How to cultivate peach seedlings (peach seedling seed treatment technology)

Nursery land should be selected on sandy loam with flat terrain, sunny lee, deep soil layer, loose texture and good drainage; Adequate water resources, convenient irrigation, low groundwater level, below 1 m, suitable for neutral or slightly acidic soil; Avoid continuous cropping, perennial lettuce and forest nursery.

2. Cultivation of rootstock seedlings

(1) Rootstock type: The most commonly used rootstocks in production are peaches and peaches. Peach has wide adaptability and strong growth potential, can adapt to the warm and humid climate in the south and the cold and arid areas in the north, and has strong grafting affinity with peach varieties. Therefore, Maotao is a widely used rootstock in the north and south of China, but it is not tolerant to waterlogging. Peach has strong adaptability, drought tolerance, cold tolerance and salt tolerance, and has strong grafting affinity with peach varieties, but it is afraid of waterlogging. Peach is not suitable for planting in areas where the groundwater level is above 1 m, and yellow leaf disease, nodule disease and neck rot are easy to occur. In addition to peaches and mountain peaches, plums and apricots are also used as rootstocks, but they are prone to late incompatibility.

(2) Seed treatment: The germination of peach and apricot seeds needs a period of post-ripening, which requires low temperature, humidity and ventilation. Sowing in autumn can realize after-ripening in nursery. If you sow in spring, you should use sand storage method to meet the requirements of seeds for post-ripening conditions, otherwise the seeds will not germinate or grow short. The suitable temperature for sand storage is 2C~7C, the sand storage time is 60~90 days, the ratio of seeds to sand is 1: (5 ~ 10), and the humidity of sand is more than 60% of its water holding capacity, or it is appropriate to hold it in a ball by hand without dripping.

(3) Soil preparation before sowing: The nursery soil preparation of peach trees should be 30-35cm deep, and the soil with poor fertility should be combined with deep tillage to apply foot fertilizer and organic fertilizer per mu. 2000 kg, 20 kg of calcium superphosphate, and then open a drainage ditch as a frame, which is generally 10 m long and 1.2 m wide.

(4) Sowing: The sowing period of peach rootstock seeds can be divided into autumn sowing and spring sowing. Autumn sowing will be carried out in June11~ June 65438+February (before the soil freezes). Seeds don't need to be layered, but because the seed shell is hard and needs more water, the seeds should be soaked before sowing. The method is to soak the seeds in clear water for 3-5 days, stir them three times a day and change the water for 2-3 times. You can also put the seeds in sacks and soak them in flowing river water for 3-5 days. Autumn sowing seeds emerge early in the second year, and the seedlings grow fast and have strong disease resistance. However, in places with heavy wind and sand in winter, the soil moisture is unstable, and the soil layer is easy to freeze and crack, which is not suitable for autumn sowing, and spring sowing is safer. It is appropriate to use "vernal equinox" solar terms before and after the spring sowing date. Spring sowing has fast germination, neat emergence and high emergence rate. However, due to the late sowing and low temperature, the seedlings grow weakly after being unearthed.

Before sowing, in addition to leveling the nursery and applying sufficient fertilizer, water should be poured. After ditching, wide and narrow rows are generally used for sowing, and the spacing of stay wires is standardized. 50~60 cm wide and 20~30 cm narrow, with 4 rows on each side. The width of sowing ditch is about 10 cm and the depth is 6~ 10 cm. Sow in the sowing ditch according to the plant spacing of 10~ 15 cm. If the seed begins to germinate, the radicle of the seed will be gently put down when sowing. After sowing, cover the seed ditch with soil in time (the thickness should be 3 times of the seed diameter). In order to reduce soil moisture evaporation, prevent soil hardening and raise ground temperature, a plastic film should be covered on the border after sowing. There are 200-400 peaches per kilogram of seeds, and the sowing amount per mu is 30-40 kilograms; There are 260-600 seeds per kilogram of mountain peaches, and the sowing amount per mu is 20-30 kilograms. 6000~8000 seedlings per mu.

