A brief history of the development of Chinese medicine nursing (chronological summary)

Chinese medicine nursing has a long history like Chinese medicine, since there are human beings, there are diseases, there are medical and nursing, medical and nursing is homologous. In order to facilitate the narrative, the history of the development of Chinese medicine nursing is to be divided into seven periods of discussion.

Emerging period

About 1.7 million years ago, our ancestors in order to live and survive, in the fight against disease, and gradually accumulated a lot of nursing knowledge. For example, the ruins with portal access houses excavated from Xi'an Half-slope Village show that the ancient people already knew how to build houses to avoid stormy weather and attacks from wild animals. The use of animal skins and tree bark for clothing can avoid the cold and prevent evil care. After the clan commune, with the inter-tribal struggle, when injured, the use of soil, leaves, grass stems and other wounds coated with external care method. After settling down, through long-term observation and experimentation with animals and plants, more animals, plants and medicines were recognized and used for patients, as exemplified by Shennong's tasting of a hundred herbs as recorded in the Records of the Grand Historian.

Nursing basic formation period

Xia, Shang, Zhou to the Spring and Autumn period, with the development of social productivity and culture, nursing has been developed accordingly. For example, the word "Mu" recorded in the oracle bone inscriptions excavated in the tomb of King Yin in Anyang, Henan Province, resembles a person taking a bath with water in a basin, which indicates that people had the hygienic habit of taking a bath on a regular basis at that time.

During the Zhou Dynasty, people already knew how to dig wells and take care of their diets. Such as "Zuo Zhuan" records: "soil thick water deep, living not disease" and "soil thin water shallow ...... its evil easy to meet" exposition, indicating that at that time known living conditions such as soil and water and the relationship between human health. And began to exterminate rats, pests, improve environmental hygiene and other disease prevention and care activities.

Spring and Autumn period, people have understood the relationship between climate change and disease, such as the "Rites of Zhou" recorded four seasons of disease: "springtime disease first disease, summer itchy scabies disease, malaria in the fall cold disease, winter cough on the gas" shows that climate change in the four seasons affects the health of the human body, the climate disorders lead to the prevalence of disease. It suggests that people should do a good job of weather, living and other care, in line with the four seasons of the climate to avoid the occurrence of disease.

From the "Book of Zhou - Heavenly Officials", there is: "All the people's diseases are divided and treated, and at the end of death, each book is written so as to enter the physician." It shows that at that time, treatment and care had begun to be divided into different departments, and a record-keeping system had been established for treatment, writing of death reports and other medical documents.

Another sign of the basic formation of nursing in this period is that nursing and treating patients no longer resorted to sorcery and divination, but rather judged the fate of the disease through objective examination and observation. For example, the Book of Zhou records that the five tones (the five scales of horn, zheng, gong, Shang, and yin), five voices (calling, laughing, singing, crying, and moaning), and five colors (blue, purple, blue, white, and black) are used to determine the fate of a disease. This is the use of Chinese medicine five tones, five sounds and five colors with the doctrine of the liver, heart, spleen, lungs and kidneys, through the sound and color observation to speculate the five viscera lesions and good and bad luck. At the same time, with the development of culture, the knowledge of acupuncture and medicine was also developed, thus expanding the ways and methods of administering medicine.

Theoretical System Establishment Period

During the Warring States period, the seven states competed for supremacy, the new feudal system was established, and a hundred schools of thought and culture competed for supremacy.

China's earliest medical theory monograph, "Huang Di Nei Jing", systematically summarized the achievements of ancient medicine and nursing experience, the use of simple materialism and dialectical thinking at the time of the human body's physiology, pathological changes and diagnosis of diseases, treatment and nursing care, etc., to make a more comprehensive exposition, initially laying the theoretical foundation of Chinese medicine nursing. The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine (HUNDI NEIJING) is very rich in nursing care, which not only puts forward the concepts of "cold is hot", "hot is cold", "deficiency is tonic" and "solid is diarrhea", but also the concepts of "cold is hot", "hot is cold", "deficiency is tonic" and "solid is diarrhea". It not only puts forward the principles of positive care of "heat for heat", "cold for cold", "generalization for generalization" and "plugging for plugging", but also the principles of "heat for heat", "cold for cold", "generalization for generalization" and "plugging for plugging". The book also presents methods of observing patients and general nursing care such as living and living, diet, mood, and medication.

