Ancient salute of the first son to his elders

The arching of the hand is also known as "arching" or "bowing". It is the social etiquette of Han Fang. When you meet, you hold your hands together and raise them in front of you to greet each other. This custom has been practiced since ancient times. Originally, it was probably done in imitation of a slave with a yoke, meaning that he or she was the slave of the other party and was at his or her beck and call. Today, some elderly people also perform this salute. It is also practiced at martial arts competitions, street performances, and when actors and actresses appear on stage.

Nine guests Nine guests is China's ancient diplomacy on the most solemn rituals, there are nine welcome guests to praise the ceremony of the official emcee salute, and the extension of the introduction of the temple.

Taking off the hat salute This etiquette comes from the Cold War era, at that time, the war are to wear helmets, helmets are made of iron, very heavy. When a warrior arrived at a safe place, the first thing he did was to take off his helmet in order to reduce the heavy burden. The removal of the helmet means that there is no hostility, such as to the friend's home, in order to show friendship, also to take off the helmet to show their greetings. This custom has been passed down to the present day as the "Hat Removal Salute".

To this day, the hat-taking ceremony is rare in the United States, partly because social etiquette has become less strict and partly because people don't wear hats as much. In the 1950s, however, it was still common for men to doff their hats to women, both indoors and in elevators. (In 1949, the earliest known code of elevator etiquette stated that countless women complained that men always hit their heads when they saluted in crowds, so men should stop taking off their hats.) But in the 18th century, it was considered impolite to wear a hat indoors. Men should take off their hats when they greeted the ladies, and then they should put them back on. The reasons for doing so were all too simple. First, for most of history, hats were a marker of class and a visible sign of social status. The tradition of wearing hats dates back to the time of ancient Rome. Back then, a cap on the head was a sign of social or political superiority. Secondly, it would be inconvenient to draw a sword if you grasped your hat in your hand.

Just as the alteration of something on the head signaled some kind of superiority, the absence of a cap signaled some kind of subservience. Since the early Middle Ages, the removal of a hat - whether that hat was made of cloth or metal - signaled obedience. The original significance of this custom is reflected in expressions such as with hat in hand, meaning "to ...... worship, to do as one is told, to do what one is told, to do what one is told, to do what one is told, to do what one is told"; I take my hat off to him. "I take my hat off to him.

Taking off the shoes and socks One of the ancient rites of passage. Before the Sixth Dynasty, when utensils were not available, people sat on the ground and spread mats, so they had to take off their shoes outdoors before entering a room to keep it clean. Etiquette, the courtier to see the king must also barefoot, puisne see the prime minister, must go to track, show respect. As for the court and sacrificial rites, the routines are barefoot socks. Wei and Jin people like to sit on the bed, sitting, not wearing socks. Only monarchs treated important ministers favorably, such as the early Han Dynasty, when Xiao He was specially ordered to "go to the temple with his sword on his feet". Down and six dynasties, plus nine tin of powerful ministers, the Duke, position in the group above the ministers, is about to change the dynasty, the emperor is also more licensed to "sword on the temple, praise and worship not name", as a preferential treatment. To the Tang Dynasty, the ordinary into the court, have been wearing shoes or boots, only sacrifice still have bare feet with socks off as the most respectful. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty. Lian female biography": "Sacrifice for the cantonment lieutenant, the law when the death, (Cai) Wen Ji to Cao Cao please. At the time of the Secretary and the far-flung make the post sit in the hall, fuck said guests: 'Cai Bo Harmony female outside, today for all of you to see.' And Wen Ji into, puffy head in vain, kowtow to ask for sin, the tone of speech clear defense, the purpose is very sour decline, all of them for the change of appearance ...... Cao feel his words, is to pursue the original sacrifice (Dong Sisi, Wen Ji husband) sin. When and cold, given to the turban crawl socks." Walking in vain, i.e., walking barefoot. Zhao Yi (赵翼), "The New Yu Congkao. Taking off the stockings and boarding the table": "The ancients took barefooting as the highest respect." And "Wearing Boots": "In ancient times, taking off one's socks was the highest form of respect, then taking off one's shoes instead of taking off one's socks, then taking off one's shoes instead of taking off one's shoes, and finally taking off one's boots as a court dress, and taking off one's shoes as a profane dress. It is a great disrespect to enter the court and meet the governor with shoes on, no matter how tricky it is to meet them." The "profane clothes," casual clothes.

