Achievements of internationalization or international integration of small and medium-sized enterprises

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Reflections on the internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises

Internationalization has become the only way for the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises in China. However, at present, the internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises in China is facing many problems, such as structural imbalance, low efficiency, small agglomeration scale, serious "small but complete" phenomenon, difficulty in financing, insufficient information, unfamiliarity with international management rules, and difficulty in going out. In order to promote the internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises in China, this paper holds that the government should strengthen macro-policy support for small and medium-sized enterprises, increase financial support and give play to the supporting role of fiscal and taxation policies; Accelerate the legislation of small and medium-sized enterprises to provide practical legal protection for their survival and development; Around China's accession to the WTO, we will implement the project of integrating with international enterprises, integrate enterprise behavior, enterprise system and management mode with international standards, and organize the production and transportation of products according to international standards; Vigorously implement the technological innovation project of small and medium-sized enterprises, start the online project of enterprises around the network economy, and improve the overall quality of enterprises; Enterprises themselves must carry out mechanism transformation and establish a distribution system that gives consideration to efficiency and fairness. Private enterprises should not only broaden their development space, but also carry out institutional innovation. Establish a strong management organization for small and medium-sized enterprises, effectively transform government functions, and establish an organizational structure that is compatible with economic marketization and internationalization.

[Keywords:] internationalization strategy of SMEs

Internationalization is the inevitable trend of economic development. Both large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises must be in line with the world economy and take the road of international operation in order to survive and develop. At the same time, the internationalization of China's economy is inseparable from the internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises. According to relevant statistics, at present, the number of SMEs in China is about 1? About 0 million, accounting for more than 99% of all registered enterprises in China. Small and medium-sized industrial enterprises have absorbed about 80% of employment and provided more than 60% of the country's foreign trade exports. Their gross output value, sales revenue and realized profits and taxes account for 60%, 57% and 40% of the total industrial output value respectively.

. With the development of knowledge economy, traditional elements such as natural resources, capital and labor are gradually being replaced by knowledge, information and talents. In the information age, both large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises can gain a firm foothold in the international market as long as they have knowledge, information and talents. This makes it possible for small and medium-sized enterprises to operate internationally. Especially with the development of network technology, small and medium-sized enterprises can operate internationally without going abroad.

However, at present, the internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises in China faces many problems, mainly: structural imbalance and weak overall competitiveness; Low efficiency and poor business climate; The gathering scale is small, and the phenomenon of "small but complete" is serious; Difficulties in financing and insufficient development potential; Lack of market information leads to blindness in participating in international competition; It is difficult to go out if you are not familiar with international operation rules.

In order to promote the internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises in China, the author thinks that the government should strengthen macro-policy support for small and medium-sized enterprises, and enterprises themselves must implement mechanism transformation, realize scientific and technological innovation and improve their overall quality.

Strengthen macro-financial policy support for SMEs

Looking at the policies and measures of developing small and medium-sized enterprises in developed countries and regions, there are three characteristics: first, all countries attach great importance to the dominant position of enterprises while implementing various policies, and make full use of the role of financial, credit, taxation and other economic levers to exert influence on small and medium-sized enterprises; Second, various policies such as guiding policies, supporting protection policies and adjusting economic policies are fixed in the form of laws, and the legal provisions are detailed and specific; Third, most countries' various support policies for small and medium-sized enterprises involve the operation and development of all small and medium-sized enterprises. Various laws complement each other and coordinate with each other to ensure the integrity of policies.

Since the reform and opening up, especially in recent years, China has also formulated a series of policies and regulations for small and medium-sized enterprises (township enterprises), but overall it is still far from perfect. Drawing on the experience of developed countries and regions, we can support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises from the following aspects:

1 Increase financial support and give play to the supporting role of fiscal and taxation policies. Poor financing channels are the primary problem affecting the development and internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises at present, and active and effective measures must be taken.

