How high is the Monument to the People's Heroes?

1On September 30th, 949, the first plenary session of China People's Political Consultative Conference decided to build a monument to the people's heroes in the capital, Beijing, to commemorate the people's heroes who died in the People's Liberation War and the People's Revolution. At 6 o'clock in the afternoon, all CPPCC representatives held a groundbreaking ceremony for the monument in the front square of Tiananmen Square. By 1952, outstanding architects and experts from all over the country had designed more than 100 patterns, which were summarized and revised into final patterns after the relevant parties solicited opinions from people from all walks of life in various ways. The monument was officially started on August 1952, completed on April 22/958, and grandly unveiled on May 1 of the same year.

The Monument to the People's Heroes is square with a building area of 3,000 square meters. It is divided into three parts: pedestal, Mount Sumi and monument, with a total height of 37.94 meters.

The Monument to the People's Heroes is located in the center of Tiananmen Square, about 463 meters south of Tiananmen Square and 440 meters north of Zhengyangmen. Magnificent, with China's unique national style. In the square, it forms a harmonious, consistent and complete building complex with Tiananmen Square and Zhengyangmen Gate. The total height of the monument is 37.94 meters. The base is divided into upper and lower floors, surrounded by white marble railings and surrounded by steps. The lower base is begonia-shaped, with a width of 50.44m from east to west and a length of 61.54m from north to south. The upper base is square, and there are two layers of Sumi Mountain on the base. The waist of the lower Sumi Mountain-shaped base is inlaid with eight huge white marble reliefs. The themes are the destruction of opium in Humen, jintian uprising, Wuchang Uprising, May 4th Movement, May 30th Movement, Nanchang Uprising, Anti-Japanese Guerrilla War, and the victory of crossing the river. There are two other reliefs on both sides with the themes of "supporting the front line" and "welcoming the China People's Liberation Army" respectively. The relief is 2 meters high and 4.68 meters long, and more than 170 characters are carved, vividly and generally showing the great historical facts of the people's revolution in China in the past century.

The evolution of Beijing's urban height

Since the Liao Dynasty established its capital, Beijing has experienced four dynasties, namely Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing, and is the feudal capital of the Five Dynasties. 1949 became the capital of People's Republic of China (PRC), which is a famous historical and cultural city. In the past 1000 years, the urban landscape of Beijing has undergone earth-shaking changes. The changes of urban population, urban structure and urban area have become the context of urban development. This paper only discusses the high evolution of urban architecture to get a glimpse of the development of Beijing.

The skyline of the imperial capital

Because of its long history, Liaoning's city scale, imperial city and palaces can only be understood from historical documents and scattered traces. At present, we only know that the scale of Youzhou City in the Tang Dynasty has been basically maintained, and the Imperial City is located in the southwest corner of the city. The main hall is Yuanhe Hall, where the emperors of Liao Dynasty held ceremonies, received congratulations from officials and postponed examinations. It was one of the tallest buildings at that time, and there were other buildings such as Liangqingtang, Jianingtang and Zhaoqing Hall.

In the first year of Zhenyuan (1 153), Beijing became the capital of gold, and the imperial city was built in the city, occupying the most prominent position in the city. This was the first time that the idea of imperial power was embodied and fully expressed in the urban layout of Beijing. There are four doors in Miyagi. The main entrance is yingtianmen. The building is 8 feet high with four corners stacked. The roof is covered with glazed tiles. The main entrance of the imperial city, Yang Xuanmen, is further south of yingtianmen. "There are heavy buildings on it and the system is grand."

After Mongolian cavalry captured the capital of the Jin Dynasty, the imperial palace of the Jin Dynasty was burned to ashes, and a generation of palaces were in ruins. Forty years later, in the first year of China's reunification (1620), Kublai Khan came to Beijing and began to build a metropolis. According to Kao Gong Ji, this is the first time in Beijing's history to build a brand-new city. The main buildings are Miyagi, Long Fu Palace and Shengxing Palace. The main hall of Miyagi is Daming Hall, which is located on the central axis of the city. The base of the hall is 10 feet high, and the hall is 90 feet high with three steps. It is the tallest and most magnificent building in Miyagi.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the walls and towers of Beijing were built of bricks and stones. The inner wall is 35 feet 5 inches high, 1 1.36 meters high, and the castellated wall is 5 feet 8 inches high, 1.86 meters high and 13.22 meters high. The outer wall is 20 feet high, 6.4 meters high, 4 feet high, 1.28 meters high and 7.68 meters high. There are 9 gates in the inner city and 7 gates in the outer city. The tallest tower is Zhengyangmen Tower.

