What is the maximum angle between the water heater in Beijing and the ground? What is the solar term? What is the minimum included angle? What is the solar term?

Geographical coercion of contour lines

The earth in the first chapter of the universe

Section 1 Earth's cosmic environment

Cognitive process

The visible radius of the universe is 65.438+0.4 billion light years.

Form a celestial system: gravity and eternal motion of celestial bodies

Celestial system of multilayer solar system;

Galactic celestial bodies (the sun) are in the center: earth-moon system with a mass of 99.86%;

Eight planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars and the composition of the Earth and the Moon.

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Interstellar total galactic world

anagalactic nebula

Normal: appearance and position

Ordinary and special planets-the particularity of the earth (the basic condition for the existence of life on earth);

Suitable temperature, suitable atmosphere, sufficient moisture.

Stable external conditions, sunshine and safe space orbit.

The influence of the sun on the earth in the second quarter

Concept: the form of electromagnetic wave energy emitted by the sun in space

In the wavelength range of solar radiation: 0.4 to 0.75 visible light band.

Solar radiation and the earth's solar constant: 8.24 kJ/cm2?

Solar radiation → energy

Impact on the earth

Solar radiation → atmospheric movement and water cycle

Concept: Some obvious instabilities caused by the energy released by the sun.

Solar activity, sunspot → photosphere

Types → Chromospheric Flares and Prominences

→ Solar activity in the corona and the solar wind of the earth.

There is a certain correlation between sunspots and climate change (the period is 1 1 year).

→ Magnetic storm → Flare on the Earth → Influence short-wave communication.

Solar wind → aurora

In the third quarter, the movement of the earth (rotation)

When the direction is from west to east, counterclockwise from the North Pole and clockwise from the South Pole,

The period of sidereal day is 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds, and the solar day is the rotation of the earth at 360 59'.

15/ angular velocity. The surface of the earth is the same except the North Pole and the South Pole.

From low latitude to high latitude, the linear speed of 60 degrees is about half of the northern and southern latitudes of the equator, which reduces the speed of the production line.

(1) The diurnal alternation of lead, in which the diurnal variation of temperature and the circadian rhythm of biological formation.

Geographically, (2) objects moving horizontally tend to the right of the northern hemisphere and the left of the southern hemisphere.

③ Location: The maximum time is noon 12, where the longitude is the same and where the sun rises, the local time is the same. The greater the longitude, the greater the value, indicating the local time. Western classics, and vice versa. Every longitude difference of 1, the local time difference is 4 minutes.

For ease of use, time zones and regions. Internationally, the world is divided into 24 time zones, and each time zone covers an area with longitude of 15. The so-called area, also known as the standard.

Area calculation: area? Time difference of land in the area × 1 hour =

Time difference method: add it to the horizontal area at 0:00 on the same side, and subtract it.

Determination of plus sign and minus sign: seek the positive sign to the east and the negative sign to the opposite direction.

International date line International: Go through the dotted line along the meridian 180, which is set to eliminate different results, because the earth date is spherical, and at the same time keep the same management and translation date on the Internet of 180.

The third section, the movement of the earth (revolution)

Overview orbit: ellipse, the sun was at a focus at the beginning of last month, at perihelion every year, and at apohelion in July.

Direction: from west to east

Angular velocity is faster every 59 days, and perihelion and apohelion are slower.

One lasts for a year, 6:09, about 365 days.

The ecliptic angle, the orbital plane that affects the earth's rotation is called the equatorial plane, and the other is called the ecliptic, the orbital plane of the earth's surface. The included angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane of the earth is called the ecliptic angle, which is about 23.5. It can also be said that the included angle between the earth axis and the ecliptic plane is about 66.5 degrees.

Because of the existence of the yellow-red angle where the direct sunlight point moves back and forth between the tropic of cancer. Due to the change of the sun's height at noon, the change of day and night, the change of length and season, the scope of geographical phenomena is divided.

Tropical north temperate zone, south temperate zone, north and south.

Five zoning boundaries: Tropic of Cancer, South Arctic Circle.

The return motion of the direct point of the sun

Reason: the existence of the intersection of yellow and red, the movement of the earth's revolution (rotation or revolution).

