The Most Knowledgeable People in Ancient China

Sima Qian's birth and death dates have not been clearly stated in history. According to Wang Guowei's "Examination of the Duke of Taishi's Lineage", Sima Qian was born in the fifth year of Emperor Jingdi's reign in the middle of the Han Dynasty (145 years ago), and died in the first year of Emperor Zhaodi's reign in the first year of the Han Dynasty (86 years ago), at the age of 60. Sima Qian's family is said to have been historians and astronomers for generations from Tang Yu to Zhou. Sima Er was a famous general who invaded Shu in the time of King Hui of Qin, Sima Chang was an iron official of the First Emperor of Qin, and when Sima Qian's father, Sima Tan, became the Imperial Historian of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, he restored the constant career of the historians inherited from his ancestors. Sima Qian's birthplace, Hancheng location Sima Qian's teenage years, "plowed and pastured the river and mountains of the sun". Sima Qian in this "mountains around the water belt, embedded set meandering" ("Preface to the Records of the County of Hancheng") in the natural environment of growth, not only by the mountains and rivers of the clear Shu gas cultivation, but also on the folk life have some experience. At the age of ten, Sima Qian went with his father to Chang'an, the capital, to learn from the old Dr. Fusheng, the great Confucian scholar Kong Anguo; family learning is both deep, but also from the famous teacher, inspired and induced, and benefited a lot. At this time, just when the Han Dynasty is powerful, economic prosperity, cultural prosperity, Zhang Qian was envoys through the Western Regions, Wei Qing, Huo Zaodi defeated the Xiongnu, the Han Emperor set up the music ......; also Sima Qian in the capital rich in knowledge, passionate burst of time. At the age of about twenty, Sima Qian began to travel - "traveling south to Jiang and Huaihuai, going up to Huiji, exploring Yu's cave, peeping into the Nine Doubts, floating in Yuan and Xiang, wading through Wen and Si in the north, lecturing in the capitals of Qi and Lu, observing the legacy of Confucius, shooting in Zou and Yizhi in the countryside, being trapped in Poyang, Xue and Pengcheng, and returning to the city after crossing Liang and Chu. " After returning to Chang'an, Sima Qian became the emperor's close attendant, accompanied Emperor Wu to Pingliang and Kongdong, and was sent to Ba Shu, and the southernmost place he visited was Kunming. According to Sima Qian himself, when he was a boy, he used to "cultivate and pasture the sun of the river and mountains", that is to say, when he was a child, he used to engage in some agricultural labor in his hometown. Later, his father Sima talked about Chang'an and became the governor of Taishi, Sima Qian also went to Chang'an with his father, and under his father's guidance, he studied hard and laid a deep cultural foundation, and he worshipped a lot of famous masters as his teachers. Sima Qian's family, that is, his family, generations are historians, and as a historian, he has the responsibility to record the words and deeds of the emperors and sages, and also has the responsibility to collect and organize the world's remains of ancient things, and even more so, has the responsibility to provide reference for the rulers of the time by narrating events and discussing people. Then his father, Sima Tan, was interested in organizing the thousands of years of history of the Chinese nation, trying to write a history of unprecedented scale. That is, to write a history book, from his father has been such an ideal, after his father as the Imperial Historian, began to collect and read historical materials, for the revision of history to prepare. However, Sima Tan felt that he was old, to independently repair a history, whether it is time, whether it is energy, or talent and knowledge are not enough, so Sima Tan placed high hopes on his son Sima Qian, hoping that he can participate in its early, and ultimately to realize such a grand wish. So he asked his son to start traveling ten thousand miles on the basis of reading ten thousand scrolls of books, and he asked his son to come to carry out a roaming tour of the whole country for a period of more than two years. So here I want to introduce Sima Qian's roaming, so Sima Qian from the age of 20 years old, did a roaming, Sima Qian is for the writing of the "Records of the Grand Historian" in preparation for a field trip, he personally interviewed, and gained a lot of first-hand materials, to ensure that the "Records of the Grand Historian" of the authenticity and scientific nature. Then this roaming of his is also a concrete manifestation of the spirit of the actual record of the Records of the Grand Historian. For example, he roamed to the banks of Miluo River, in Miluo River, in the year Qu Yuan threw himself into the river to sink the place, he recited Qu Yuan's poem, he wept bitterly, so he wrote "Biography of Qu Yuan" write so emotionally, he was personally visited, he is in the study of Qu Yuan based on Qu Yuan to write Qu Yuan. Let's say, in Huaiyin, the hometown of Han Xin, he also collected many stories about Han Xin, for example, he personally went to ask others, saying that back then, Han Xin suffered from crotch insults, which we all know, this allusion, why was Han Xin able to suffer from crotch insults and not get angry? He was not willing to do something illegal and endured it. Han Xin was so tall that he crawled between the legs of a hooligan, and according to his personality, he would have killed him with a knife. But if he had been killed, would he have been able to build up his career later? Han Xin later helped Liu Bang to overthrow the Qin Dynasty, established the Western Han Dynasty, and was awarded the title of King and Marquis, and returned to his hometown. Han Xin himself said, "If I had killed you, I would not have been able to build up my career later, so a little impatience will lead to a big mess. For example, he visited the tomb of Confucius in Qufu, and he also met with some Confucian scholars from Confucius' hometown to learn horseback riding, archery, and ancient rituals, so as to express his remembrance of Confucius and his admiration for him. For example, in Xuecheng, the hometown of Lord Meng Chang, he traveled around the countryside and examined the people's customs, and he examined what relationship