Kneeling Rites In some plays and movies reflecting ancient history, we often see ancient people performing kneeling rites. Why did such a life ritual arise? This starts from the material conditions and living habits of the ancient people.

China had no formal stools and chairs before the Han Dynasty. People in the eating, deliberating, reading, only in the ground with a reed, bamboo and other woven cushioning utensils, that is, mat, people sit on the mat, so called "sitting on the ground". If the guest is invited to sit on the seat, the mat will be padded with an extra layer of mat to show respect. Even the supreme ruler of the court is also "sitting on the ground", however, the things to sit on than the ordinary people some good, such as the Zhou Dynasty each time the great Hajj, five of the seats, with embroidered black and white axe-shaped screen, the screen in front of the South laying Guanchu grass made of mats, plus the top of the colorful bushels and peach branches of bamboo mats, the left and right set of Yu'er, for the king to rely on.

So, the ancient so-called "sitting" posture, and our modern "sitting" is completely different. When you sit, you need to have both knees on the ground, and then sit your buttocks on top of your heels, with your feet pointing outward and backward. The "sitting" of the ancients was in fact the kneeling we do now. In the reception of guests, whenever "sitting" to thank the guests, in order to show respect, often straighten the upper body, that is, "to lead the body up", so that the sitting into kneeling, and then bent down, so, gradually formed the daily life of kneeling ceremony.

The ancients believed that not kneeling is not called worship. Worship, in ancient times, means to perform a salute. In accordance with the provisions of the Zhou dynasty etiquette, the action of kneeling and the object, made a strict specification, *** sub稽首、顿首、空首, known as "worship". The bowing ceremony, the worshiper must bend the knee to kneel, left hand by the right hand, support on the ground, and then, slowly kowtow to the ground, kowtow for a long time, the hand in front of the knee, the head in the hand, this is the "nine worship" in the heaviest etiquette. This is the most important of the "Nine Worships". It is generally used for courtiers to pay homage to the king and to offer sacrifices to their ancestors. (Later, it was used for monks to raise one hand in salute to the people, also known as "bowing".)

This is the most important of the "nine prostrations".

When performing the "dun shou" salute, the other salutes are the same as the "qi shou" salute, but the difference is that the salute must be bowed sharply, with the forehead touching the ground. It is generally used for the salutation of the lower to the upper. ("Dunshou" was later used at the beginning or the end of letters, and also at the beginning and the end, to show respect to others).

When the empty head salute is performed, both knees are on the ground, both hands are arched together, and the head is bent down to the hands, and the heart is flat but not on the ground, so it is called "empty head", also known as "worshiping the hands". This is the "nine worship" in the men's kneeling ceremony of a kind.

Others such as vibration, not only to kneel and bow, after worship but also "踊", that is, jumping and dancing, generally in the funeral, the worshiper is often pounding the chest, feet, jumping and crying, expressed extreme sadness, fierce worship, that is, the salute, the first bow, after the empty head; auspicious worship, then in the salute, the first empty head, after the first bow; strange worship, odd odd for the odd, that is, one worship; praise worship, that is, the empty head, the first empty head, the first empty head, the first empty head, the first empty head. One worship; praise worship, i.e., worship again, three worship. In ancient times, the second worship is the most important.

Su worship, is a kind of ancient women's kneeling ceremony. Kneeling knees, both hands to the ground, then arching, while lowering the head to the hand, so also known as "hand worship". Su, hand to the ground means. So later in the exchange of letters, in order to show respect for each other, often on the "honorary". Women's bowing is also called "duansu", which is derived from this.