The solar term time (before and after) directly points to the position corresponding to the movement direction of this point.

Vernal equinox 2 1 Equator to North B.

June 22nd, summer solstice on the Tropic of Cancer.

Autumnal equinox September 23, equator south D

65438+February 22, winter solstice, Capricorn, Tropic of Cancer, north?

Changes in the height of the sun at noon:

Solar elevation angle: the concept of the solar angle relative to the height of the ground plane.

The geographical significance of the entire solar height at local time is 12 times, and the largest is called the noon solar height.

At noon in direct sunlight, the height of the sun gradually decreases parallel to the north and south sides.

Length of day and night: the hemisphere with direct sunlight, the hemisphere with all day, the higher the latitude.

The longer the day is, the extreme solar phenomenon in the polar circle may also appear in this area. On the contrary, in the case of the other hemisphere, the length of the equator exceeds the length of day and night, and there is basically no change.

Changing seasons: mid-latitude areas.

Seasonal changes are manifested in the length of a year, the seasonal changes of day and night, and the sunshine at noon. Summer is the peak of sunshine every day, and so is winter. Spring and autumn are transitional.

The fourth part is the structure of the earth

The outer circle of the earth

Divided into: p-wave seismic (P wave): solid and liquid diffuse faster.

Shear wave (shear wave): Only when it is solid, the propagation speed is slow.

Interface Moho surface: about 17km on average. On the surface, the propagation speed of P-wave and S-wave is obviously accelerated.

Gutenberg surface: About 2900 kilometers away from the surface, the propagation speed of longitudinal waves decreases and shear waves suddenly disappear.

Location: Shangmo Huomian

Thickness: the average variation is about 17 km; the continental area is about 33 km, and the extremely thick marine thin crust is about 6 km. The higher the height, the greater the thickness.

The widest? Distribution of the most abundant elements o, Si and aluminosilicate minerals in the earth's crust.

Structure: The small relative density distribution of the upper Si-Al layer is discontinuous.

Lower Si-Mg layer with continuous relative density.

Location: between Moho surface and Gutenberg surface

Upper mantle structure: solid characteristics, mainly composed of iron and magnesium silicate.

Mantle lower mantle

Lithosphere: The top of the crust and upper mantle (above the asthenosphere).

Asthenosphere: It is generally considered as one of the main sources of magma in the upper mantle.

Location: Below Gutenberg

The core contains iron and nickel under high temperature and pressure.

Structure: the outer core is in liquid or molten state.

The kernel is solid.

Second, the outer circle of the earth.

Atmospheric density increases with height. Generally, the altitude of 2000 to 3000 kilometers is the upper limit of the atmosphere.

The hydrosphere of liquid water, solid water and gaseous water. According to its location, it can be divided into seawater,

Land water, atmospheric water and aquatic organisms, land water is most closely related to human society.

Biosphere is the main body and the most active factor of the earth's ecosystem.

Chapter two, the movement of material and energy exchange in natural environment.

Material composition and material cycle of 1 joint crust

Crustal material composition

mineral

Concept: Minerals are the definitions of chemical composition and physical properties of simple materials or compounds.

Minerals: Useful minerals are rich in nature and have mining value, so they are called minerals.

Gases, such as natural gas

There are three liquid forms in minerals, such as petroleum and natural mercury.

Solids like chronotropic are characteristic of most minerals.

Mineral classification: ordinary metal ore, hematite and magnetite.

Common nonmetallic minerals, such as quartz, feldspar, mica and calcite, are the most important energy minerals and gem minerals.

Rock in (b)

Concept: the lithosphere (crust) of one or more minerals composed of a large number of solid mineral aggregates.

Magmatic rocks are condensed and can be divided into intrusive rocks, such as granite, extrusive rocks, rhyolite, andesite and basalt.

Classification: Sedimentary rocks are exposed after surface weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition and comprehensive diagenesis. Conglomerate, dolomite, limestone and sandstone.

Sedimentation has two prominent characteristics: bedding structure and fossils.

Metamorphism: The mineral composition formed due to the change of the existing conditions of rocks such as temperature and pressure, which leads to the original structure of rocks.

