What are the four representative scientific and technological inventions in ancient China?

In fact, there are many representative inventions besides papermaking, gunpowder, movable type printing and compass. Lu Ban (Architecture), a native of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, was a famous architect in ancient China. Lu Ban has many inventions, such as saws for carpentry, rulers, Mo Dou, planers, shovels, paving heads, drills, chisels and movable ladders for siege. According to legend, the lock was also invented by Lu Ban. Yu Hao (architecture), also known as Yu Hao, was an architect at the end of the Five Dynasties and the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty. Born in Hangzhou, the most outstanding building he designed was the Lingta in the Kaibao Temple of Anyuanmen in Bianliang (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province), the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty. He also wrote a book about carpentry, Wood Sutra, which has three volumes. He is called the builder of Taruban. Zu Chongzhi (Mathematics) —— Zu Chongzhi in the Southern Dynasties put forward more accurate upper and lower bounds of л by using Liu Wei's graphic cutting technology. That is, 3.1415926 л < 3.1415927. Liu Wei (Mathematics) —— From 225 to 295, Liu Wei invented the graphic cutting method in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and its value was 3. 14. He also invented a new division for linear equations. The problem of indefinite equation is put forward, and the summation formula of arithmetic progression's first several terms is established. Liu is as famous as Euclid and Archimedes. Zhu Shijie (Mathematics) —— Mathematician of Yuan Dynasty in China. 1299 was compiled into China's first book "Arithmetic Enlightenment", which formed a relatively complete system from the four operations to the heavenly arts. 1303, he wrote "Four Elements Jade Mirror", which expanded Tiandao to "Four Elements Technique", which is a solution of high-order equations (up to four unknowns). It was not until 1775 that Europe put forward the same solution "elimination method". Sutton, an American historian of science, rated his Four Elements Jade Mirror as one of the most outstanding mathematical works in the world. Zhang Heng (Astronomy) was an astronomer in the Eastern Han Dynasty in China. On the understanding of the structure of the universe, Zhang Heng is one of the representatives of Huntian theory. He thinks the sky is like an eggshell, the earth is like an egg yolk, and the sky is small. He believes that there is an infinite universe outside the shell. Zhang Heng designed and manufactured a water-leaking armillary sphere and a seismograph, and observed and analyzed the sun, moon and stars for many times. He measured that the angular diameter of the sun and the moon is 65438+ 0/736 of the circumference, which is 29'24'. He counted about 2,500 stars in the Central Plains of China. In order to commemorate Zhang Heng's outstanding contribution to astronomy, the International Astronomical Society named a crater on the moon "Zhang Heng Crater Mountain". Guo Shoujing (Astronomy) was an outstanding astronomer in Yuan Dynasty. He created 16 kinds of instruments specially used for measuring celestial bodies, such as altimeter, delicate instrument, observatory instrument, etc. Also made a simple instrument, the existing Purple Mountain Observatory. Guo Shoujing measured the intersection of yellow and red. On the basis of Guo Shoujing's theory, Laplace, a French scientist, put forward the theory of declination. The Danish astronomer Tycho made a similar measurement 300 years later than Guo Shoujing. Shi Shen (Astronomy)-An astronomer in the Warring States Period, Shi Shen's first astronomical masterpiece Astronomy. After the Western Han Dynasty, people honored Tianwenzhi as the Star Classic of history. The book marks the position of 12 1 star, and also records the movements and eclipses of five planets: water, wood, gold, fire and earth. Shi Shen compiled the earliest catalogue. And called "shaoyang" has realized that he can shine. Liu Zhuo (Astronomy) —— Astronomer of Sui Dynasty. He created the emperor's calendar. He first considered the non-uniformity of the movement of the sun and the moon, and founded the quadratic difference interpolation method with equal intervals. Calculate the apparent velocity of the sun and the moon. At the same time, he changed the age difference to 75. A Line (Astronomy)-Astronomers in Tang Dynasty. He compiled a new calendar, Dayan Calendar, including ten calendars, which was very advanced in ancient times. As early as BC13rd century, people in China made a lunar calendar according to the movement of the sun and the moon. Yang Zhongfu, a writer, was an astronomer in China during the Southern Song Dynasty. He created the "unified calendar", and he determined that the length of the tropic year was 365.2425 days. It is also found that the length of the tropic year has increased and decreased. Luo (Astronomy) —— Astronomer of Han Dynasty in China. The equatorial instrument was created and the basic structure of the equatorial armillary sphere was determined. Su Song (Astronomy) was an astronomer in Song Dynasty in China. In cooperation with Han Gonglian, the planetarium and water transport platform were established, which was the first planetarium in ancient China. There are eight people tall, and there are doors on each floor. As soon as the door opened, Woodenhead came out to tell the time (there was a leaky pan and a mechanical