These buildings are set off more prominently by ordinary houses in the inner and outer cities of Beijing. Before the Ming Dynasty, there were strict regulations on architectural styles and laws. During the Qingming period, the height of the first city, the height of the foundation and the decoration of the house were strictly restricted. Apart from being slightly higher than ordinary houses, it is still much lower than royal buildings, and it is absolutely not allowed to exceed the regulations. In the fourth year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1647), Prince Zheng was fined 2,200 taels of silver for "Wang Dian's transgression". There are almost no ordinary quadrangles and large courtyards more than 5 meters long, and only hard mountains and rolled roofs can be built. It is precisely because of the low level of these houses that the height of royal buildings is well set off.

Old Beijing has two commanding heights, Qionghua Island in Beihai and Jingshan. Qionghua Island is located in Taiye Pool of Beihai Park, with an area of 6.5 hectares, a mountain height of 32.8 meters and a circumference of 19 13 meters. The stone tablet of Qiongdao Chunyin written by Qianlong is one of the "Eight Scenes of Yanshan Mountain". Jingshan is 45.7 meters high (now 42.6 meters). According to records, there were Buddha statues standing in five pavilions on the mountain. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the tallest building in the south of the city was the Hall of Praying for the New Year in the Temple of Heaven, with a height of 37.2 meters. This hall is located on a circular white marble pedestal, covering an area of over 5,900 square meters. The base is divided into three layers and is 5.2 meters high.

Judging from the above structure, the reason why it is tall is mostly closely related to maintaining the status of imperial power. In this atmosphere, the special status of the emperor came into being.

From the Liao Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the high-rise buildings with certain practical value in Beijing now seem to be the Bell Tower and Drum Tower. The Bell Tower is located on the central axis of Beijing, about 65,438+000 meters north of the Drum Tower. The building is 33 meters high and 47.9 meters high. The copper clock that tells the time is hung upstairs. This bell tower was built in Beijing in the 9th year of Yuan Dynasty (1272). In the 18th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1240), the bell tower was rebuilt at its present site, but it was quickly destroyed by fire. The bell tower was rebuilt in the tenth year of Qing Qianlong (1745), and the whole building was changed to masonry structure. It was repaired many times later. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the big bronze bell hung on the bell tower was rung once every morning and evening to show the city. Drum Tower is located on the central axis of Beijing, at the intersection of Gulou East Street and Di 'anmenwai Street. Together with the bell tower, it became the time center of Beijing in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. "Night drum and morning bell" keeps the whole city in order. The Drum Tower is 46.7 meters high and has stone steps inside. Climb 69 stone steps to the second floor. The third layer is the dark layer. The whole building is located on a masonry abutment about 4 meters high. On the second floor of the Drum Tower, there is a time-telling instrument-Genggu. It has 25 original faces, including 1 of the big drum and 24 faces of the small drum (representing 24 solar terms in 1). At present, only one side of the drum is left, with a diameter of about1.5m. It is made of all cowhide, but the drum surface is covered with knife marks, which was made by the Japanese army when Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing in the 26th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1.900).

The ancient observatory located in the southwest of Jianguomen overpass in Dongcheng District, Beijing also has certain practical value. During the feudal dynasty and Beiyang government in Ming and Qing Dynasties, he was engaged in astronomical and meteorological observation for about 500 years. The platform is about15m high, and the top surface of the platform is about 3m higher than the city wall. This was the most important observatory in China at that time.

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The ancient city of Beijing was carefully planned and built. In Beijing, the residential buildings are all gray squares, which just reflects the grandeur of royal architecture, which is also the characteristic of the architectural layout of the ancient capital Beijing.

In the division and understanding of the architectural height of the ancient capital Beijing, it is worth noting that the distribution characteristics of the commanding heights are outstanding, creating a spatial pattern of "gentle and open, symmetrical and orderly, orderly rhythm and rich outline". "Smooth and open" refers to the Forbidden City, the center of the old city, surrounded by extremely open skies. "Symmetry" means that the highest and most important structures are penetrated by the north-south central axis of the city, and other structures such as archways and gates are symmetrically distributed on both sides of the axis. Low buildings set off the tall Miyagi and form a complete urban pattern. "Orderly rhythm" means that the distribution of these high points is very regular. The inner gate is higher than the outer gate, and the watchtower is slightly lower than the corresponding watchtower. Residential buildings, shops and archways also have different heights, which are roughly 5m,10m, 12 to13m respectively, with distinct priorities. "On the richness of corridors" means that Beijing's rich urban landscape is composed of palaces, universes, towers, archways and other architectural forms. This is undoubtedly of great significance for us to protect the style of Beijing's ancient capital.