After the Han Dynasty. Only gradually have high seats, stools and chairs have been introduced, people no longer "sit on the ground", thus making the original life of the "kneeling" has changed a lot. But the kneeling ceremony still exists, but has become a sign of hierarchical differences, mainly widely used in the officialdom. Such as courtiers worship the emperor, small officials worship big officials, lackeys worship masters and so on. Sometimes all have to perform three kowtow nine worship. In folklore, such as rituals, birthday and other customs, still passed down from generation to generation. Later, and then added to play a thousand (salute when the left knee bends forward, the right leg bent back, the upper body slightly forward, the right hand down), make a bow (two hands together, arching as a gift), bowing (bending over to salute) and other etiquette, until the victory of the Xinhai Revolution, with the thousands of years of feudal monarchy overthrown, only to end the kneeling ritual, today in the worship of God, ancestor worship is still a residue.

Thousand originally Manchu ceremonial customs, and later was the Qing Dynasty men to the people of the rituals notified at the time of the invitation. Popular throughout the country. When performing the salute, the left knee is bent forward, the right leg is bent backward, the upper body is slightly bent forward, the right hand is down, is a kind of etiquette between bowing and kneeling.

"Playing the thousand" is a ritual that the Xibo people often perform in their daily lives. It has been passed down from ancient times to the present day. Normally, the younger generation will perform this salute when they see their elders, and the children will perform this salute when they see their parents after a long time of separation. In addition, this salute is also performed between the elderly, but the difference is that when one party hits a thousand to the other party, the other party also hits a thousand at the same time, i.e., "answering a thousand", whereas when young people "hit a thousand" to the elders, the elders just utter a sound and then answer the question. The elders just uttered a sound even if the salute. The Xibo people's "playing a thousand" ritual is only limited to the use of their own people, women also can not do this ritual, but the male elders to the same generation of women to perform this ritual, the other side must also make "playing a thousand" style should be salute.

Kneeling and kowtowing is a major ritual, which is not practiced except on major occasions such as weddings, funerals, festivals and sacrifices. General meeting, shaking hands between peers, the elders are still playing a thousand rites.

The Siberian people pay the most attention to the tone of speech, its proverb says: "good words bad in tone." Responding to the gas, otherwise you will be blamed and talked about everywhere.

In the traditional virtues of the Sibe people, respect for the elderly and love for the young is one of the highest customs.?

The Xibo people are a nation that prizes tidiness and "laughs at the broken but not at the mending". At the same time, they pay great attention to the protection of water.

"Respect and hospitality" is one of the most important Xibo etiquette. When guests arrive, the host must go out to meet them; when guests leave, they must be sent to the door of the courtyard. The reception of guests must be thoughtful, otherwise people will say that the host does not understand etiquette or does not respect the guests.

Squatting Squatting, that is, two knees as sitting, buttocks not on the ground; crouching, squatting or sitting. The meaning of squatting is the same as crouching, which is the meaning of "Shuowen": "Crouching is also crouching." The same book foot and cloud: "squatting, living also." This is a squatting synonym. Historical Records - Gaozu Benji" cloud: "Pei Gong Fang crouch bed, so that the two women wash feet." This "crouch" for the meaning of sitting. The so-called "crouch sitting" is also. That is, when sitting on the soles of the feet and buttocks on the ground, two knees shrugged. Squatting and crouching are all shrugged knee irreverent sitting. The Analects of Confucius - Xianqian" cloud: "the original soil Yiqi, the son said: 'young and not Sun Di, long and no description, old and not dead, is a thief! He knocked his shin with his staff." The word "yi" is used as "yi gui". View "Hou Han Shu - Guo Lin Zong biography" described Mao Rong and his peers to avoid the rain under the tree cloud: "all razing the relative, Rong only sitting more respectful." It can be known, razor sharp, that is, squatting and do not come out to meet the so-called. Therefore, Confucius blamed him for being disrespectful and wanted to "knock his shin with a staff". However, when a ruler meets his minister, he can also use it, and cannot be blamed for his courtesy. Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals, Volume 15, "the next Xian" cloud: "Wei Wenhou see section dry wood, standing tired and dare not rest, return, see Zhai Huang, perched in the hall and speak with. Zhai Huang was not happy. Wenhou said: 'Duan Ganmu official then refused, the salary is not subject to, now you want the official then the phase, want salary then the Secretary, both received my real, but also to blame us for the gift, no is difficult?'"

