Four design styles of medieval European design

(1) The plane of Ricardo of Brazil (1) is rectangular; (2) gabled wooden roof; (3) Its main part is a space composed of three or five corridors. Each corridor is separated by pillars, and the corridor in the middle is wider and higher than the surrounding ones, with horizontal windows for lighting. (4) The altar is in the east and the exit is in the west. Byzantium Byzantium was originally a city in ancient Greece. In 330 AD, the Roman emperor moved the capital to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople. Since then, Byzantine art has entered a period of great prosperity. Byzantine church architecture is developed on the basis of Ricardo in Brazil, which is wider and more transparent than Ricardo in Brazil. (1) The longitudinal rectangular central hall+continuous circular dome (2) is decorated with a large number of mosaics. Hagia Sophia (Istanbul, Turkey) is the most brilliant achievement in Byzantine art. This paper expounds how Hagia Sophia creates a religious atmosphere from three aspects: structure, lighting and decoration. Features 1. The beauty of structural proportion. A huge dome (33 meters in diameter) symbolizing heaven above the central hall made the space very open and transparent, creating the largest span at that time, but there were no columns in the open central hall, which blocked the view. Under the central dome, there are two semi-circular domes at both ends of the central hall, and three smaller domes are built under the half dome, which is a continuous dome structure. Therefore, it has a subtle beauty of proportion. Secondly, the flow and infiltration of space is also attributed to the lighting setting of Hagia Sophia. At the height of the central dome near the supporting point, there are 40 windows, which make the skylight pour down from people's heads, like a waterfall of light, but the part where the huge dome is connected with the wall is blurred by the brilliant skylight, as if the dome has no support and no dependence, and the clouds are floating above people's heads (the heaven people yearn for)-incredible ingenuity and sacred wisdom! Moreover, a large number of dome structures also leave more space for windows. There are two rows of windows on the semi-circular walls on the north and south sides, seven at the bottom and five at the top, while five windows are opened on the semi-domes at the east and west ends and three small domes set inside, which complement the light of the central dome, filling the depths of the church with a dreamy atmosphere and making people feel lost in it. Feature 3. Inside the church, the dome and walls are decorated with a large number of colorful mosaics. Mosaic Mosaic is also a major feature of Byzantine architecture, and exquisite mosaics all over the world are in Byzantium. In early years, the dome was covered with pure gold. When the sun shines through the skylight of the dome, the whole hall is sunny, resplendent and magnificent, and the mysterious and luxurious atmosphere is more intense. Walking to the spacious space under the dome gives people the illusion of being in heaven. Prokopis, a historian at that time, once described his impression when he entered the church like this: "People feel as if they are in a garden full of flowers, enjoying the purple, green, red and white flowers. When a person comes here to pray, he will immediately believe that this is not manpower or art, but a miracle caused by God's grace. His heart flies to God, and he feels that he is not far from God ... "This is a feeling of being in heaven, a kind of glory and a kind of happiness. /kloc-After the Byzantine Empire perished in the 5th century, the Turks occupied the church and turned it into a mosque. They built four minarets outside the church, adding beauty to the whole building. (3) In the middle and late period, the longitudinal rectangle was transformed into a Greek cross plane (equilateral cross), and the five domes were clustered in appearance. For example, St. Kyle's Cathedral in Venice has several domes, which almost became the standard church form of the Byzantine Empire and exhibited countless variants. Byzantine architecture has a certain influence on Islamic architecture, and the dome has become an important factor in the composition of the church. Pictures of some churches (3) Romanesque church (11-kloc-0/2nd century)1,historical background and geographical location: (introduction) 2. Features of Romanesque church architecture: (1) Architectural structure: Romanesque architectural style inherits the arch structure of Roman architecture. (2) Exterior modeling: The church wall is thick and firm, with only a small window, and it is very high from the ground. Doors and windows adopt semi-circular arch structure. The towering tower (the tower is the symbol of Romanesque architecture) has a Latin cross on the plane layout, and there is usually a tall dome at the intersection of two halls. (3) Interior decoration: There are a large number of reliefs (religious contents) for decorative churches to enjoy, and feel the external modeling and internal religious atmosphere of Romanesque churches: Pisa Cathedral (composition and decoration) (France) The earliest Romanesque church in Saint Foy's Church Summary: Romanesque churches have a strong sense of religious solemnity and oppression. The light inside the church is dim, and the religious content of porch and stigma decoration and carving strengthens the gloomy and mysterious atmosphere. (4) Gothic church: Gothic church is the product of the heyday of Christianity, which can be said to be the peak of church art. The origin of the name "Gothic church" Gothic architecture is developed on the basis of Romanesque architecture. Due to the cylindrical vault structure, the church looks dignified and monotonous. In order to create a wider, higher and brighter interior space, European architects have made structural innovations, and churches have made new breakthroughs in height, interior space and lighting. Structure: ribbed arch+pointed arch+flying ticket Due to the improvement of the structure, the internal space of the church has changed. The nave is getting higher and higher. People's eyes are attracted by the sky. These structures themselves have a harmonious aesthetic feeling, and there is no need to use any decorative carving. These buildings are decorations in themselves. Interior decoration: a large number of stained glass windows are used for decoration. There are few reliefs, and they walk out of the wall. Stained glass is a kind of translucent painting. Sunlight passes through the huge stained glass windows, making the indoor space between opening and closing. Make the indoor light hazy and colorful. It adds a mysterious religious atmosphere to the church. The colors of glass windows are mainly blue and red. Sunlight passes through the glass window and the two colors merge into purple light. Purple is the color of God. He is noble, mysterious and melancholy. When the church is shrouded in this light, people will feel that God is coming and God is everywhere. As theologians say, "God has no image, he is infinitely large, infinitely small and infinitely beautiful. He can fill the whole universe, or he can be a drop of dew and a pinhole. " "When a person stands under a huge colored window (experience) and is penetrated and dissolved by light and color, it seems that dew and water dust fall on the soil, clouds scatter in the sky and stars fall on the sea, which is a complete return and settlement". External modeling: Tall, sharp, straight, sharp and straight make Gothic architecture have a strong upward trend, guide people's hearts to fly to heaven, and reflect the religious sentiment of abandoning secularism.