Guobao Temple —— Real Jiangnan Song Rhyme

The model of this paper comes from Marley's hometown, and the related contents can be obtained at the end of the paper.

Song, a dynasty that people love and hate.

What's your impression of Song? Liang Fenghua? Or Lin 'an's dream?

Is it the poetry of bamboo sticks and straw sandals? Or are you fat and thin?

Are there rows of Tokyo? Or the sparkling water on Xizi Lake?

Whatever your impression of the Song Dynasty, it was 900 years ago. In the Spring and Autumn Period of 900 years, the war was intermittent, and the "Song" relics were mostly replaced by the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Fortunately, we still have a vast area of 9.6 million square kilometers, and Song Yun is not without a trace.

For example, the Mani Palace in Zhengding, longxing temple, or the Notre Dame Temple in Jinci, Taiyuan, are outstanding representatives of architecture in the Song Dynasty.

In the mountains south of the Yangtze River and north of Ningbo, there is a mountain temple, which is the relic of the Song Dynasty in the south of the Yangtze River that we have been pursuing. It is the elegance and Gu Zhuo that we can touch 900 years ago.

Guobao Temple is one of the oldest and best-preserved wooden structures south of the Yangtze River in China.

0 1.

Guobao Temple is located on Lingshan Mountain in the western suburbs of Ningbo, formerly known as Lingshan Temple, and was named Guobao Temple by Emperor Nuozong of Tang Dynasty.

However, the main building of Guobao Temple is not in the Tang Dynasty, but has been rebuilt and restored since the Song Dynasty.

The national security temple complex was built at the southern foot of Lingshan, but it is not close to the foot of the mountain, but it needs a long forest path to get there.

"My road twists and turns, through a sheltered valley, branches and flowers, to a Buddhist retreat", perhaps this is the scenery.

The national security temple complex, with the north-south axis as the mountain gate, the Heavenly King Hall, the Pure Land Pool, the Ursa Major Hall (main hall), the Guanyin Hall and the Tibetan Scripture Building.

The Sutra Pavilion and Guanyin Pavilion were rebuilt after the Republic of China. The Bell and Drum Tower was built in Jiaqing and the Tianwang Hall was built in Xuantong.

The pure land pool in front of the main hall is a legacy of the Southern Song Dynasty.

The first two buildings in Tianwang Temple, the East Building was built in Kaicheng for four years, and the West Building was built in Dazhong for eight years, both of which are relics of the Tang Dynasty. These two buildings originally belonged to Fusaiji in Cicheng, Ningbo and Yongshou Temple in Yinxian, and later moved to Guobao Temple for preservation.

Only the main hall of Guobao Temple was rebuilt in the sixth year of the Northern Song Dynasty (10 13), which is the "first wooden building" in the south of the Yangtze River.

The main hall of Guobao Temple is also the place where the whole temple can best reflect elegance and Gu Zhuo.

There is much rain in the south, the climate is humid and the wood is perishable, so the early wooden structure buildings are scarce, and there are only a handful of wooden structure buildings in the Song Dynasty in the whole south.

Although the national security temple in the south not only has ancient wooden buildings, but if it is more authentic than the surrounding environment of the temple, the national security temple can really rank one or two.

Walking into the hall, you can be dumped by the wooden structure of the Song Dynasty. Here, we can learn about the ancient craftsmen's pursuit of architectural structure and touch the ingenuity and ingenuity of the ancients thousands of years ago.

02. Qing Yan Matsutani

Walking into the temple, you can see the pure land pool in the Southern Song Dynasty preserved behind the Tianwang Hall.

Looking from the stairs on both sides, what appears in front of us is the Daxiong Hall, which is very similar to the traditional Qing Dynasty Hall, but different.

The two eaves of Guobao Temple are closely attached together, which is not as high as the double-eaved hall in the general sense, and the lower eaves are more like attachments.