system behind it). Xin Qiniang (Lamp)-In the 20th century, the resin lamp (Kongming Lantern) was invented as a signal lamp in the war, which was the first time that China people used a hot air balloon. At the same time, the lantern was invented, which was the ancestor of aviation gas turbine. Pei xiu (plane painting) ——224~27 1 first established the theory of "painting six bodies" in China. And drew a map of Gong Yu area. Ma Jun (Mechanical Design)-Wei nationality in the Three Kingdoms period, an outstanding mechanical designer and creator. During the Three Kingdoms period, a keel waterwheel (also called a rollover) was created, which can continuously lift water and irrigate oranges with water equipment. The structure is very ingenious, and it is known as the cleverness of the world. Ma Jun, whose real name was Deheng, was a native of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period and was a famous mechanical master at that time. He not only made guide car and drum car, but also improved twill machine to improve weaving speed. Manufacturing rollover (i.e. keel waterwheel); He designed and built a machine that drives a large musical puppet band with water power. Unfortunately, his date of birth and death is not recorded in detail, except that he was a small official and was frustrated by his poor rhetoric all his life. In the Song Dynasty, Lu Daolong made a drum car in Ji Li on 1027, and Wu Deren made a guide car and a drum car at the same time in Ji Li on 1 107. Details are recorded in the History of Song Dynasty? Yu fuzhi. Remember drum car, also known as road car, big chapter car. It uses a wheel to drive a group of gears with different sizes, so that when the wheel runs a whole mile and one of the gears just rotates once, the axle will drive Woodenhead on the car to ring a drum or a bell to report the journey. The first mechanical expert who left his name in the history books was Ma Jun during the Three Kingdoms period. The drum rolling in memory is a typical deceleration gear train. It is also an important ancestor of modern taxis and speedometers. The design of time-telling mileage is also the ancestor of time-telling puppets in all modern mechanical clocks and watches. Li Chun (Bridge Design)-From 605 to 6 17, an open-shouldered arch bridge with a belly arch on the main arch map was created. He designed the famous Zhao Zhouqiao. Ding Huan (inventor)-Han Dynasty, 180 elderly people. Invented items include a quilt incense burner, a complete lamp, and a rotating fan, which is well known as Chang 'an Gong Qiao. Shen Kuo (scientist)-1031~1095, a scientist in the Song Dynasty, first put forward the name of oil. Cai Lun (papermaking) —— In 62 ~121year, Cai Lun successfully made paper from bark, hemp head, rags and old fishing nets. This invention was reported to the emperor on 105. 1 14 was named longtinghou by the emperor. At that time, people called paper Cai Hou paper. /kloc-in the 0/2nd century, papermaking was indirectly introduced to Europe. /kloc-In the 3rd century, the Mongols issued the first Persian paper currency with Cai Hou paper. /kloc-In the 0/4th century, North Korea, Vietnam and Japan also began to use paper money. These cards then spread to Europe through Arab countries. Bi Sheng (movable type printing)-1041~1048, a native of northern song dynasty in China. Invented movable type printing. Du Shi (hydraulic blower) -9 1 ~ ominous, from Henan. It pioneered the drainage of hydraulic blasting equipment. That is, using water power to push the fan to blow. It is the earliest hydraulic blower in the world, 1 100 years earlier than Europe. Puyuan (Quenching Technology)-Three Kingdoms Period. The first quenching technology makes the steel knife strong and elastic. Sun Tzu (Calculating Classics)-During the Three Kingdoms period, the origin of the theorem of multiplication and division was entitled "Things are human beings". He wrote a book "Calculating Classics by Sun Tzu", which systematically discussed the counting system. Qin (Mathematics)-China mathematician. He wrote "Shu Shu Jiu Zhang", and created the "seeking the great derivative of a skill" for solving a congruence formula and the positive and negative leveling method for finding the numerical solution of higher-order equations. Li Zhi (Mathematics), a mathematician in China, is China's first magnum opus that systematically restates "Tian Li". Shen Kuo (Inventor)-During the Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo found a thin thread tied to the center of the magnetic needle (compass) and hung it up. After observation and discovery, it was written into his book Meng Qian Bi Tan. In the future, people will use needles made of magnets as compasses and guide tables. /kloc-Italians Kyle and Poirot who traveled in the East in the third century saw the compass and spread it to Europe. Mozi (thinker)-In 400 BC, Mozi discussed the lever balance and put forward the argument that light is a straight line. The research achievements recorded by Mo Jing include: linear propagation of light, generation of object shadow, generation of double shadow, reflection of light, conditions related to the size of object image, plane mirror imaging, concave mirror imaging and convex lens imaging, among which the most famous theory is "pinhole imaging". Mathematics (the definition of circle has been discussed scientifically), mechanics (the relationship between force and weight has been put forward) and other natural sciences. Unfortunately, this scientific tradition was ignored in ancient times and failed to bear fruit.