Changed city

After the Opium War, especially in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, Beijing changed from a feudal city to a modern city. Imperial power is no longer supreme, and dignitaries can express their status and preferences through various architectural forms according to their own will and methods; Foreign forces are becoming more and more powerful in China, and western architectural forms, methods, technologies and materials are introduced into Beijing with the breaking of the closure.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, under the influence of several unequal treaties, foreign countries built offices and hotels such as embassies, banks and other facilities in the inner city of Beijing and even the downtown area. After the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty", foreign powers built a large number of new buildings, which changed the traditional form in the past, mostly two-story and three-story buildings, mainly represented by Dongjiaominxiang area. The buildings in this area are highly fluctuating, which shows the firmness and durability of western masonry buildings.

These foreign-style buildings have appeared in this area, which have changed the previous square quadrilateral form and increased the height of this area as a whole, but they have not tilted the city. Only in Beijing, there have been architectural groups with different architectural styles from the Northern Forbidden City, that is, western-style long and narrow buildings.

During that time, although the buildings in Dongjiaominxiang were conventional and insignificant compared with Amethyst City, the construction of Jinghua Hotel was extraordinary. At that time, the whole thing Chang 'an Avenue was surrounded by gray squares as a foil to the Forbidden City, and the construction of Beijing Hotel, which is less than 5 kilometers away from Tiananmen Square, really stood out from the crowd in terms of its form and scale. Beijing Hotel began to build a five-story brick-wood western-style building on the original site of the East Building of Beijing Hotel in 1903, and completed it in 1907. 19 17, the middle building of Beijing Hotel was built on the west side today. Designed by the French, underground 1 floor, 7 floors above ground. The height of the whole building reaches 36 meters, which exceeds the height of Tiananmen Square (33.7 meters). The appearance of this building is unprecedented in the history of Beijing's urban construction in terms of architectural structure, architectural purpose, architectural mode and architectural form, and it can already compete with traditional buildings in Beijing in terms of architectural height. It has a certain influence on the layout of Beijing, and a new commanding height has emerged in Beijing. Therefore, the appearance of Beijing Hotel Tower is a milestone in the height of Beijing.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, brick-concrete houses began to appear in Beijing. One of the most representative is the New World Shopping Mall located in the north of Hufang Road. Early years of the Republic of China. Kyoto City Hall plans to open up a new urban area. In the third year of the Republic of China (19 14), the new world shopping mall was built in imitation of Shanghai's "Great World" amusement park, with four floors and three minarets on the front, with a total height of more than 20 meters. In the sixth year of the Republic of China (19 14), Toutiao Mountain in Langfang outside Qianmen was rebuilt. This is a four-story building with brick wall and steel roof truss structure, imitating the western architectural form. In addition, there are many hotels with two or three floors of wood and masonry structures in the Dashilan area of Qianmen. Among them, the second hotel in Meishi Street is a three-story wooden hotel, and some restaurants are also two-story buildings, but the height is above 15 meters.

Qianmen Railway Station can also be called a relatively tall building in the early years of the Republic of China. Located in the east of Zhengyangmen Arrow Tower, with a building area of 3,500 square meters and a rectangular plane. The main building has two floors, with brick wall columns and wood truss, corrugated iron roof, and the fence is alternately treated with red brick and cement plastering. Now only the bell tower part and the two-story office building in the north connected with it are left.

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At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Beijing's architectural style and form began to get rid of the shackles of traditional forms. In the process of large-scale construction, it shows the incomparable power of foreign powers, and some old and new dignitaries get carried away. Beijing's civil engineering has entered a disorderly state, and some architectural forms different from Beijing's traditional buildings have begun to appear. However, most of the buildings do not exceed the height of the original royal buildings, so no matter how much their form and scale change, they will not affect the urban architectural pattern.

New Beijing under the blue sky

From 65438 to 0949, Beijing became the capital of new China and began to move in a brand-new direction. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the center of gravity of Beijing has been the Forbidden City, and the trend of the whole city has radiated outward along this axis. After the founding of New China, the nature of the city has changed fundamentally, and the urban layout has been significantly adjusted: Tiananmen Square, as the center of Beijing, was rebuilt after 1950. The buildings in the square not only have a certain height, but also stand tall against the 40.5-hectare square.

1958 the great hall of the people, which started construction, is in the shape of a mountain with the highest point of 56.5 meters. This height exceeds the height of all the buildings in the Forbidden City in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The China Museum of History and Chinese Revolution, which was built almost at the same time, corresponds to the Great Hall of the People and is 33 meters high. The Monument to the People's Heroes is located 463 meters north of Tiananmen Square, with a total height of 37.94 meters from the ground of the square to the top of the monument.

These buildings are not only large in floor-area ratio's old Forbidden City complex, but also innovative in architectural form, with the building height exceeding that of the old buildings in the past, which fundamentally changed the whole urban pattern of Beijing.