First of all, it is necessary to establish a credit guarantee system for SMEs as an important measure for the government to support SMEs. Establishing credit guarantee system for small and medium-sized enterprises is a common practice for countries all over the world to support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. According to the statistics of scholars of Carleton University in the United States, as of the end of August 1999, 48% countries and regions in the world have established credit guarantee systems for SMEs [ZW (] Liu's establishment of credit guarantee systems for SMEs is an international practice, China Enterprises, 2002 1220 [ZW]]. The credit guarantee system of small and medium-sized enterprises in various countries and regions has two common characteristics: first, the government contributes, subsidizes and bears certain compensation responsibilities; Second, most guarantee systems and institutions are organized and managed by government departments responsible for SMEs. Based on the specific situation of our country, it is an effective means to support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises by using a small amount of financial resources as a policy lever and directly providing preferential loans to small and medium-sized enterprises through commercial banks or policy banks. The urgent task is to formulate policies and measures of credit guarantee for small and medium-sized enterprises in line with China's reality. It is necessary to arrange a certain proportion of the annual budget as a fund to support small and medium-sized enterprises through the legislation of the National People's Congress and allocate it to the credit guarantee institutions of small and medium-sized enterprises for management.

The second is to establish and improve the special fund system for SMEs. The central and provincial (city, district) budgets should arrange special funds to support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. The transformation of scientific and technological achievements of small and medium-sized enterprises and the fund for technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises shall be mainly used for subsidizing, buying shares and subsidizing the industrialization of new technologies of small and medium-sized enterprises according to the provisions of relevant departments of the State Council. We should actively explore the establishment of venture capital and exit mechanism for small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises, and give play to the guiding role of the government in venture capital. SME subsidy funds are mainly used to support SME service institutions to carry out training services, credit services, entrepreneurial services, management consulting services and other subsidies. The use of subsidy funds for small and medium-sized enterprises should be scientific, fair and transparent, which is conducive to improving the business environment of small and medium-sized enterprises, promoting the healthy development of small and medium-sized enterprises and expanding urban and rural employment.

Third, it is necessary to establish a training system for listing and financing of excellent and strong small and medium-sized enterprises with the help of the favorable conditions of setting up the "Growth Enterprise Market for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises" in Shenzhen; Choose as many scientific and technological SMEs with development potential as possible to go public, so as to promote more excellent and powerful SMEs to realize social direct financing.

2. Accelerate the legislation of small and medium-sized enterprises to provide practical legal protection for their survival and development. It is necessary to formulate and further improve various laws and regulations concerning small and medium-sized enterprises, and clarify the basic principles, policies, development directions and management principles of small and medium-sized enterprises. According to the current legislative situation, on the basis of existing laws and regulations, laws such as the Law on the Promotion of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and the Law on Technological Innovation of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises should be formulated as soon as possible, which are suitable for the market economy system and various ownership economies.

3. Establish a strong small and medium-sized enterprise management organization and straighten out the macro-management ideas of small and medium-sized enterprises. It is necessary to completely change the situation of multi-head management of small and medium-sized enterprises, strengthen the functions of small and medium-sized enterprise management institutions, and uniformly manage small and medium-sized enterprises including state-owned, collective, individual and private enterprises. The main functions of small and medium-sized enterprise management institutions are to formulate development plans for small and medium-sized enterprises, coordinate relevant government departments to solve problems in the development process of small and medium-sized enterprises, listen to and reflect the voices of small and medium-sized enterprises, safeguard their legitimate rights and interests, supervise and manage special funds for small and medium-sized enterprises, and so on.

4. Intensify structural adjustment, strengthen industrial orientation, and actively cultivate small and medium-sized enterprises leading emerging industries. Through relevant policies, small and medium-sized enterprises are encouraged to develop in the direction of technology-intensive, information technology-oriented supported by communication network information products, green and environmental protection with environmental protection products as the main raw materials, and deep processing of resources with local traditional industries and agricultural and sideline products as the main raw materials, and take the development road of "fine, special, excellent and new".

Focusing on enhancing the international competitiveness of enterprises, we will vigorously implement the technological innovation project of small and medium-sized enterprises

Compared with foreign enterprises, the overall quality and international competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises in China are dwarfed. Small-scale enterprises, low industrial level, outdated production methods and backward management are common problems of most small and medium-sized enterprises. Implementing technological innovation project is the key for small and medium-sized enterprises to get rid of backwardness and elimination.