Zhang Zhongjing inherited the nursing essence of "Huang Di Nei Jing" and other ancient medical books, and established the principles of clinical nursing and dialectical mopping up in combination with practice. For example, he used the six meridians and internal organs to identify the evidence, and put forward the principle of dialectical nursing, which includes rationale, method, prescription, medicine and nursing as a whole. In "Typhoid Miscellaneous Diseases", there are not only pills, proteins, creams, dans and other medication care, but also washing, bathing, smoking, ear drops, blowing the nose and other external medicine care. His eight methods of nursing, namely, sweating, spitting, descending, harmonizing, warming, clearing, tonifying, and eliminating, are also important elements of dialectical nursing. The principles of dialectical care established by Zhang Zhongjing laid the foundation for the development of TCM nursing in later generations.

In addition, the famous doctors of the Three Kingdoms era, such as Bian Magpie and Hua Tuo, also made great contributions to the establishment of the nursing theory system. For example, Hua Tuo imitated the posture of the tiger, deer, bear, ape and bird to create the "five birds play", which is still widely used in nursing practice.

Development period

From the Jin Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, with the prosperity of the social economy, Chinese medicine and nursing to the deep development.

The book "Pulse Classic" written by Wang Shuhe in Jin Dynasty clarified the pulse theory in depth, combining pulse, evidence and nursing, and categorized the pulse into 28 kinds, which provided a reliable basis for TCM nursing to observe the condition.

Sui-era Chao Yuanfang's book on the origins and symptoms of various diseases, which describes various diseases from cause and pathology to treatment and care, has a considerable depth. For example, in the "lacquer sores" mentioned: "endowed with fear of lacquer, but see the lacquer will be poisoned ......". It shows that at that time has recognized the relationship between disease and allergy, for later generations proposed **** material allergy and into the allergy test opened the idea.

The Jin and Tang dynasties medicine flourished, the most important performance in the Sun Simiao authored the "Thousand Gold Formula" masterpiece. This book is not only a masterpiece of medicine, but also a classic of nursing. The book contains the exquisite art of nursing and rich content. He attached great importance to medical ethics and emphasized prevention before illness. In the chapter of "avoiding the plague", he recorded the prescription of well water disinfection and air disinfection, pioneered the method of onion tube catheterization, and recorded in great detail the disinfection techniques, sores incision and drainage, and dressing change and other nursing operations.

Climax Period

In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, with the invention of printing and the rise of the paper industry, favorable conditions were provided for the spread and development of Chinese medicine. Due to the Jin and Yuan period, frequent wars and diseases were prevalent, which objectively promoted the academic research of various medical doctors, and the four major medical doctors of Jin and Yuan emerged. With the division of medicine, nursing is also from the depth to the climax of the development, mainly reflected in the sub-specialty nursing.

Internal medicine: internal medicine evidence-based care in the Song and Yuan dynasties is particularly prominent, such as the "General Records of Shengji" of the "wind" monograph, the first aid, switch, prevention of stroke has been documented in detail; the Song Dynasty Zhang Rui "Chicken Peak Puzifang," according to the characteristics of the starting site of edema, edema is divided into a variety of types, according to the different types of respectively, to the corresponding care; Zhu Danzhu, a doctor of medicine and a doctor of medicine, the first aid, switch, prevention, and the first aid. Zhu Danxi's "Gezhi Yu Lun" also recorded a patient with blood stasis and phlegm accumulation, who was first cured by careful nursing and then by medicine, emphasizing the importance of emotional care.

Surgery: The development of traumatology nursing was particularly rapid in Song and Yuan times due to the frequent wars. Such as in the pathology of the importance of the relationship between the local and the whole; nursing care emphasizes the importance of supporting the positive and dispelling the evil; treatment emphasizes the combination of internal and external treatment. Such as Li Xun's "set of test back ancestor formula", Gui Yilin's "world medicine to get effective formula" and other works, the dialectic of surgical diseases, nursing, medication and so on have a systematic discussion.

Gynecology and pediatrics: Obstetrics and gynecology care has accumulated a wealth of experience by the Song Dynasty, such as Yang Zijian's "Theory of Ten Deliveries," which detailed various kinds of difficult deliveries such as transverse, obstructed, and inverted deliveries, as well as the method of assisting deliveries. Chen Ziming's book "Women's Complete Recipes", on common gynecological diseases and pregnancy, childbirth and post-partum care have made a detailed discussion of the art. In Qian Yi's book, "Direct Recipes for Pediatric Medicine", there are unique ideas on the physiological and pathological characteristics of children and the dialectical care of common diseases. In Liu Fang's "New Book of the Young and the Young", the importance and care of pediatric digestive disorders and the method of cauterizing the umbilical cord to prevent umbilical cord wind in children were the first of their kind in the world.

