What is the relationship between solar terms and Song Dynasty and the development of ancient agriculture in China?

The relationship between the 24 solar terms and agricultural planting: "Phenology is the corresponding change of climate felt by the ancients through the change of things. Phenological phenomena, including all living things, such as plant germination, flowering, animal mating, migration and so on, are all phenological scenes. The ancients summarized it as seventy-two periods, five days, and three periods were a solar term. "

The ancients chose when to sow, harvest and store crops according to phenology and solar terms, and arranged agricultural production. This not only promoted the development of agrometeorology, but also formed agricultural customs. Agricultural custom is actually a cultural phenomenon accompanied by ancient agricultural economic life.

Different solar terms not only provide an important basis for agricultural arrangements, but also provide an important opportunity for people to predict success. In the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, methods such as shadow occupation and qi were used every year. Eight solar terms, including beginning of spring, Spring Equinox, Long Summer, Summer Solstice, beginning of autumn, Autumn Equinox, beginning of winter and Winter Solstice, illustrate rich experience and various natural disasters.

24 solar terms: beginning of spring, Rain, Sting, Vernal Equinox, Qingming, Grain Rain, Changxia, Xiaoman, Mangzhong, Summer Solstice, Xiaoxia, Daxia, beginning of autumn, Chushu, Bailu, Autumn Equinox, Cold Dew, First Frost, beginning of winter, Light Snow, Heavy Snow, Winter Solstice, Slight Cold and Severe Cold. From these names, we can see that they all show certain climate, landscape, ideas and characteristics, and can be conveniently used as nodes, timetables, guidance and warnings of agricultural production. They are all related to specific farming, such as tillage, sowing, weeding, thinning, pruning, fertilization, pest control and harvesting, and even directly related to various operations of certain crops, such as rice, wheat and beans. Although the determination of solar terms is mainly based on the climate and natural environment of the Yellow River basin, it can be adapted to areas outside the Yellow River basin as long as the time is slightly adjusted according to local practice and experience. In fact, solar terms were widely valued and used in ancient China. Folk songs, proverbs, ballads, formulas, poems, paintings, etc. These knowledge related to or produced by solar terms are widely spread and become experiences to guide agricultural production and daily life.

The establishment of solar terms system has provided convenience for China, a big agricultural country, to manage and guide agricultural production, and has produced great benefits. Before the arrival of the new year, the imperial court will issue an almanac indicating the 24 solar terms in the next year nationwide. From the monarch to the grass-roots officials, the main means of "persuading farmers" is to remind or urge farmers not to miss the farming season-arrange all aspects of agricultural production according to the solar terms. Until the beginning of the 20th century, arranging farm work according to solar terms was the basic criterion for most farmers in China. In most grass-roots governments, there are no officials and experts in charge of agriculture, farmers are basically illiterate, belong to individual small-scale peasant families and have little contact with the outside world, so the contribution of solar terms to agricultural production and rural daily life is irreplaceable.

Beginning of spring, vernal equinox:

There is a proverb in the Tang Dynasty: "A day's plan lies in the morning, and a year's plan lies in the spring". Spring is the season when everything recovers and plays a very important role in agricultural production. At noon in beginning of spring, set up a bamboo pole and calculate this year's harvest according to the length of the shadow of the bamboo pole. If there is no sun in early spring, it indicates a bumper harvest.

Long summer, summer solstice:

If the long summer is in the golden day, then "the grain is abundant and the summer is windy"; If summer is sunny, it means drought; If there is green air in the southeast in summer, there will be a bumper harvest this year; If the green air does not appear, there will be a strong wind in October.

Beginning of autumn, autumnal equinox:

If the weather is fine in early autumn, nothing can be planted; It is best to have a light rain; Heavy rain is not conducive to the growth of grain. Beginning of autumn should also occupy the shadow, air and wind. Beginning of autumn will watch the sky at dusk:

Beginning of winter, solstice winter:

If beginning of winter is on the first day of October in the Gregorian calendar, there will be such ominous signs as "rain and blood, hair growing on the ground". Beginning of winter occupies the next year's harvest, which is related to shadow, air and wind.

The 24 solar terms are the intangible cultural heritage of the world, which embodies the unique delicacy and natural perception of China people.

Twenty-four solar terms are a supplementary calendar copied from China in ancient times, which refers to the fact that Bai guides agriculture and Du handles affairs. It was formed in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Because the lunar calendar in China is a "yin and yang calendar", which is based on the movements of the sun and the moon, it cannot fully reflect the solar cycle. China is an agricultural society, and agriculture needs to strictly understand the movement of the sun, so farming is carried out entirely according to the sun. Therefore, the "24 solar terms" that reflect the solar cycle alone are added to the calendar as the criteria for determining leap months. Twenty-four solar terms can reflect the changes of seasons, guide agricultural activities and affect the food, clothing, housing and transportation of thousands of families.

24 solar terms's formula: Spring rains shake the valley, summer is full of mountains and rivers, and summer is hot.

There are dewdrops in autumn, first frost in cold, light snow in winter and cold in winter.

Two festivals in a month remain the same, with a difference of one or two days at most.

The first half of the year is 62 1, and the second half is 823.