Such as gneiss, granite → limestone → marble, sandstone → quartz sand, shale → slate.

Crustal material cycle

geologic cycle

Concept: refers to the large-scale material circulation between lithosphere and asthenosphere.

Energy source: The energy to promote the geological cycle mainly comes from the heat generated by the decay of radioactive materials inside the earth.

Impact: Born in periodic geology, lithosphere, some places, and some places in the lithosphere.

Gradually disappear. With the change and continuous transformation of the crustal material form.

(b) altered rocks

Magma → Magma activity is accompanied by intrusion and ejection, and magma cools and solidifies. → Formation of sedimentary rocks: external forces formed by surface weathering, erosion, transportation, sedimentation and comprehensive diagenesis; Diagenesis → metamorphic rock: formed by metamorphism;

Rock → magma or high temperature in the deep crust and below the mantle melts the deep crust of new magma.

Section 2 Surface Morphology of the Earth

First, the surface morphology was changed.

The function of energy surface morphology in expression form

Internal forces act on internal crustal movement, magmatic activity and earthquakes, thus making the surface uneven.

External solar energy weathered, eroded, transported and accumulated, making the surface flat.

Secondly, the role of internal force and surface morphology.

(a) plate movement and macro topography

(1) The lithosphere consists of six plates, which are moving (moving or static).

(2) Rift plates will form a rift (collision or rift) when they move towards each other.

The mountains formed by the relative movement of plates will be collision (collision or rift) island arc trenches.

(3) China has become the world because there are many countries with frequent volcanoes and earthquakes: at the junction of Eurasian plate, Pacific plate and Indian plate, the crust is relatively active.

(2) Geological structure and surface morphology.

(1) A series of wavy folds: some rocks are curved. Formation: crustal movement, the role of internal forces.

Concave and convex form a so-called anticline, and the stratum is called syncline.

Principle of mountain syncline in valley anticline: the role of internal force.

The principle of anticline into valley and syncline into mountain: external force.

The reason is that the top of the anticline is tense, the rocks are broken, and it is easy to erode the surrounding area.

Mountain syncline: the bottom of syncline is squeezed, and the rock is hard and resistant to erosion.

(2) Failure: the stratum is obviously displaced. After the fracture, the reasons are crustal movement, pressure and tension.

On the upward side, there are often bases in Huashan, Lushan and Taishan.

On the opposite side is the graben formed by Weihe Valley and Turpan Basin.

In valleys and rivers where common faults are formed, the cause of faults is that rocks are broken and easily eroded.

(3) Water storage capacity of anticline and syncline reservoirs with practical guiding significance; The anticline goes through the tunnel because the anticline rocks arch upward, which conforms to the mechanical principle and is more durable and difficult to get out of the water.

(c) Volcanoes, earthquakes and topography

Third, external force and surface morphology.

Water erosion landform: gully landform in karst loess plateau.

Waterlogged landform: deltas near the estuary, rivers, alluvial plains formed by convex (concave, convex) banks in the middle and lower reaches,

Yamaguchi diluvial fan

Wind-eroded valleys, wind-eroded mushrooms.

Aeolian landform: the formation of sand dunes and loess plateau.

Atmospheric Environment Part III (I)-Tropospheric Heating Process

The vertical stratification of the atmosphere is based on the vertical differences of temperature, density and atmospheric motion.

Due to the heat in the troposphere, the troposphere temperature decreases with height. Clouds, rain, snow and other weather phenomena all occur on this floor, which is the closest relationship with people.

The stratospheric atmospheric temperature rises with the elevation, because a large amount of ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet rays from sunlight.

Suitable for high-altitude aircraft flight.

The upper atmospheric temperature of the upper atmosphere first decreases with the increase of height, reaches a certain height, and then rises rapidly.

Heating process of troposphere

Attenuation effect of atmospheric absorption of solar radiation: selectivity. Ozone in stratosphere absorbs ultraviolet rays; troposphere

Absorption infrared spectrum of water vapor and carbon dioxide;

Reflection: There is no choice.

Scattering: selective, blue light with shorter wavelength is most easily scattered.