In fact, there are clear records in the repair of Guobao Temple in past dynasties:

In the 23rd year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (1684), Monk Xianzhai and Jing 'an rebuilt the Hall of the Great Hero, "pulling out the front and patrolling the two wings, increasing the double eaves, and newly installing the Lohan and other heavens".

This kind of "enlarged double eaves" is the origin of the present situation of Guobao Temple. The eaves of the lower floor were not originally built in the Song Dynasty, but were added in the Qing Dynasty, so the proportion of the whole hall was not harmonious.

During the Kangxi period, the original Song structure was used as the main body of the temple, and the space was expanded on all sides, and the eaves were made on the south, east and west sides, and the whole structure was changed to the form and scale of seven rooms wide, six rooms deep and two eaves leaning against the mountain.

Therefore, only when you enter the temple can you feel the greatness and wonder of this "national security".

-Layout-

The main hall of Guobao Temple is a hall-style frame building, with three rooms wide and three rooms deep, with a single eaves to rest the mountain (after adding double eaves, it is a pseudo double eaves to rest the mountain).

The width of the hall is horizontal, while the depth is vertical (that is, the width and depth of the hall).

One of the characteristics of Guobao Temple is that its depth is greater than its width in plane layout. This important feature can be seen from the original column network pattern in Song Dynasty.

The plane layout of three rooms wide and three rooms deep is very common, but generally speaking, the width is greater than or equal to the depth. The width of our common ancient buildings is greater than the depth, and the horizontal is greater than the vertical.

The main hall of Guobao Temple is13.3m deep and1.8m wide, and its longitudinal length is greater than its transverse length. When we entered the main hall, the longitudinal space was lengthened and the whole main hall became deeper and richer.

-After-

The pillars of the main hall of Guobao Temple are very unique. Because there are few big logs, the columns supporting the weight of the roof truss of Guobao Temple are all made of wood, that is to say, the assembled columns are also called melon ridge (ridge) columns.

Gualeng column, that is, the outside of the column has a stare blankly, originated from the bamboo column in the Han and Wei Dynasties.

Some pillars are carved from a whole piece of wood, while others are directly spliced from multiple pieces of wood. National security temple is a typical example of small fight.

Small pieces of wood are spliced together to form large columns, and the columns in the main hall of Guobao Temple are extremely rare in the wooden remains of the Song Dynasty.

It is a good way to improve the efficiency of wood utilization, and it is also the key requirement to create a French style: large materials should be used as beams, medium materials as columns, and small materials as arches-large materials should not act rashly.

Turning small materials into big materials not only saves the dependence on big wood, but also has unique artistic effects.

The main hall of Guobao Temple is the earliest example of using split columns in existing wooden structures.

Barrel arch

According to different positions and functions, the bucket arches (paving) used in the national security temples can be roughly divided into outer eaves, inner eaves and caisson arches.

Among them, there are seven kinds of eaves:

Front cornice stigma, front cornice complement, front cornice angle, back cornice stigma of two hills, back cornice complement of two hills, back cornice angle.

There are nine kinds of eaves:

Front inner column head, rear inner column head, upper auxiliary room on front illuminated wall, upper auxiliary room on rear illuminated wall, tripod head arch of inner column body, upper arch of top three rafters, upper arch of chest tripod, transverse arch of top beam of middle three rafters, and all kinds of comfortable column heads.

There are three types of caisson bucket arches:

Chengda, Chengba, Chengda.

Different bucket arches are arranged in an orderly way, which contributes to the extremely complex architectural movement of the three halls.

The height-width ratio of the cross section of the arch of Guobao Temple is 3:2. The selection of this ratio takes into account the stiffness and strength of the components and the timber output, and achieves the ideal stress effect and the economic applicability of the highest timber output.

-Beam frame-

In the long-term development process, Jiangnan Guild Hall has formed a mature and stable regional framework system and technical characteristics.

The main hall of Guobao Temple embodies the technical tradition of Jiangnan Guild Hall since the Five Dynasties, and it is a typical representative of Jiangnan early Guild Hall.