(5) rootstock seedling management: after the seedlings are unearthed, loosen the soil and weed in time. After the seedlings are unearthed neatly (2 leaves 1 heart), the plastic film should be uncovered in time. When the seedlings grow 3~4 true leaves, they can be fixed between seedlings with a spacing of about 20 cm. When the soil in the nursery is dry, it is necessary to spray water for thinning seedlings, and a small amount of quick-acting fertilizer can be mixed with watering. In order to make the rootstock seedlings grow thicker and reach the grafting thickness of that year, when the seedlings grow to 45 cm high, they can be pitted. The coring period before bud grafting is about 1 month, and the secondary branches at the base should be cut off. At the same time, attention should be paid to the prevention and control of pests and diseases throughout the growing season.

3. Cultivation of grafted seedlings

(1) Collection, storage and transportation of scions: According to the principle of variety division, select varieties suitable for local production, peach trees with strong tree vigor, pure varieties, high yield and no pests and diseases as cutting mother trees, and select fully developed new shoots or annual branches from the periphery of the cutting mother tree crown as scions. If it is bud grafting, use the new shoots of that year and cut off the leaves.

Pieces, leaving about 65438±0cm petiole, bundled according to the variety, and labeled, indicating the variety, collection location, date, quantity, etc. Generally speaking, it is best to use scions with buds at harvest. If you can't graft temporarily, you can insert it into wet sand for preservation, or hang it above well water, and you can't immerse it in water. Scions that need to be shipped abroad are wrapped in wet gauze or straw bags and can be transported.

(2) Grafting method:

1) Bud grafting: Because of its simple operation, scion saving and high survival rate, it is widely used in seedling raising. The budding period is generally from June to September, and the "T" shape or "one point and one horizontal" budding method is mainly adopted. See the introduction for specific methods. In order to ensure the smooth grafting, weeds should be removed before grafting, and in order to make the rootstock cortex easy to peel off, 1 double water should be poured 3~4 days before grafting.

In order to shorten the period of seedling raising and realize sowing, grafting and leaving the nursery in the same year, the following technical measures can be taken: (1) Select fertile land, apply sufficient fertilizer, sow in time, cover with plastic film, etc. To promote the early growth of rootstock seedlings and make them reach the grafting thickness as soon as possible; ② Early grafting. Grafting at the end of May and the beginning of June. After the bud survives, the branches above the grafted bud are broken to promote the germination of the grafted bud. When the grafted bud grows to about 10 cm, the branches on the rootstock gradually taper to ensure the vigorous growth of the grafted bud. ③ Strengthen management. After bud growth, strengthen fertilizer and water management, timely topdressing and irrigation to promote seedling growth. In the first half of September, control fertilizer and water to inhibit growth. Seedlings that have not stopped growing are enucleated to promote seedling maturity. Pay attention to the prevention and control of pests and floating dust after autumn.

(2) Grafting: In spring, the juice of the rootstock begins to flow out, and the buds on the scion have not germinated yet. Generally, from late March to early April, the methods of grafting include cutting, splitting, abdominal grafting and subcutaneous grafting. See the introduction for specific operations.

(3) Management of grafted seedlings:

1) Unbinding: 15~20 days after budding, check the survival situation. If there are fresh buds and the petiole falls off immediately after touching, it means survival. It can be unbound after about 1 month, and the unconnected can be repaired in time. Grafted seedlings can be untied after survival.

2) Cutting the rootstock to remove tillers: Before budding in spring, the rootstock should be cut at about 65,438 0 cm above budding, with a smooth incision and a slight inclination to the back of budding, so as to facilitate the joint healing and make the seedlings grow upright. After cutting the rootstock, remove the sprouts from the rootstock in time.

3) Stapling: In order to prevent the bud from breaking, when the bud grows to 30 cm high, stake the new bud.

4) Fertilization, irrigation and intertillage weeding: In order to promote the growth of seedlings, topdressing and irrigation should be carried out in time according to the growth of seedlings, and intertillage weeding should be carried out in time to keep the soil loose.

5) Pest control: In order to ensure the healthy growth of seedlings, all kinds of pests and diseases should be controlled in time.