1 Pay attention to the equipment renewal and technical transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises, and transform the traditional economy with the new economy. The first is to completely eliminate obsolete equipment. Market competition is essentially technological competition, and small and medium-sized enterprises should put technological progress in a prominent position. Produce first-class products with first-class technology and equipment. In addition to increasing their own investment in this area, enterprises should also actively strive for banks and financial departments to increase loans for renovation. The second is to transform the traditional economy with the new economy. Most small and medium-sized enterprises in China are engaged in the traditional processing industry. The network economy not only includes the emerging e-commerce model and the factory industry that promotes the development of the network, but also includes the application of the network in traditional industries. Traditional industries can use the network for more effective design, management and material supply, and can better collect user information to adjust and improve products, thus giving new vitality to traditional industries.

2. Establish technological innovation base and improve technological innovation ability. Several cities can be selected to carry out pilot projects of industrial parks for small and medium-sized enterprises, sum up the experience of technological innovation of regional and industrial small and medium-sized enterprises, popularize the successful practices of technological innovation service institutions, and cultivate technological innovation bases for small and medium-sized enterprises. We should actively promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements.

Strengthen the close ties between small and medium-sized enterprises and high-tech enterprises, universities and scientific research units in the form of cooperation, affiliation and support, guide small and medium-sized enterprises with certain knowledge and technical foundation to join the ranks of high-tech industries such as electronic information, bioengineering, new medicines and new materials, and improve the industrial structure of small and medium-sized enterprises as a whole. Existing medium-sized enterprises should aim at the cutting-edge technology of their own industries, and establish close production, learning and research consortia with first-class scientific research institutes at home and abroad through various means, including providing test sites, equipment, supporting personnel and providing R&D funds, so as to obtain the priority to enjoy the production and management rights of technology patents and products.

After China joined WTO, it promised to reduce more than 300 kinds of high-tech parts to "zero tariff", which made it possible for multinational companies to purchase globally. At the same time, participating in global procurement is also a good medicine to break the problem of "big and complete, small and complete" in China's electronics industry and electromechanical industry. Small and medium-sized enterprises must change their concepts, consider how to optimize the allocation of resources by taking advantage of international trade, and connect with multinational enterprises through the shortcut of "matching". After all, it is easier to produce parts that meet international standards than to "meet standards" in the final product.

4. Implement talent strategy around intellectual investment. As an enterprise that can compete with international enterprises, talent construction, including entrepreneurs, scientific and technological talents, management talents and network talents, is the most important capital construction project. First, in the form of inviting in, going out, entrusting training and substituting training, we will cultivate and bring up a group of international talents who understand foreign languages, information and master and use computers skillfully; The second is to establish a new mechanism of "introducing and using talents", which is particularly important for small and medium-sized enterprises. It is necessary to jump out of the enterprise and the community, recruit social talents extensively, and make good use of talents in an eclectic manner. Small and medium-sized enterprises can establish high-tech pioneer parks with complete supporting facilities to attract senior experts, masters and doctoral students from urban universities and scientific research units to enter the pioneer parks to carry out scientific research activities and trial production of new products; Recruit talents by hiring foreign senior talents as the general manager of the company and setting up branches abroad to hire local talents. With the deepening of China's personnel system reform and the formation of talent market, the environment for small and medium-sized enterprises to introduce and use talents is more relaxed, and the conditions for implementing talent project have gradually matured.

Around joining WTO, implement the project of connecting with international enterprises

It is an urgent task for CEOs of small and medium-sized enterprises to understand WTO, be familiar with the rules of trade games among WTO members and study the impact of China's entry into WTO on different industries.

1 Corporate behavior is in line with international standards. China's accession to the World Trade Organization, a world-wide economic and trade organization, marks that China's economy has truly integrated into the mainstream of the world economy and participated in the process of economic globalization. As the core competitiveness of China's economy, enterprises should follow the "General Rules" of WTO and the relevant provisions of international trade if they want to connect with the world economy. Most small and medium-sized enterprises lack innovation ability and brand because of congenital deficiency. A considerable number of enterprises rely on imitation to survive, and intentional or unintentional counterfeiting and piracy are more common. These enterprises will be eliminated if they don't change their business behavior quickly.

2. The enterprise system and management mode are in line with international enterprises. It is an urgent and arduous project that the enterprise system and management mechanism are in line with the international standards. Employees of small and medium-sized enterprises must understand and learn the basic principles, basic objectives, basic structure, trade policy review and trade dispute settlement mechanism signed with China, as well as its basic agreements and additional agreements, bilateral agreements and commitment lists. These agreements, agreements and commitment lists are the rules that member units must abide by in economic and trade exchanges. On the one hand, we know how to act according to these rules without breaking them. For example, the labor and employment of enterprises have clear requirements in the relevant WTO documents, and their products will be banned from entering the international market if they violate the regulations; On the other hand, we know how to use these rules to protect our rights and interests.

