China Ancient Household Registration System and Social Governance

The household registration system and social governance in ancient China are as follows:

Evolution of Household Registration System in Past Dynasties

1, Warring States Period: Large-scale household registration and household registration began in the Warring States Period.

2. Qin dynasty: classification of household registration system. In addition to the household registration of ordinary people, there are clan titles of clansmen and nobles, official titles, and city titles of businessmen.

3. Han dynasty

(1) The Prime Minister is in charge of the household registration work throughout the country, and local governments at all levels also have special personnel in charge of the household registration work.

(2) At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, wars were frequent, the population movement was intensified, powerful landlords competed with the state for population, and the household registration was scattered.

4. Sui Dynasty: After the reunification of the Sui Dynasty, the Law of Losing Registration was enacted and the household registration was re-approved.

5. Tang dynasty: the Tang dynasty inherited the sui system, with stricter management and household registration every three years.

6. Song Dynasty: Household registration is divided into subject and object. Owners refer to taxpayers who own land and pay taxes, and customers refer to tenants who have no land.

7. Yuan Dynasty: The types of household registration are complex, which can be divided into military households, civilian households and craftsmen households. According to the occupation, it is collectively referred to as the "all-color household plan". Once registered, it must be a "safe physiology", which cannot be changed from generation to generation.

8. Ming dynasty

(1) inherited the practice of determining household registration by occupation in Yuan Dynasty. Household registration is divided into civil registration, military registration and craftsman registration.

(2) The household registration book of the Ming Dynasty is called the "Yellow Book", which is based on the Li Jia system, and each room has a volume, which records the population, farmland and houses of each household in detail.

9. Qing dynasty

(1) Ordinary household registration basically follows the Ming system, but because the government is more and more inclined to apportion land, household registration management is relatively lax.

(2) In the early Qing Dynasty, after the tax and land were fixed, the household registration was permanently stopped, and the government only registered the population according to a certain organizational system.

Grass-roots organizations and social governance in past dynasties

1. Grass-roots organizations: From Qin and Han Dynasties to Ming and Qing Dynasties, counties were the most grass-roots administrative organizations, and grass-roots organizations directly managed the people.

(1) During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were townships and villages under the county. Set up three elders in the township to be in charge of education; Set up a miser to be responsible for prison litigation and tax collection; Set up a tour to catch thieves. Rishi is sunny. There are pavilions outside the township and village, and there is a pavilion director who is responsible for conveying government decrees and maintaining public order. Later generations followed this village system with slight changes.

(2) In the Tang Dynasty, 100 households were villages and five miles were townships. There are squares in the city, villages in the suburbs, villages, squares and villages in the middle.

(3) In the Ming Dynasty, the Li family system was implemented, with ten households as one family, one hundred and ten households as one plum, and a toast and a long plum.

2. Grass-roots social governance: successive governments have paid attention to establishing self-management and mutual supervision mechanisms for grass-roots people.

(1) The Tenth Five-Year Plan in the Qin and Han Dynasties was composed of five groups, with ten groups as why and one hundred groups as internal groups, which supervised each other.

(2) Neighborhood insurance system in the Tang Dynasty, with four neighbors as insurance and mutual supervision.

(3) The Baojia system promoted by Wang Anshi in the Northern Song Dynasty originated from this.

(4) When Wang Shouren was the governor of Gannan in the Ming Dynasty, he carried out the "Ten Cards" method, requiring ten editors to be one card, listing household names, and ten companies to stop in turn. They press the cards along the door every day to see what happened, and if they find anyone suspicious, they will report to the government.

(5) In the early Qing Dynasty, Li Jia system was implemented, and then it was changed to a well-organized Baojia system: from urban to rural areas, ten households set up one card and set up cards; Ten cards are aces with length; Ten armor is insurance, and the length of insurance is set. So far, the village system with the nature of zoning and household registration management has been integrated with the Baojia system aimed at maintaining social order.