the people's customs of the place had with the hospitality of Lord Meng Chang in those years, so he traveled all the way and examined all the way, so to say, Sima Qian, in the roaming journey, did not let go of any one who knew history, did not let go of any one of the stories that existed on people's mouths, and gained much historical material that could not be obtained from ancient books. At the same time, he went deep into the folk, widely contact with the people's life, so that his observation and understanding of society and life gradually deepened. In addition, he traveled all over the famous mountains and rivers, saw the magnificent beauty of the motherland, cultivated his temperament, and thus also improved his literary expressiveness. Therefore, I would like to say that this wandering of Sima Qian is an extremely solid step towards success, which is very typical of the so-called "reading ten thousand books and traveling ten thousand miles". Yuanfeng yuan year (110 years ago), the Han emperor held a large-scale tour of Zen, foot riders 180,000, more than a thousand miles of flags, vast. Sima Qian's father, Sima Tan, was a historian and should have traveled with him, but he fell ill and died in Luoyang. Sima Qian accepted his father's will and rushed to Mount Tai to participate in the Zen ceremony, and then returned to Chang'an along the East China Sea and around the Great Wall. In the third year of Yuanfeng (108 BC), when Sima Qian was thirty-eight years old, he formally became the Imperial Historian, and had the opportunity to peruse all the books, archives, and all kinds of historical materials housed in the court of the Han Dynasty, which he organized while taking part in changing the calendar. By the time the first year of Tai Chu (104 years ago), China's first calendar, the Tai Chu Calendar, was completed, he got his hands on writing the Historical Records. The Historical Records tells the stories of many capable people. In the second year of Tianhan (99 BC), Emperor Wu of Han sent Li Guangli, a general of the Second Division, with 30,000 troops to attack Xiong Nu, and suffered a great defeat, almost wiped out, Li Guangli escaped and came back. Li Guangli's grandson, Li Ling, was then a cavalry captain and fought against the Xiong Nu with 5,000 infantrymen. Shan Yu personally led 30,000 cavalry to surround Li Ling's infantry. Although Li Ling's archery skill was very good and his soldiers were very brave, he killed 5,000 to 6,000 Xiongnu cavalrymen. Shan Yu deployed more troops, but he was still unable to fight against Li Ling. Just when Shan Yu was about to retreat, one of Li Ling's soldiers mutinied and denounced Li Ling's internal military situation. He told Shan Yu that Li Ling had no help behind him and taught his men how to make a bow and arrow that could fire repeatedly. Shan Yu then continued to fight against Li Ling. In the end, Li Ling was outnumbered and only about 400 Han soldiers were left to break out. Li Ling was caught by the Huns and surrendered. The ministers condemned Li Ling for being greedy and surrendering to the Xiong Nu. Emperor Wu of Han asked Sima Qian, the Imperial Historian, to hear his opinion. Sima Qian said, "Li Ling brought less than 5,000 infantry with him, and he went deep into the enemy's hinterland and struck tens of thousands of enemies. Although he lost the battle, he could account to the world for killing so many enemies. Li Ling refused to die immediately, so he must have had his own idea. He must still want to atone for his sins to repay the emperor." When Emperor Wu of Han heard this, he thought that Sima Qian, in defending Li Ling in this way, was intentionally belittling Li Guangli (Li Guangli was the brother of Emperor Wu of Han's favored concubine), and he became furious, saying, "Are you not intentionally opposing the imperial court when you defend the person who surrendered to the enemy like this?" He then put Sima Qian in prison and handed him over to the court captain for interrogation. After Sima Qian was put in prison, the case fell into the hands of Du Zhou, a notorious coolie at that time, who interrogated Sima Qian severely, and Sima Qian endured all kinds of physical and mental cruelty. Sima Qian endured all kinds of physical and mental tortures. He never gave in to the cruel officials and never confessed his guilt. In prison, Sima Qian repeatedly asked himself, "Is this my crime? Is this my sin? Can't I, as a courtier, express some opinions?" Soon after, there was a rumor that Li Ling had brought Xiong Nu soldiers to attack the Han Dynasty. Believing it to be true, Emperor Wu of Han hastily executed Li Ling's mother, wife and son. Sima Qian was also sentenced to death for this incident. The next year Emperor Wu killed Li Ling's whole family and sentenced Sima Qian to palace punishment. The punishment of death by rotting was a great dishonor, which stained his ancestors and made a mockery of his friends and relatives. When Sima Qian was in prison, he was also subjected to humiliation, "hand and foot, wooden rope, violent skin, flogging, secluded in the wall, when this time, when I see the jailer, my head will grab the ground, and when I see the disciples, my heart will be vigilant." (Sima Qian, "Reporting the Book of Ren'an") Almost gave up his life. He wanted to die, but thought of his many years of collecting information, said, "There is a death, or heavier than Mount Taishan, or lighter than a feather." . It was his long-cherished wish to write a book about history, so he endured the humiliation in order to complete the writing of the Records of the Grand Historian, hoping that there would be a silver lining. In the first year of Tai Shi (96 years ago), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed his name and granted amnesty to the whole world. At this time Sima Qian was fifty years old, and after his release from prison, he became the Minister of the Central Book of History, which may seem to others as "a position of honor and favor", but he still concentrated on writing his book. Until the Zhenghe two years (91 years ago), the book was completed, **** got 130 articles, more than 520,000 words. Later generations of Sima Qian's evaluation is very high, there are "Western Han articles two Sima, Nanyang economy a Wolong," said, flush with the Western Han Dynasty's great writer Sima Xiangru, the Three Kingdoms period of the most brilliant figure Zhuge Liang.