Atmospheric insulation to the ground

Sun →→→→ Ground →→ Atmosphere →→→→ Space

The main influencing factors of ground radiation are latitude, underlying surface and meteorological factors.

The Third Atmospheric Environment (2)- Global Pressure Belt, Distributed Wind Belt and Movement

Second, the global pressure zone, the distribution and movement zone of wind.

(A) the formation principle of thermal cycle

Principle: the surface difference of distributed solar radiation leads to different areas at different temperatures, and the difference in the horizontal direction of air pressure leads to

Monopoly, resulting in atmospheric movement.

heat up

Formation: uneven cold and hot vertical movement →→→→→→ horizontal movement in the same horizontal plane.

cooling fin

Formation of thermal cycle

(b) the horizontal motion of the atmosphere

Horizontal pressure gradient force: the wind that drives the force (perpendicular to the pressure line, for example, pointing to low pressure and high pressure).

Coriolis force (the right side of the northern hemisphere is perpendicular to the wind direction and the left side of the southern hemisphere) is parallel to the wind direction and oblique to the isobar.

Friction: (in the direction opposite to the wind near the ground)

(c) Wind distribution of the global pressure zone

Formation factors: thermodynamic factors, such as equatorial pressure zone and low polarity high pressure zone.

Dynamic factors, such as subtropical low pressure and subtropical high pressure.

Low latitude circulation and trade winds (0? 30), mid-latitude circulation and westerlies (30? 60 )

High latitude circulation and polar easterly winds (60? 90 )。

Ground performance with 7 air pressure and 6 winds.

The equatorial low pressure, alternating pressure zone between high pressure and low pressure wind belt of the north-south symmetry axis.

(d) the pressure of global wind belt movement

The reason for the movement: the north-south movement in direct sunlight changes with the seasons.

The moving method is roughly that the northern hemisphere moves northward in summer and southward in winter. On the contrary, in the southern hemisphere,

The Third Atmospheric Environment (3)—— Influence of Air Pressure and Wind Climate

Influence of wind and climate in pressure area

(1) Atmospheric activity center of seasonal movement of pressure and wind belt

The thermal difference between land and sea affects the distribution of air pressure between land and sea.

The pressure in the northern hemisphere is divided into a series of high and low pressure centers, because there are large areas of continental and marine facies in the northern hemisphere.

Asian continent North Pacific, North Atlantic

In July, azores high, Asian Low (Indian Low) and Hawaiian High.

1 Asian hypertension (Mongolia-Siberia high) Aleutian low pressure Iceland low pressure

The pressure zone is basically distributed in the southern hemisphere, because the ocean area in the southern hemisphere is dominant.

(2) Seasonal movement of pressure belt and wind belt and monsoon circulation

The factors of monsoon circulation movement form: the distribution of land and sea, the season and position of air pressure and wind.

Concept: A widespread phenomenon that the prevailing wind season changes significantly. Is an important part of atmospheric circulation,

The monsoon circulation in East Asia and South Asia is the most typical.

Aleutian low of Asian winter high pressure flow, East Asia-Northwest monsoon

The Asian high is as low as the equator: the nature of the thermal difference between land and sea in the South Asia-Northeast monsoon.

Summer monsoon Hawaii high blows India low, East Asia-Southeast Asia monsoon.

The southeasterly trade winds in the southern hemisphere pass through the right side of the equator: south Asia-southwest monsoon-→ pressure zone,

Seasonal movement of wind belt

The Third Atmospheric Environment (IV) —— Common Weather System

Fourth, a common weather system.

Frontal system and weather

As shown in figure 1, air quality:

Concept: The device is located in the lower floor, and the relatively uniform physical property is that there is a large amount of air in a certain range in the horizontal direction.

Industry: Heating Group: Air quality is higher than ground temperature.

Cold air mass spectrometry: air quality below the bottom surface temperature.

2. Front-end system

Concept: the interface between cold and warm air masses

Classification concept transit weather examples of transit weather

Cold Front and Cold Air Quality Initiative

Warm moisture mass moves in cloudy days, wind, temperature, rainfall and other weather. After the rain area plummeted, the temperature and humidity in front increased and the weather turned fine in winter.

cold wave

A warm front advocating warm air quality

Before the cold air mass moves, the temperature rises, the air pressure drops, and the clouds and rain keep falling. The rain area before the rainstorm is in spring and south in summer.