The internal beam structure of Guobao Temple is eight rafters, the first three rafters, the middle three rafters and the back chest rafters, with four columns.

The column net is enclosed into two parts: the outer eaves and the inner grooves.

The eaves are supported by twelve eaves columns for supporting the eaves to be paved and ready to go out;

The inner eaves are supported by four gold pillars, which support the top pressure and the main space of the Buddhist altar.

The interior space of the main hall is divided into Buddhist altar space and Buddhist ceremony space by column network. Above the altar, the solemnity of the Buddha is emphasized, while the space dedicated to the Buddha belongs to the world and is used to worship believers.

Vertically, the indoor space is divided into three parts. From beginning to end, the first part accounts for three eighths, the second part accounts for three eighths, and the third part accounts for two eighths.

The first three rafters, that is, the first three eighths, are the space for worshippers.

The middle rafters, that is, the second three-eighths, are the space of the Buddhist altar.

This spatial division makes the functional rhythm of the whole hall orderly.

One of the interesting changes is that the space of the Buddhist altar has been greatly reduced compared with the previous Tang and Five Dynasties.

Before the altar, the "human" area has been expanded. In the Hall of Great Heroes, a place where people communicate with the Buddha, the Buddha put down his airs and worshippers received unprecedented attention.

This is an important feature of religious art in the Song Dynasty, which not only embodies part of rationalism, but also shows humanistic care.

-Algae well-

In contrast, the caisson in the main hall is not placed on the altar, but on the worship space, which further emphasizes the importance of humanity space.

Caisson is a decorative component covering the top of ancient buildings, which is dome-shaped and mainly decorated with patterns, carvings and color paintings.

"The algae well is in the building, and the wood is like a well to suppress the fire", which is used to ignite the fire. Hanging the well on the roof means that the water source of the algae well is taken from the sky.

The large wooden caisson of Guobao Temple is also very rare in the existing ancient wooden structure.

There are few caissons made of large wooden arches. The caisson of Guobao Temple does not reflect the complexity of the pattern, but pays more attention to the rhythmic beauty of the structure.

The caisson in the main hall of Guobao Temple is integrated with the beam frame of the building.

The lower part of the large caisson is surrounded by a square well with a flat grate, and then an octagonal well is formed with four corners and four corners, and two arched arches are formed on each of the eight corners, so that the arches and the supported round well are curved together.

Eight curved male horses are supported at the top, and there are eight rings between the male horses to form a vault.

The large caisson is supported by paving, and the small caisson is supported by the stigma of the cornice column on the mountain surface as the shrimp beard arch.

This extremely special arch style is the most powerful proof of the superb skill of wood structure construction in Song Dynasty.

Only this ancient caisson method can truly reflect the original intention of caisson.

-Painting-

The color painting of Guobao Temple is different from the color painting of Ming and Qing Dynasties that we usually see, but a more Gu Zhuo color painting form, called "seven bamboos and eight hundred", painted on the forehead.

White stripes are evenly arranged, which is a red and white decorative painting contained in Architectural French in Song Dynasty.

The varied proportions and shapes of the main hall of Guobao Temple are consistent with the contents contained in Architectural French, which is also the only case of wooden structure building in Song Dynasty in China.

However, this color painting is composed of linear patterns. If we go back further, we can even know a little about the architecture of the Tang Dynasty.

The walls were painted white, and the wooden structures were painted with vermilion. In the Tang dynasty, cinnabar was the most basic color of wood structure:

It can be seen that in the general concept of the Tang people at that time, the basic color of buildings was still red and white, so that "red and white" could be synonymous with color painting.

This strange pattern of seven plants and eight hundred plants probably originated from the lintel style of early architecture.

The lintel style gradually withdrew from the historical stage, but its ancient pattern memory was preserved, forming a simple and colorful decorative pattern.

03. Wood has achieved great success.

Architectural Style, written in the Northern Song Dynasty, is an architectural classic edited by the government. In the second year of Chongning in the Northern Song Dynasty, 1 103 was promulgated and implemented. It institutionalizes the management of construction projects, and is the "white paper" of ancient architectural construction in China.