The production, packaging and transportation of enterprise products should conform to international standards, and the production and transportation of products should be organized according to international standards.

4. Around the network economy, start the enterprise online project. Internet access for enterprises is a strategic choice made by enterprises in the 2 1 century to meet the needs of competition under the new situation. Internet provides a virtual global trading environment, and enterprises are faced with hundreds of millions of users all over the world. No matter how big the enterprise is, it is the same to start on the Internet. One of the main characteristics of the network economy is its high openness, which can also be understood as a certain degree of freedom, enabling individuals or small companies to provide knowledge products and services to the global market on the Internet. For small and medium-sized enterprises, the arrival of e-commerce era is an unprecedented opportunity and unexpected challenge. Small and medium-sized enterprises should actively implement online engineering, train their own network experts by learning by doing, and rely on network experts to promote the development of enterprise e-commerce, accelerate the pace of small and medium-sized enterprises' integration into the global economic system, and create enterprise management mode and enterprise culture that adapt to the network economy era.

Innovative system transformation mechanism

The disadvantage of China's small and medium-sized enterprises in competition with foreign enterprises mainly lies in the system. Therefore, to meet the challenges of international enterprises, we must first innovate the system and transform the mechanism.

1 Establish an efficient ownership structure. In the form of ownership, we should further emancipate our minds, broaden our thinking and implement diversified management and diversification strategies. In the past, small and medium-sized enterprises in China were dominated by the public sector of the economy, which inhibited the enthusiasm of individuals. In recent years, the collective property rights of small and medium-sized enterprises in China have basically changed, and joint-stock system and joint-stock cooperative system have become the main organizational forms. At present, the direction of deepening the reform of property right system of small and medium-sized enterprises is to further accelerate the reform of property right system of state-owned small and medium-sized enterprises, encourage all kinds of ownership capital to participate in each other, and actively guide and vigorously promote the development of mixed economy. On the basis of the original state-owned and collective enterprises, private capital, foreign capital and social capital can be absorbed for reform, or they can be reorganized into mixed-ownership enterprises. We should continue to promote the diversification of property rights and the relative concentration of equity, guide the diversification of investment through the diversification of property rights, and guide the personalization of responsibility and rights through the relative concentration of equity, so as to fundamentally optimize the quality of economic operation.

2 Private enterprises should not only broaden their development space, but also innovate their systems. Individual and private economy is an effective form of ownership in the primary stage of socialism, and small and medium-sized enterprises in China should especially make up this lesson. We should further emancipate our minds, lower the entry threshold of individual and private enterprises, create a policy environment and social environment of fair competition, and make individual and private enterprises develop faster and better.

At the same time, we should also pay attention to the problems existing in the development of individual private enterprises, especially the "institutional diseases" of private enterprises, such as closed investment, family-run and exclusive management, and the lack of sound systems and effective supervision mechanisms in financial management. Short-sighted management, quick success and instant benefit, and the integration of "two rights" run counter to the laws of market economy. To solve these problems, private enterprises must carry out institutional innovation. First, break through the single property right structure and realize the diversification of investment subjects. Break through the limitation of sole proprietorship and develop mixed economy. The second is to break through the owner system and establish a standardized company system. The third is to break through the family management mode and establish and improve the internal governance structure of enterprises. The fourth is to break through traditional management methods and strengthen scientific management. Adhere to people-oriented, change workshop-style production and family-style management, and implement group and brand strategy; Improve the cost accounting system and establish the cost control system; Reform the employment and distribution system of enterprises, properly handle the internal labor relations of enterprises and protect the legitimate rights and interests of producers.