The Period of New Trends in Development

Following the climax period of nursing in the Song and Yuan dynasties, there were new trends in the development of Chinese medicine nursing in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Li Jinzhen "Compendium of Materia Medica", Zhao Xuemin "Materia Medica Gleanings" and other works appeared, the popularization of human pox inoculation method, the development of warming and nursing all strongly illustrate this point.

Li Shizhen was a famous pharmacist who could not only heal and medicate, but also nurse. In his book "Compendium of Materia Medica," he detailed nursing experiences before the 16th century, providing an important theoretical basis for later generations to study diet, medication and other nursing care.

Thermologist Ye Tianshi pioneered the nursing method of inspecting the tongue and examining the teeth to identify the spots and rashes and whiteness of warm diseases. At the same time, he proposed the development pathway and transmission law of exogenous fever, which is that "the warm evil will first offend the lungs and then spread to the pericardium". According to the four stages of development of Wei Qi and Ying Blood as the program of dialectical nursing care is a major achievement in the history of nursing development in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Ye's geriatrics emphasize: "Nurturing efforts, cold noise and warmth, regimen should be particularly concerned about the first of the medicine and bait" and the diet should be "thin taste", and refrain from "sprinkling meat thick taste" and other protective knowledge.

In terms of nursing technology, Hu Zhengxin's "where the plague home, the first patient's clothes in the steam on the steamer, then the family is not contaminated" steam disinfection method. To the Qing Dynasty, known warm patients for oral care methods such as physical cooling.

In the health care, the Qing Dynasty Qian Xiang "to be sick to be spectrum", is China's earliest monograph on health; circulating folk "ten old man longevity song" expresses the ten centenarians to prolong life, disease prevention and prevention of old age experience is a book of health care with the color of Chinese common sense.

From medical care to the formation of Chinese medicine nursing professional team

The development of Chinese medicine nursing to the Qing Dynasty, although tends to mature period, but due to the limitations of the historical conditions, long in the state of medical care, so that the Chinese medicine failed to form a specialized nursing team.

After the founding of the country, with the vigorous development of Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine nursing has developed greatly. Mainly in:

1, the initial training of a professional team of Chinese medicine nursing

At present, in the country's more than 2,100 medical institutions of Chinese medicine, there are more than 60,000 nurses above the technical position of personnel engaged in the fortunate crossing of the daxing like a sole? Zuhui? (17) The number of nurses who have been working in the field of Chinese medicine has increased by more than 60,000 in more than 2100 medical institutions across the country, and there are more than 60,000 nurses who are engaged in the field of Chinese medicine. Throwing the hill lax ornithological book? What's the name of the starling? What are you looking for? What's the best way to protect your health? Crude saltpeter?

2, the gradual development of Chinese medicine clinical nursing

Chinese medicine clinical nursing through decades of practice, has summed up a set of theoretical to clinical dialectical nursing methods and operational techniques with Chinese medicine characteristics.

3, professional education and in-service education of Chinese medicine nursing has taken shape

From the 1950s, in order to cultivate Chinese medicine nursing professionals, Jiangsu, Beijing, Shanghai and other places have opened Chinese medicine nurses school, Chinese medicine nurses class. Until 1991, the country has 7 Chinese medicine nurse school, in 25 schools of traditional Chinese medicine in the opening of the Chinese medicine nursing profession. According to statistics, in 1990, the above schools trained 1,513 nurses. in the mid-80's, Nanjing, Beijing and other Chinese medicine schools set up additional advanced nursing classes and nursing departments to train advanced nursing personnel.

4, Chinese medicine and nursing academic activities vibrant

With the development of the discipline of Chinese medicine and nursing, Chinese medicine and nursing academic activities are also very active. Since 1984 to 1990, **** organized six national academic exchanges. Foreign academic activities have also been carried out, has received from Europe, the United States, Asia, Australia and other continents, some foreign nursing groups to visit the record asked. In 1986, 1989 two international academic conference, Chinese medicine nursing thesis by the international nursing community's attention and praise.

5, Chinese medicine nursing research has started

In recent years, some provinces, municipal Chinese medicine hospitals have established Chinese medicine nursing research room (group), many units have carried out nursing research. From different perspectives, the connotation, concept and mode of TCM nursing have been usefully explored, and promising results have been achieved. Beijing, Nanjing, Shanghai, Jiangxi, Shaanxi and other places have published monographs on nursing, some of which have been awarded the Ministry of Science and Technology Achievement Award.

In short, with the revitalization of the cause of Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine nursing has also been rapid development, the initial formation of the nursing discipline with Chinese medicine characteristics.