(b) Low and high pressure systems and weather

1, low and high pressure systems and weather

Examples of air pressure in vertical motion and horizontal motion under weather conditions

Convergence around the cyclone low pressure center.

Typhoon rising in rainy season

The anticyclone high pressure center diverges outward.

Sink in the sunny late summer.

2. Frontal cyclone system and weather

Fourth, water-saving cycle and ocean current.

First of all, the circulation of water

Concept: the geographical environment and spatial position of water movement, and the changes of its movement state and physical state.

Under the gravity of the sun and the earth, solids, liquids and gases that absorb or release heat in the land, ocean and atmosphere between water are transformed into a whole balanced circular motion. The water cycle and the large-scale movement of surface materials have established various surface forms.

The arrow indicates the water circulation process: fill in the picture.

The process of water cycle is accompanied by large-scale transformation of energy, geographical environment and communication.

Water is a clean and renewable resource, and human beings can only increase or decrease each link of the water cycle through surface evaporation, artificial rainfall and inter-basin water transfer.

Second, ocean currents.

Concept: Ocean current, also known as ocean current, has a relatively stable passenger flow in a certain direction all year round.

Impact: The thermal environment mainly regulates the huge current system on the earth's surface and promotes the energy exchange between the high and low latitudes of the earth. The area between current and flow, and through energy exchange, change its environmental protection characteristics.

Distribution law:

The tropical and subtropical waters south of the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere are latitude 25? Ocean circulation at the center of 30, clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere. Cold ocean currents in the east and warm ocean currents in the west.

The central sub-polar ocean circulation in the middle and high latitudes of the northern hemisphere flows counterclockwise, and the other side of the eastern ocean is warm, which is formed by the cold front in the west.

West wind drift belongs to a cold current that naturally forms a global shape at the periphery of Antarctica.

(2) In addition to the motion forms of ocean currents, oceans, waves and tides.

The causes of ocean currents are wind current, density current and compensation current.

Formed a, b, c and d, due to the prevailing wind,

A and D are blown by mid-latitude westerly winds, while B and C are blown by low-latitude trade winds.

E and F are part of the equatorial ocean current at low latitudes, and they are cold currents in nature.

EF California Pacific cold current and Peru cold current.

E and F in the Atlantic Ocean are the cold Benguela cold current in Canary.

The first chapter is the complete difference between natural and geographical environment.

The change of natural geographical environment and the environmental change of 1 element.

I. Biological evolution, extinction and environment.

(1) Biological evolution and environmental changes

The development of chemical evolution on the earth's surface before the emergence of life.

After the emergence of life, biological evolution plays a very positive role in biological evolution.

A brief history of biological evolution and environment

The earliest life on earth is the biology of single-celled organisms in the ocean, collectively known as prokaryotes.

Among them, the evolution of surface environment, the generation and development of photosynthetic function in biological sense.

Released into the environment, because they produce a lot of free oxygen to change the nature of the atmosphere. From anaerobic, promote geographical environment

An important stage of environmental biological evolution, the future environment is based on aerobic environment.

After a long evolutionary history of about 2 billion years, it can be traced back to the evolution of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells about 654.38+400 million years ago.

On the one hand, through genetic variation, the ability of organisms to adapt to the environment is greatly enhanced; On the other hand, the photosynthesis of algae

The work efficiency is greatly improved, thus accelerating the ultraviolet radiation in the ocean and atmosphere and the accumulation of free oxygen in the sun.

The strength is greatly reduced, and the microorganisms in the living environment are expanded and improved.

Since the Paleozoic CAMBRIAN, a large number of invertebrates began to evolve the biological system on the earth's surface.

Animal development stage: Mesoproterozoic: animal reproduction, germination and early development stage (Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian) → Pre-Paleozoic marine invertebrate era → Late Paleozoic → Middle Paleozoic (Devonian) animal era → Mesozoic reptile era → Cenozoic tertiary mammal era → Cenozoic quaternary human era.