Two: Du Fu

Du Fu was born in the family of "Confucianism and officialdom" and literary tradition, and is the grandson of the famous poet Du Shenyan. 7 years old to learn poetry, 15 years old to make a name for himself, a lifetime of frustration, and only did some left pickup and other minor officials, although later known as the "Sage of Poetry", poetry is known as the "Sage of Poetry", and poetry is known as the "Sage of Poetry". Although he was known as the "Sage of Poetry" in later times and his poems were called the "History of Poetry", he was not emphasized in the Tang Dynasty. There is a "play for six absolute lines (its two)" is to write "the early Tang four": "Wang Yang Lu Luo body at that time, light and thin for the text related to the unending; Er Cao body and name are extinct, not to abolish the river flow of ten thousand years." There is no lack of poet's self-comparison, Du Fu's experience and poetry can be divided into four periods:

First, reading and roaming period (thirty-five years old)

The so-called "debauchery between Qi and Zhao, the fur and horse quite clear and crazy". In the 19th year of the reign of the Emperor (when he was twenty years old), Du Fu began to roam around Wu and Yue, and five years later he returned to Luoyang to apply for the imperial examination, but he failed to pass the examination, and then Du Fu roamed around Qi and Zhao again. Afterward, he met Li Bai in Luoyang, and the two of them hated to see each other and formed a deep friendship. Then he met Gao Shi, and the three of them traveled together to Liang and Song (present-day Kaifeng and Shangqiu), and then Li and Du traveled to Qi Zhou, and then met again in Donglu after they parted ways and parted ways again. This is the last time the "Poetry Fairy" and the "Poetry Sage" met each other.