In the Song Dynasty's Architectural Style, building materials were divided into eight grades:

The main hall of Guobao Temple was rebuilt in 10 13, which was more than 90 years earlier than the "architectural style".

However, the selection of wood, the proportion of cross section, the difference between single wood and whole wood, the requirements of mortise and tenon, the shape of caisson, etc. , all conform to the provisions of the French architecture.

From this logic, it is not difficult to see that maybe Guobao Temple is one of the buildings mentioned in the book Architectural Style.

Li Jie is the editor who pioneered French, but Wang Anshi is the most likely creator of this book.

In order to put an end to corruption in construction, his reform and innovation also included the specification of construction technology.

In the seventh year of Li Qing (AD 1047), Wang Anshi became the magistrate of Yinxian County. Twenty-one years later, as prime minister, Wang Anshi promoted political reform. Many provisions in the political reform have long been embodied in the Yinxian system.

Therefore, the national security temple in the mountains of Yinxian County may be one of the buildings referred to by Wang Anshi.

In the Northern Song Dynasty, I don't know how many buildings, like the national security temple, gave Wang Anshi confidence in reform.

Until more than 30 years after the reform, in the era of Zhezong, Li Jie, the chief supervisor, rearranged the book "Building French Style", which was written the most in 1 100 and published in103.

Therefore, the national security temple is very likely to be the mother of French architectural style.

In the Song Dynasty, the economic and social development level of the south basically surpassed that of the north, and the architectural structure became more systematic. French architectural style more reflects the official architectural style in the south of Song Dynasty.

For example, Yuanming Temple in Suzhou was rebuilt in the sixth year of Xichun in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 179), with 9 rooms wide and 6 rooms deep. It is the largest existing wooden structure in the south of the Yangtze River.

The architecture in the Song Dynasty presents a mellow aesthetic feeling, and this mellow elegance may also follow the aesthetic genes in the south, showing a completely different style from the architecture in the Liao Dynasty in the north.

04. The bells are floating in the distance.

In fact, the "Song Rhyme" on the land of China is not limited to Guobao Temple, and buildings from the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty are also distributed everywhere.

However, due to the destruction of wars in past dynasties, there are few large buildings and buildings with more than three floors left. For example, the Notre Dame Hall in Jinci, Taiyuan, was one of the few seven-bay halls in the Song Dynasty.

If we compare the three temples in different places in the same period, it is not difficult to find that the overall characteristics of the buildings in this period are basically the same, but the local practices have also led to the differentiation of styles.

Perhaps when these Song Dynasty remains appeared at the same time, the Song rhyme spread like a picture scroll.

However, Guobao Temple lives quietly in this mountain, but things outside the mountain are impermanent.

When the country changed dramatically, it was still the same as it was a thousand years ago. With its own efforts, it has retained the few memories of the Song Dynasty in Jiangnan.

Today, Guobao Temple has also been transformed into an ancient building museum in Ningbo. The incense passed down for thousands of years gradually faded and became a popular science building. The followers of thousands of hands have long since disappeared, and Guobao Temple has also continued its historical memory of civilization with another kind of "merit".

Song Yun, in this wood factory, in the main hall. Every time people look up, they look up to the Millennium.

Guangsha Wanqian

This series of popular science articles on ancient buildings are all Chinese treasures.

We will show you the treasure you neglected.

References:

Liang Sicheng's Architectural History of China

Investigation, analysis and basic research on the main hall of Ningbo Guobao Temple

Zhang Shiqing, Southeast University Press.

Art Tour Culture X Xiaoxi Tingquan Teacher Course National Security 100 Manuscript

-End-

Copywriting Yu Han

Drawing editor Yu Han

Modeling and rendering malei

Image from: Xie

particular thanks

The model of the national security temple made by malei.

Ningbo Guobao Temple Ancient Architecture Museum