Kneeling peace Kneeling peace is a royal courtesy, ordinary flag families do not use. For example, when the emperor summoned the minister, the minister must perform the kneeling ceremony, the practice is to take the left leg, the right leg kneeling on the ground, collect the left leg, straight force upper body, and then up the right leg to stand up. Kneeling does not bow.

The ancient ceremony of the imperial court. According to the regulations: the son of heaven facing south, the three dukes facing north to the east as the top, lone facing east to the north as the top, the ministers and dukes facing west to the north as the top, the royal family on the right side of the road door, facing south to the east as the top, the big servant of the big right and the big servant of the subordinate officials in the road on the left side of the door, facing south to the west as the top. After the ceremonial position of the court has been set, the Son of Heaven and the courtiers perform the bowing ceremony, and after the ceremony, they retire from the court. In later times, the rituals of the courtiers towards the king were also called "Chao Yi".

Nine worship China's ancient unique to each other to express high respect for the kneeling ceremony. Zhouli" said "nine worship": "a said bow, two said Dun head, three days empty head, four said vibration, five days of auspicious worship, six days of fierce worship, seven days of odd worship, eight days of praise worship, nine said Su worship." This is a prescribed etiquette used on different occasions by members of society of different ranks and status.

Ancient rites of Zudao for the traveler to sacrifice to the road god and set up a banquet to send off the traveler. In the Book of Han, before Li Guangli, a general of the Western Han Dynasty, led his army to attack the Xiong Nu, "the Prime Minister sent his troops to the Weiqiao Bridge on the Zudao Road". In "Jing Ke Assassination of the Qin King", "I went to Yishui and took the road to Zu." The word "zu" in the text means "ancestral path", and the ritual of sacrificing to the god of the road on the way to a farewell party is extended to a farewell trip.

Bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down. The Book of Jin. Tao Qian biography" contains: Tao Yuanming was Pengze county magistrate, the state and county to send the governor of postal inspection to the county, the county officials advised Tao belt to meet, he sighed and said: "I can not be for the five buckets of rice folded, fist thing countryside villain evil!" Li Bai's "Dreaming of Tianmu Yin Liubie": "Can I break my eyebrows and bend my back to serve the rich and powerful, so that I can't have a happy face?" Later, it was extended to mean to fall in love and worship, such as Mao (crab) Ze (crab) Dong "Qinyuanchun． Snow": "The mountains and rivers are so beautiful, attracting countless heroes to bend their backs."

Four bye ancient meeting rituals: the lower to the higher level to pay a visit to the line to pay a visit to the ceremony, the officials between the line to bow to the ceremony, the public, the marquis, extra horse harnessed by the side of a team to meet the line of two bye ceremony, the lower level of the west first bye ceremony, the higher level of the east to answer the bye. When civilians meet each other, they salute each other according to their age and the younger ones salute each other. When they meet each other, they pay four bows, and when they meet each other in the near future, they pay a bow.

The folk also said that people three ghosts four, that is, for the superior, the elders to kowtow to the ceremony to kowtow to three; and for the dead relatives to kowtow to the ceremony to kowtow to four.

To sit on the fur cushion Ewenki social etiquette customs. Popular in Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang and other places. Guests to the home, in the master set up the fur cushion on the seat. Fur cushion on where, where the guests pass on where, can not move, otherwise it will be considered rude.

Keeping the festival in the old days refers to not changing the festival, especially refers to the women by the feudal patriarchal law of coercion or the influence of feudal moral concepts, in the husband's death will not get married again or fiancé after the death of the lifelong unmarried.