Second, the period of living in Chang'an (35-44 years old)

Du Fu first took the examination in Chang'an during this period, but failed. Li Linfu, the prime minister of the dynasty, went so far as to tell Emperor Tang Xuanzong that no one had been successful in the examination in order to achieve his goal of power over the dynasty. Later, he offered gifts to the emperor and noblemen, and lived a life of "with rich children's doors in the morning, fat horses in the evening, leftover cups and cold food, and sorrows everywhere" before he finally got the post of "Cao Sheng Jun" of the Right Guardian's Office (mainly a minor official who guarded the armors and weapons of war, and the locks and keys of the treasury). During this period, he wrote poems criticizing current politics and satirizing the rich and powerful, such as "The Journey of the Soldier's Cart" and "The Journey of the Lillian". The poem "Five Hundred Characters from Beijing to Fengxian County" is particularly famous, marking a new level of understanding of court politics and social reality after ten years of hardship in Chang'an. Emperor Xuanzong held three successive ceremonies from the 8th to the 10th of the first month of 751. Du Fu took this opportunity to write three "Grand Ceremony Fugues", which were appreciated by Emperor Xuanzong. Third, the period of trapping thieves and serving as an official (45-48 years old)

When the An Shi Rebellion broke out and the Tongguan Pass was lost, Du Fu settled his family in Shanshan Prefecture and went to join Emperor Suzong on his own, but in the middle of the journey, he was captured by the rebels of the An Shi and was taken to Chang'an. He was captured by the An Shi rebels and taken to Chang'an. Facing the chaos of Chang'an and hearing the news of the repeated defeats of the official army, he wrote poems such as Moonlit Night, Spring Hope, and Mourning at the Head of the River. Later, he absconded to Fengxiang and worked as a left picker. Due to his loyal and direct advice, Du Fu was relegated to the rank of Counselor of Huazhou (Fang Guan was a typical intellectual who was good at making generous speeches, but was impractical, and used the Spring and Autumn Formation in his battle with the rebels, which resulted in a great defeat, and was questioned by Emperor Su Zong. When Du Fu, who had been the first left picker of the left wing of the court, submitted a petition stating that Fang Guan was not guilty, Emperor Suzong was furious and wanted to charge him with the crime, but fortunately he was able to get away). Later, he recorded his experiences in the form of poems, which became his immortal works, i.e. "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells". Note: "Three Officials": "Stone Trench Officials", "Xin'an Officials", "Tongguan Officials"; "Three Farewells": "Farewell to a Newlywed", "Farewell to a Family", "Farewell to an Elderly".

Fourth, southwest drifting period (forty-eight to fifty-eight years old)

With the great defeat of the Nine Sections of the government army in Xiangzhou and the famine in Guanfu, Du Fu abandoned his official position, fled with his family and the people, and went to Chengdu through Qinzhou, Tonggu and other places, and lived a relatively stable life. When Yan Wu entered the dynasty, the warlords in Shu rebelled and he drifted to Zizhou and Langzhou. Later, Yan Wu became the governor of Jiannan and took charge of Chengdu, and Du Fu cast his lot with Yan. When Yan Wu died, he drifted again and lived in Kui Zhou for two years, then drifted to the area of Hubei and Hunan, and died of illness on the Xiangjiang River. During this period, his works include "Spring Night Joyful Rain", "Song of the Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind", "Shu Xiang", "Hearing the Officials Collect Henan and Hebei", "Ascending to a Great Height", "Ascending to the Yueyang Tower", and a large number of other masterpieces. One of the most famous verses is: "There are ten million rooms in a wide building, and all the cold people in the world are happy." The most famous poem is: "The boundless fallen trees are falling, and the Yangtze River is rolling" is the most famous song of all time.

