar month of the lunar calendar.

The lunar calendar basically takes1February as a year, but the time of 12 lunar month is 354.3667 days, which is about 1 1 day different from the tropical year. This will add 33 days every three years, that is, an extra month.

In order to eliminate the extra days, one month is added every three years, which is the leap month of the lunar calendar. A year with a leap month is also called a leap year. Therefore, the lunar leap year has 13 months. As for the leap month, it is determined by the solar terms.

Why does the lunar calendar have a leap month?

At present, the solar calendar we use is based on the tropic year when the earth revolves around the sun, and the length of tropic year is 365.2422 days. The lunar calendar is based on the change of the moon, and the length of a new moon is 29.53 days. The lunar calendar is based on the lunar calendar, and its date can not only show the changes of the moon's profit and loss, but also keep pace with the four seasons in the Gregorian calendar.

According to experts from the Astronomical Society of Guangdong Province, the lunar calendar is only 354.4 days 12 lunar months, which is less than the return of the solar calendar 10.9 days. If leap February is not inserted this year, the Spring Festival next year will appear on June 65438+ 10/0, 2005. In a few years, the phenomenon of "six In the snow" will appear in the lunar calendar. In order to coordinate the seasonal relationship between the lunar calendar and the solar calendar, China adopted the "seven leap months in nineteen years" in the Spring and Autumn Period, that is, in the tropical year of 19 (6939.6 days), seven leap months were inserted into the lunar calendar. 19 lunar year, there are 228 moons, plus 7 leap months, there are 235 moons (6939.7 days). Therefore, if seven leap months are inserted into 19 of the lunar calendar, the cold and hot changes of the lunar calendar will be basically consistent with those of the Gregorian calendar.

How to insert leap month is the most suitable?

How to insert leap month is the most suitable? This should start with the 24 solar terms. Since the Han Dynasty, China has 24 solar terms. It started in early spring and ended in severe cold. Starting from beginning of spring, odd numbers are called solar terms and even numbers are called neutral gas. Lunar months are marked by neutral gas. In a year, the vernal equinox, summer solstice, autumn equinox and winter solstice are the most important. Because of 1645, it is reasonable to insert leap month in China when there is no neutral month. Because 19 tropic year * * * has 228 Zhong Qi and 235 Wang Shuo moons, and Wang Shuo moons are 7 more than Zhong Qi. Therefore, seven moons naturally become leap months, not neutral. In February this year, there was only one solar term "Qingming", but there was no breath. (