After the death of her husband, she was determined not to marry, and she kept her chastity and nurtured her children until she died of old age, which is the act of keeping the festival, and such women are called "festival women". Confucian rituals for women "from one to the end" requirements, not only the husband's chastity during life, but also after death to keep the festival. Recognition of chaste women began with Emperor Xuan Di of Han Dynasty, but it really became a custom as a result of the promotion of science and official recognition. The scientists believe that "starvation is a small matter, the loss of chastity is a big matter", widow remarriage is the loss of chastity. Yuan, Ming Dynasty, especially to encourage martyrdom, the Qing Dynasty, more emphasis on the widow to keep the festival to raise young orphans to serve the in-laws, honoring the festival of women has been continued until the early Republic of China. Recognition of festival to bring honor to the family, but to bring pain to the women, "Qing Historical Manuscript? The biography of a 90-year-old widow, described himself as seventy years of daily labor, in order to liquid can sleep; a liquid wake up in the silence of the bitter intolerable, with an awl to stab their palms, leaving scars.

Small coffin one of the old Han funeral rituals. Refers to the dead wearing corpse clothes (mortuary clothing). In ancient times, small convergence indoors, set curtains. Clothing for the dead site nine sets. Convergence after moving the body in the hall. In the old Kongfu dead, three days small convergence for the dead wear regular clothes; five days convergence for the dead for the official clothes; such as women, the cape, the mouth with pearls, the body sprinkled with spices. Then wrap the dead from head to toe with silk. Women with green silk, men with red silk, even wrapped in three layers, the most outside with a layer of white silk, installed convergence is complete, that is, the Hall into the coffin. Hu Pu'an "Chinese national customs. Zhejiang" cited "Xiaoshan ask custom. Funeral rites": "convergence, people first died, stopped in bed, the funeral family kneeling and crying ...... After the sacrifice, is the face of the west stop in the hall. To the liquid, monks or Taoist heel in the door, each thing its business, or by the funeral home hired, or for the relatives of the gift, cymbals, bells and drums, until the morning is already, the intention is to cover the dispersal of the depression of the gas also. Such or a liquid, three liquids, five liquids, to seven liquids, depending on the wealth of the family, the time of the cold and temperature, about when the big convergence, then when the day has been ear. And the fate of the family with the day and time to converge. The convergence, or cloth or silk, all must be a full set, not the slightest confusion. When they were about to be converged, one or two of their relatives would take a bath and put on underwear for them. Each of the relatives combed their hair three times, and then added the outer clothes and put them on in turn, surrounded them with a coverlet until the auspicious time, and then converged (the great convergence)."

Embalming. Mortuary through the convergence, for the deceased to wear clothes for the cover is called a small coffin, the coffin is called a large coffin. Small coffins for the dead before the bath, also known as "wipe the body", there is clean to leave the world to the meaning of the afterlife, from the point of view of health, this program is also necessary, so today people are still sticking to it, and do more than in the past, for example, in the past people with wine, people use alcohol, etc. Today, people use alcohol. After the small coffin, people often also in the hands of the deceased, the mouth put on some things, but also with the cloth tied to the deceased's arms and legs. Take something in the hand means can not be empty-handed on the road, the mouth of something means can not be empty stomach on the road. Bundle hands and legs is afraid of the dead "shocked corpse", "shocked corpse" is quite terrible, in fact, is the corpse spasm, corpse spasm is a corpse phenomenon. Corpses also have an autolytic phenomenon, often from the mouth, nose, ears, anus and other discharges of dirt, turbid gas, so the modern funeral, people use medicine cotton plug. After a small coffin is a large coffin, a large coffin is into the coffin. Human coffin is not the same as the lid, the lid must be wrong open. The purpose of doing so is nothing more than the deceased still hold a ray of hope for survival. In the promotion of cremation today, after a small coffin should be sent to the hospital morgue or funeral parlor morgue refrigerated.

The farewell party is also known as the "farewell", the feast rituals. When friends and relatives want to go on a long journey, they organize a banquet to see them off, to show their blessing and farewell.

Toast banquet etiquette, refers to the banquet guests and hosts to toast each other, to show blessing, celebration. Usually, the host first toasts to the guests and pays tribute to the toast, the host and the guests clink glasses one by one and drink together, and then the guests or the representatives of the guests toast to the host, and the two sides drink. Toasting is the most popular etiquette at banquets. Toast, the host and guest have to say something about blessing, good luck, thank you and other words. Such as birthday banquets should wish the elderly longevity, blessings such as the East China Sea; wedding banquets should wish the bride and groom a hundred years of good luck, old age and so on.