Three: Zhuge Liang

Plowing the Long Mu

Zhuge Liang was born in the fourth year of Emperor Lingdi's Guanghe period (181 A.D.) in Yangdu County, Luangxie County, an official family, Zhuge is the clan of Luangxie, his ancestor, Zhuge Feng, was a lieutenant in the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Yuan, Zhuge Liang's father, Zhuge Gui, was the county minister of Taishan at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty; Zhuge Liang was three years old when his mother, Zhang died of illness, and he lost his father, with his younger brother, Zhuge Jun, when he was 8 years old. Bereaved of his father, with his younger brother Zhuge Jun followed his uncle Zhuge Xuan, who was appointed by Yuan Shu as the governor of Yuzhang, to Yuzhang, where he was replaced by Zhu Hao, sent by the court of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Zhuge Xuan went to Liu Biao, the pastor of Jingzhou, and after Zhuge Xuan's death, Zhuge Liang and his younger brother, Zhuge Jun, lived in seclusion, and cultivated their farms in Nanyang. Three Guan Yu Jian'an two years (197), Zhuge Liang's uncle Zhuge Xuan died of illness; Zhuge Liang usually read the Liang father chant, and often to Guanzhong, Le Yi, compared to himself, at that time, people were disdainful of him, but only good friends Xu Shu, CuiZhouPing and other good friends believe in his talent. He was known as "Wolong". He had friendship with Si Ma Hui, Pang De Gong, Huang Chengyan and other famous scholars in Jingzhou at that time. Huang Chengyan once said to Zhuge Liang: "I heard that you are looking for a wife; you have an ugly woman with a black yellow head, but she is a good match. (Hearing that you want to choose a wife, I have an ugly woman at home, with yellow hair and black skin, but the talent can match you.)" Zhuge Liang agreed to this marriage and married her immediately. People at the time made fun of this as a joke, and the townspeople even made a proverb: "Don't choose a wife for Kongming, but get an ugly girl." （

Longzhong Countermeasures

Liang ploughed the land, and was good at "Liang Fu Yin". He was eight feet long and compared himself to Guan Zhong and Le Yi. But Bo Ling Cui Zhou Ping, Yingchuan Xu Shu Yuan Zhi and Liang friendly, said for the letter. When the first lord of the new field. Xu Shu see the late lord, the late lord ware, said the late lord said: "Zhuge Kongming, Crouching Dragon also, generals do not want to see it?" The late lord said: "Jun and club." Shu said: "This person can be seen, can not bend to also. Generals should be in vain drive to care." Zhu Geliang by the first Lord then went to Liang, where three to, is to see. Because of the screen said: "Han Dynasty decadence, the traitorous ministers to steal the order, the Lord dust. I do not measure virtue and strength, want to believe in the world; and wisdom and art shallow short, so with rampant, to today. However, the will is not yet, Jun said the plan will be out?" Liang replied: "Since Dong Zhuo has been, the great and the great, across the state even countless counties. Cao Cao compared to Yuan Shao, the name is small and few. However, Cao Cao was able to overcome Shao, to the weak for the strong, not only the timing, but also the human plan. Today, Cao Cao already has a million people, holding the son of heaven and ordering the vassals, this is not to compete with. Sun Quan according to have Jiangdong, has been for three generations, the country risk and people attached to, Yin can for the use of, this can be for the aid and can not figure also. Jingzhou north of Han, Shin, the benefits of the South China Sea, east of Wu will be connected to the west through the Ba Shu, the use of martial arts country, and its owner can not keep, this is almost heaven so funded General, General is not interested in? Yizhou dangerous plug, thousands of miles of fertile land, the land of heaven, Gaozu because of the emperor's career. Liu Zhang dark weak, Zhang Lu in the north, the people of the country rich and do not know the survival of the compassionate, wise and capable people want to get a bright ruler. General is the descendant of the imperial family, the faith and righteousness of the four seas, the total heroes, think of the virtuous like a thirst, if across the Jing, Yi, to protect its rock resistance, the West and the Rong, the South and Yi Yue, outside the good Sun Quan, internal cultivation of the political theory; the world has a change, then the order of a general will be the army of Jingzhou to the WAN, Luo, General rate of the people of Yizhou out of the Qinchuan, the people who would not dare to welcome the general with a little food and pots of rice? True, then the hegemony can be accomplished, the Han family can rise." The late lord said: "good!" So and bright love day close. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and other displeased, the first Lord said: "I have Kong Ming, as if the fish have water. I hope you do not repeat." Feather, fly is stopped.