Plant development stages: Proterozoic and Early Paleozoic seaweeds → Middle Paleozoic spore plants → Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic gymnosperms → Late Mesozoic angiosperms.

(b) Environmental change and biological extinction

Paleozoic and Mesozoic are the two most important global extinction periods in geological history.

In the Late Paleozoic, the sea level rose, more than 60% of invertebrate species became extinct, all primitive fish, vertebrates and ancient amphibians became extinct, and ferns decreased obviously.

At the end of Mesozoic, except for dinosaurs, there was no sudden flameout, and marine invertebrate species were extinct by more than 50%.

Second, the impact of human activities on the environment.

① Human beings are very special geographical and environmental factors.

Human's natural and geographical environment, geographical environment, one of the elements of products. Consciously adapting and transforming nature, making it more suitable for human survival, and improving the ability to adapt and transform consciousness are the most remarkable characteristics that distinguish human beings from other geographical features.

Since the industrial revolution, great changes have taken place in human natural environment.

Advantages: improving the ecological environment, resource development and social benefits.

Disadvantages: it brings all kinds of damage to the natural environment and even endangers human survival. For example, human burning fossil fuels, deforestation and other gases are discharged into the atmosphere, which has changed the atmosphere and operation mode, resulting in an unprecedented increase in the global average temperature and a large number of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, ozone and freon.

(3) Human beings must respect and abide by the legal nature, prevent over-exploitation activities from inducing and aggravating the damage to the natural environment, and pay attention to coordinating social, economic, environmental and ecological protection.

Section 2 Integrity of Natural and Geographical Environment

Integrity of functional natural geographical environment,

Natural geographical environment, lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, PEDOSPHERE, biosphere and human sphere are interrelated and interact to form an organic whole.

Performance: the interrelation and interaction between a part of each element and the whole of other elements.

Performance: the change of one element will lead to the change of other elements, even the overall change.

Performance: the change of one factor has certain influence on the natural geographical environment of other regions.

Second, the interaction of physical and geographical features.

(a) pedogenic parent material and soil

1, the parent material of soil-forming refers to weathered rock. This is the initial state of soil, the material basis of soil formation and the original source of plant mineral nutrients.

As shown in Figure 2, the parent material of soil is closely related to particle size and soil texture. More silt and clay, less sediment.

Coarse-grained soil parent material: generally rough in texture, containing a small amount of sand, silt and clay.

Soil: developed eluvial deposits, rocky.

Soil texture layer forming alluvial fan and alluvial layer.

3. The chemical composition of the parent material put into the soil largely determines the chemical elements and nutrients in the soil.

Soil quality of basic parent rocks: iron, magnesium, manganese and calcium content.

Basic substances of soil acid rocks: content of silicon, sodium and potassium.

Climate and soil

Direct influence: climate directly affects the hydrothermal conditions of soil and the nature and intensity of soil physical and chemical processes through the exchange of water and heat between soil and atmosphere.

2, indirectly through the influence of rock weathering process, external topography, plants, animals and microorganisms: climate.

Activities indirectly affect the formation and development of soil.

(3) Biological soil

Biological soil organic matter is the most active factor in the process of soil formation. The formation of soil fertility is closely related to biological function.

(4) topography and soil

Mainly through the redistribution of matter and energy, it indirectly acts on soil topography.

1, altitude and soil: In mountainous areas, due to the vertical changes of temperature, precipitation and humidity, different vertical climatic zones and vegetation zones are formed, resulting in different compositions and physical and chemical properties of soil.

There is an obvious vertical change.

2. Slope and aspect and soil slope and aspect may change hydrothermal conditions and vegetation, thus affecting the developed soil.

The movement speed of loose material eroded by slope depends on soil thickness.

Steep, shallow and fast

The slower the depth of the plate is.

Humidity state under wide temperature condition

Solar radiation and temperature conditions on sunny slopes. Under harsh conditions, water will evaporate.

Tree-lined hillsides receive less solar radiation and temperature conditions. The evaporation water ratio is small, and it is in good condition.

(e) Human activities and soil

Human production activities mainly change the formation of soil by changing soil-forming factors, thus changing the formation and evolution of the most significant influence of surface biological state.