3 establish a distribution system that gives consideration to efficiency and fairness. The essence of enterprise system innovation and system innovation is to adjust the pattern of interest distribution and establish an incentive mechanism conducive to enterprise development. The remuneration of workers in small and medium-sized enterprises should follow the following principles: first, the principle of marketization of human capital value; second, the establishment of various social security for workers. At present, the main defect of the distribution system of small and medium-sized enterprises is that capital (investment capital) requires excessive labor (including mental labor and manual labor). The remuneration of workers fails to reflect the true value of labor capital in the market economy. The direction of deepening reform should be to establish a distribution system that meets the requirements of the socialist market economy, that is, the interests of scientific and technological personnel and skilled workers are closely integrated with the long-term interests of enterprises, and knowledge capital, human capital and labor capital will gradually become the dominant factors in enterprise distribution. According to labor-intensive, capital-intensive and technology-intensive enterprises, classified guidance should be implemented. The common practice abroad is: in labor-intensive enterprises, the distribution ratio of human capital and material capital to after-tax profits is 50% respectively; In capital-intensive enterprises, human capital accounts for 30% and material capital accounts for 70%; In technology-intensive enterprises, human capital and material capital each account for 50%.

4. Function transformation and function repositioning of community government. After the property right system reform of large enterprises, the capital organization form of small and medium-sized enterprises has been reconstructed, which makes the government and enterprises tend to be separated and the property rights tend to be clear. Adjusting the diversified investment subjects formed by the ownership structure makes the rights and responsibilities clear and the interests direct. The relationship between government and enterprises is undergoing profound changes. Establish a brand-new relationship between the government and enterprises, that is, the government must completely abandon the traditional role of "mother-in-law" in intervening and arranging enterprises, and consciously put itself in a correct position. The government mainly optimizes the reorganization environment and gives full play to its due role of guidance, promotion, regulation, service and supervision.

5. Establish an organizational structure that is compatible with economic marketization and internationalization.

First, actively guide the development of mixed ownership enterprises. Practice has proved that both collective-owned enterprises and private enterprises with too simple economic components are not conducive to the expansion of enterprise scale and the enhancement of competitiveness. Mixed ownership enterprises and joint stock limited companies can establish a modern enterprise system with clear property rights, clear rights and responsibilities, scientific management and separation of government from enterprises.

The second is to adapt to the contemporary international competitive environment and set up network companies. The organizational structure of this enterprise will be a two-way interactive network structure, composed of smaller units with strong independent ability. To give full play to the advantages of network companies, we must also give full play to the role of enterprises, whether family-owned enterprises or paternalistic enterprises, which are incompatible with the openness of the network. In order to adapt to the network economy, it is an inevitable trend for enterprises to carry out system reform.

The third is to promote the development of enterprise clusters. It is difficult for small and medium-sized enterprises to enter the international market alone, but through the organizational form of "cluster" and relying on the strength of "collective", small and medium-sized enterprises have more competitive advantages than single small enterprises in international operation. Small and medium-sized enterprise cluster can improve the production efficiency and adaptability of enterprises in the cluster in the international market. Small and medium-sized enterprise clusters can create convenient conditions for obtaining specialized information and knowledge spillover. In the process of internationalization, small and medium-sized enterprise clusters can also seek the differentiated advantages that individual small and medium-sized enterprises can not have by unifying external promotion, standardizing quality standards, recognizing special technologies, promoting the same trademark, and enjoying the reputation of the cluster.

The fourth is to strengthen the construction of small and medium-sized enterprise trade associations. After China's entry into WTO, with the transformation of government management functions and the maturity of market economy system, trade associations gradually stepped onto the front desk and began to play an important role. It is necessary to strengthen the construction of trade associations of small and medium-sized enterprises, give full play to the role of trade associations, and strengthen functional construction. The main functions of SME trade associations are: organizing industry training, technical consultation, information exchange, investment promotion at exhibitions and product promotion; Participate in industry development, reform and government decision-making related to industry interests; Conduct anti-dumping, anti-monopoly and countervailing investigations on behalf of industry enterprises, and formulate industry quality norms and service standards according to the articles of association or rules and regulations; Participate in the formulation of local or national product standards for related industries; Authorized by laws and regulations, entrusted by the government to carry out industry statistics, industry surveys, industry information release, public trust certification, price coordination, industry access qualification review, etc.; Supervise the operation of member units according to law, and coordinate the relationship between members and members, members and non-members, members and other social organizations in the industry; Carry out economic and technological exchanges and cooperation at home and abroad; Undertake other functions authorized by laws and regulations, entrusted by the government and stipulated in the articles of association.

About the author: Xu Yuanming, researcher, Institute of Rural Development, Jiangsu Academy of Social Sciences, 2 100 13.