The Red Cliff War

At that time, Liu Qi, the son of Liu Table, his stepmother repeated slanders, Liu Table Liu Qi gradually displeased. Liu Qi several times to Zhuge Liang to teach the art of self-security, but Zhuge Liang every excuse, Liu Qi will be at a banquet with the house to make Zhuge Liang to say the solution, Zhuge Liang asked Liu Qi: "Do not you see Shen Sheng within the danger, the heavy ear in the outside and security? (Don't you see that during the Spring and Autumn Period, Shen Sheng was in danger on the inside, but Chong Er (referring to the Duke of Jin) was at peace on the outside?)" At that time, Huang Zu was killed by Dongwu, so Liu Qi was recommended to be the governor of Jiangxia to protect himself. In August of the thirteenth year of Jian'an (208), Liu Biao died of illness and was succeeded by his second son, Liu Qiong, who, upon hearing the news of Cao Cao's southward march, sent an envoy to surrender. Liu Bei learned of this at Fancheng and fled south with his army and people. Cao's army caught up with Liu's army at Chang Ban in Dangyang, and Xu Shu's mother was captured by Cao's army, so Xu Shu had to surrender to Cao Cao. Liu Bei arrives at Xiakou, and Sun Quan sends Lu Su to observe the situation and suggests to Liu Bei to ask for help from Sun Quan, Zhuge Liang then recommends himself to Chaisang to make a speech and befriend Lu Su; after arriving at Chaisang, Zhuge Liang meets with Sun Quan and gives Sun Quan two choices by dichotomy: "If you can fight against China with Wu and Yue's crowd, you might as well cut off the war with them as early as possible (If you can fight against the Central Plains with Wu and Yue's army, you might as early as possible fight with Cao Cao and Cao Cao). (If Wu and Yue can fight against China with their military strength, they might as well break off relations with Cao Cao)"; the other option was to use the "aggressive" method, "If they can't be resisted, why don't they just put on their armor and face the north? (If you think you can't resist, why not stop your military campaign and submit to the north? The word "north" here has a double meaning: one is that Cao Cao was in the north at the time; the other is that when a ruler and his subjects meet, the subjects usually face north.)" Sun Quan asked Zhuge Liang why Liu Bei did not surrender. Zhuge Liang then raises Liu Bei's stature, saying that Liu Bei has the courage to never surrender, in order to show Sun Quan that Liu Bei is determined. Sun Quan is furious and vows not to surrender to Cao Cao, but has concerns about how many soldiers Liu Bei has left to fight. Zhuge Liang finally analyzed the situation of the two armies, first of all, from the army scattered soldiers returned and Guan Yu water army has 10,000 people, plus Liu Qi Fan Jiangxia soldiers are not less than 10,000 people, and then said that Cao Cao's army far from fatigue, chasing Liu Bei, but also with light cavalry a day and night line of more than 300 miles, it is the "end of the crossbow, the potential can not wear onyx"; and the northern people do not know how to practice water warfare, Jingzhou The people of Jingzhou were forced to obey Cao Cao, but not their hearts; finally, they said that Cao Cao could definitely be defeated. Sun Quan was very happy, and later persuaded by Lu Su and Zhou Yu, he decided to join Liu against Cao Cao, and sent Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu and Lu Su to lead a 30,000-strong naval force to fight against Cao Cao. Zhuge Liang returned to Liu Bei with his army; in November, Cao Cao led his army in Red Cliff and encountered a fire attack by Sun and Liu's allied forces, and there was a plague in his army, so he was defeated and returned to the north.

Sufficient food and soldiers

After the battle of Chibi, Liu Bei in December stabilized the four counties in Jingnan, appointed Zhuge Liang as the military division of the general, living in the masses, the governor of Zuoling, Guiyang, Changsha three counties, responsible for the adjustment of taxes and enrichment of the military capital. In the 16th year of Jian'an (211), Liu Zhang, the shepherd of Yizhou, sent Fazheng to ask Liu Bei to help attack Zhang Lu. Zhuge Liang then defended Jingzhou with Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. In December of the following year, Liu Bei broke with Liu Zhang and attacked Chengdu. Zhuge Liang and Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun, etc. into Shu to help, leaving Guan Yu is responsible for the defense of Jingzhou, divided troops to pacify the counties, and Liu Bei together with the siege of Chengdu. By the nineteenth year of Jian'an (214), Liu Zhang surrendered and Liu Bei became the master of Yizhou. Zhuge Liang received 500 pounds of gold, 1,000 pounds of silver, 50 million dollars of money, 1,000 pieces of brocade, and was appointed general of military division, acting as the left general's office. Whenever Liu Bei went out to conquer, Zhuge Liang was responsible for guarding Chengdu, providing Liu Bei with enough food and soldiers, such as the battle of Hanzhong, which provided Liu Bei with financial support. In the first year of Yankang of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty (220), Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty and established himself. Wei Huangchu two years (221), the group of ministers heard the news of the murder of Emperor Xian, advised Liu Bei has become the king of Hanzhong to ascend the throne as the emperor, Liu Bei did not agree, Zhuge Liang Geng Chun persuade Liu Bei with Geng Chun lobbying Liu Xiu to ascend the throne of the story to persuade Liu Bei. So Liu Bei only promised, Zhuge Liang as prime minister, record the Shangshu thing, fake section; the same year Zhang Fei was killed, Zhuge Liang led the Secretary of the school lieutenant position.

White Emperor City of Orphans

Zhangwu two years (222) in August, Liu Bei in the east to recapture Jingzhou on the way to be defeated, retreating to Yongan, Zhuge Liang sighed a pity that the Fazheng to go, otherwise it will be able to prevent Liu Bei's east to conquer the move. Baidi entrusted to Zhangwu three years (223) in February, Liu Bei is seriously ill, called Zhu Geliang to Yongan, with Li Yan entrusted with the aftermath, Liu Bei said to Zhu Geliang: "Jun talent ten times Cao Pi, will be able to secure the country, and ultimately set the great things. If the heir can be assisted, assist him; if he is not talented, you can take it for yourself. Your talent is ten times that of Cao Pi, and you will be able to settle the country and eventually accomplish great things. If the heir (Liu Chan) can be assisted, then assist him; if he is not talented, you may take your own measure.]" Zhuge Liang sobbed and said, "How dare I not do my utmost to serve my country with loyalty and chastity, and then die? (I will certainly do my utmost to serve the loyal and chaste temperance until I die!)" Liu Bei also asked Liu Chan to regard Zhuge Liang as his father. Delayed until April, Liu Bei died, Liu Zen succeeded to the throne, sealed Zhuge Liang as the Marquis of Wuxiang, opened the office of the government. Soon, and then led the Yizhou pastor, the size of the political affairs, Liu Zen are dependent on Zhuge Liang, Zhuge Liang decision. Originally, the South China region because of Liu Bei defeat and take the opportunity to rebel, Zhuge Liang because the country has just passed away the monarch, not to send troops, and sent Deng Zhi and Chen Zhen went to the East Wu to repair.

South expedition

Until Jianxing three years (225) in the spring, Zhuge Liang led the army south expedition, before the trip Liu Zen gave Zhuge Liang gold flerovium battle-axe a set, the curved cover a, before and after the feather program drums and blowers each a, Huben sixty people. After Zhuge Liang went deep into the barren land (idiom: barren for today's Myanmar northern territory of eight mo) to crusade against Yong loosen, Meng won, Zhuge Liang took the advice of the military officer Ma Su, to attack the heart as the main, first defeated Yong loosen army, and then seven captured and seven indulged Meng won, to the fall of the pacification of all the chaotic affairs. After Shu Han stabilized in Nanzhong and gained a certain amount of replenishment of troops, after a long period of accumulation, it had the foundation for a northern expedition.

Pu'er tea "tea ancestor"

China's tea culture has a long history, have to say Zhuge Liang (Kong Ming) contribution to tea culture. Kong Ming led his army to the Yunnan region, the soldiers encountered the miasma in the mountains poisoned and infected. One day, Zhuge Liang dreamed of a white-haired old man dream, epiphany of tea to get rid of the disease. The tea was used to get rid of the disease, and the morale of the soldiers was greatly boosted. In order to thank the white-haired old man dream of grace, more benefit to the local people, at the end of the campaign, Zhuge Liang in the local mountains sowed a lot of tea seeds, planting tea into the forest, and the tea cooking skills to the local people. In the ancient tea region of Yunnan, there is "Kongming Mountain", "Kongming tea", every year on July 23rd of the lunar calendar, the birthday of Kongming, the local people have to hold a "Tea Ancestor Society" to commemorate the Kongming bring tea, bring health, bring the advanced culture of the tea. bring health, bring the virtues of advanced culture.

North Expedition

1, Jianxing six years (228) in the spring, Zhu Geliang beforehand to raise the voice of the oblique valley road to take the medieval, so that Zhao Yun, Deng Zhi set up a doubtful army to attract Cao Zhen heavy troops, their own rate of the army attack Qishan (present-day Gansu Province, northwest of Xihe County). The three counties of Nan'an, Tianshui and Anding on the right side of Gansu turned against Wei and attached themselves to Shu. Zhang He went out to reject them and defeated Ma Su at Jieting. Zhuge Liang returns to Hanzhong by pulling out more than a thousand homes in the western counties. This is the first time out of Qishan. 2. In the winter of the same year, Zhuge Liang went out of the Scattered Pass (now southwest of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) to besiege Chencang (now east of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province), and returned to Hanzhong when he ran out of food. Wei general Wang Shuang came to chase, was beheaded. 3, Jianxing seven years (229) spring, Zhu Geliang sent Chen style attack Wudu (today's Gansu Province, Cheng County around), Yinping (today's Gansu Province, Wen County around) two counties. Guo Huai, the assassin of Yongzhou, led his troops to save them, and Liang went out to Jianwei (west of Xiho County, present-day Gansu Province), Guo Huai retreated, and then obtained the two counties. 4. In the fall of the eighth year of Jianxing (230), the Wei army attacked Hanzhong in three ways: Sima Yi went to Xicheng (northwest of present-day Ankang, Shaanxi Province), Zhang He went to Ziwu Valley, and Cao Zhen went to Xiegu. Zhuge Liang stationed his troops at Chenggu (present-day Chenggu County, Shaanxi Province, east) and Chiban (present-day Yang County, Shaanxi Province, 20 miles east). When it rained heavily for more than thirty places, the Wei army retreated. In the same year, Zhuge Liang made Wei Yan, Wu Yi west into Qiangzhong, defeated Wei general Fei Yao (Yao), Yongzhou assassin Guo Huai in Yangxi (Nan'an County, when in present-day Gansu Province, Wushan southwest of the area). 5, Jianxing nine years (231) in February, Zhu Geliang rate of the army attack Qishan, began to wooden oxen transportation. When Cao Zhen was seriously ill, Sima Yi supervised the Guanzhong generals out of the refusal. Zhuge Liang cut wheat in Shangji (now Tianshui County, Gansu Province). Sima Yi chased Liang to Hancheng (now between Tianshui City, Gansu Province and Gangu), dug camp to defend themselves, "fear of Shu as fear of tigers" ridicule. In May, Sima Yi led troops and Zhuge Liang battle, was Zhuge Liang defeated fled back, Shu army won the enemy armor head 3,000 levels, 5,000 collars of armor, crossbow 3,100. In June, Li Yan called for Liang to return because of the poor transportation of grain. Zhang He chased Liang's retreating troops to the wooden gate and was killed by an arrow - this is the second out of Qishan. 6, Jianxing twelve years (234) in February, Zhuge Liang rate of the army out of the oblique valley road, according to the Wugong Wuzhang Yuan (now Qishan South, Shaanxi Province), cantonment in Weibin, during which Zhuge Liang sent a woman with a scarf hair ornaments to Sima Yi, but Sima Yi endured the humiliation of defending not to come out. In August, Zhuge Liang died of illness in Wuzhangyuan. Yang Yi, etc. led the army to return, there is "dead Zhuge walking life zhongda" thing. This six times with the army, out of Qishan only two times; the fourth time with the army is due to the Wei army active attack, Shu army defense, due to days of heavy rain, flash floods, washed out the trestle, Shu Wei did not engage in battle.