The history of Peking Opera?

First, the history of Peking Opera

(A) Before and after the formation of Peking Opera

Before the formation of Beijing Opera, there were many popular operas in Beijing, such as Kunqu Opera, which originated in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, and Yiyang Opera, which originated in Yiyang, Jiangxi Province. Among them, Kunqu opera was favored by the ruling class and boarded the elegant hall. Because drama has only developed into elegance, it has become a kind of drama monopolized by the court and gradually separated from the general public. After the mid-Qianlong period, Yiyang Opera (also known as Peking Opera and Gaoqiang Opera) leapt above Kunqu Opera, which was deeply loved by the public and formed a powerful force. Its popularity, understandability and easy learning are beyond that of Kunqu Opera. Later (about 1779), Wei Changsheng, a famous actor, brought Shaanxi Opera, which was popular in northwest China, from Sichuan to Beijing, and it was a blockbuster because of its lively and delicate performance, popular lyrics and beautiful singing. After several years of prosperity, Wei Changsheng was forced to leave Yangzhou because of the prohibition of the Qing government.

In the fifty-fifth year of Qianlong (1790), Huizhou Opera Troupe, which was popular in Anhui, came to Beijing with Sanqing class led by Gao Langting. Huang Er is the main vocalist in the play, accompanied by Kunqu Opera, Siping Tune, Gaoqiang, Chuiqiang and Qinqiang. Singing is quite rich, and Gaolangting is good at learning from others. When he performed in Beijing, he blended a lot of Beijing words, which enriched the performance of the play. At this time, Huiban took the top spot in the Peking Opera circle. Subsequently, there appeared four classes in Huizhou Opera, namely Sixi, Hekou and Chuntai, which were called "Huizhou Class Four".

In the eighth year of Daoguang (1828), famous actors Mi Yingxian, Li Liu, Wang Honggui, Yu Sansheng, Tan Zhidao and others went to Beijing with their classes. The main theme of the play is Xipi tune, which cooperated with Huang Er of Huizhou Opera and performed on the same stage, forming a situation in which Xipi and Huang Er sang together, so Pihuang Opera appeared. At this time, it can be said that Beijing Opera has taken shape. During the period of Tan Xinpei, there was the title of Beijing dialect. Beijing Opera is the predecessor of Beijing Opera.

To sum up, from the 55th year of Qianlong (1790) when Huiban entered Beijing to the 15th year of Jiaqing (18 10), Huiban and other theatrical troupes were in the gestation period of Peking Opera. 18 10 to 1845 (twenty-five years of Daoguang), Chu Opera came to Beijing and cooperated with Huiban to form Pihuang Opera (later called Peking Opera). From 1845 to 1894, Peking Opera has developed from rudiment to perfection. At this time, many typical and representative actors appeared. According to the 13 actors loved by the masses at that time, the Qing Dynasty painter Shen painted a picture of the Thirteen Celebrities with the same light. The 13 people are Zhang Changsheng, Li Shi, Lu Shengkui, Li Hao Lantian, Mei Qiaoling, Yu Ziyun, Xu Xiaoxiang, Zhu Lianfen and Yang Yuelou. They represented various roles at that time and were the founders of Peking Opera.

Second, the business of Peking Opera.

Every play is classified according to the characters in the play, that is, "trading". The development of Peking Opera also follows the historical development of Peking Opera. In the early days of Peking Opera's formation, due to the influence of various operas, it was divided into ten roles, namely, life, Dan, end, foreign, clean, ugly, miscellaneous, practical, easy, rising and flourishing. Later, the ownership was integrated with each other and simplified into four lines: life, Dan, net and ugly.

Health hotline

Sheng Xing is an important line in Beijing Opera, including Xu Sheng, Hong Sheng, Xiao Sheng and Vu Thang.

1 Lao Sheng

Old people, that is, people over middle age, all have beards, that is, beards. Because of their different personalities and identities, they can be divided into three types: one is an old worker, and the other is a singer (playing literati, emperors, bureaucrats, etc. ), an old worker (playing a military commander), an old loser or an old worker (playing a poor or mentally stimulated person).

2 Hongsheng

Hongsheng is a red-faced beard. In Beijing Opera, macro-sound plays generally refer only to the plays of Guan Yu and Zhao Kuangyin. At first, there were not many Guan Yu plays in Beijing Opera, which was no different from the old ones. However, after Wang Hongshou reformed Guan Yu's acting skills, Hong Sheng's play became an instant hit. He made great efforts to arrange new plays, and almost all the plots of Guan Yu in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms were put on the stage of Peking Opera.

3 Xiao Sheng

Xiao Sheng is a young man in the play, including Zi Ling (a general with a pheasant and a prince). ), shamao (official), Fan (scholar), textual research (poor scholar).

Four five tones

Wusheng is the role of martial arts in the play, which can be divided into chopping wusheng (who wears thick-soled boots), also called relying on wusheng for a long time, and leaving wusheng (who wears thin-soled boots) is also called bunting wusheng.

(2) Danhang

Danxing, also known as Zhanxing, is divided into Tsing Yi, Flower Market, wudan, Beijing Opera Blues and Lao Dan.

1 tsing yi

Tsing Yi, also known as Zheng Dan, is a good wife and mother, who mainly sings.

2 flowered shirts

The floral shirt is also called Hua Dan, which is different from Tsing Yi in that its clothes are colorful. The identities of the people in the play are complicated, including the queen, princess, female general, village girl, vendor and so on. Generally speaking, the role played by Tsing Yi is older than that played by Hua Shan. There are boudoir Dan, Duan Zidan and so on. The difference is that the former are mostly girls and the latter are mostly young women. There is also an informal and provocative danger.

3 Wu Dan, Peking Opera Blues.

Both of them are good at martial arts, and the division of labor is not obvious.

4 Lao Dan

Lao Dan, the old woman in the play, sings with her own voice, which is different from the soft voice singing used by ordinary Dan characters. Although Lao Dan used his own voice, it was different from the old one, because his melody was delicate and changeable, and he still showed the characteristics of women.

(3) Clear lines

The screen name is also called face painting, which is divided into several types: face painting with copper hammer, mainly singing; Blackheaded face, mainly singing; The shelf is painted, mainly a working rack. The identities of the people in the play are very complicated, including generals, outlaws and monks. Wu Hualian and the attack. Wu Hualian mainly relies on long-term support, and it is a slap in the face.

(4) Ugly behavior

Ugliness in Beijing opera is ugly, but it is relatively simple, also called three sides.

1 Wen Chou

Wen Chou is divided into square towel ugliness (literati, Confucian scholars), Su ugliness (Suzhou white), robe ugliness (official ugliness, tea ugliness [blue cloth coat]) and so on.

2 Wu Chou

There are many kinds of clothes, including official clothes, eunuch clothes, palace clothes and tea clothes, which are the main clothes in Beijing opera. There are some clothes in the martial arts box.

The second suitcase, also known as the second suitcase, is mainly used for men's and women's clothes in martial arts, including: lean, that is, armor, worn by military commanders, which can be divided into hard lean and soft lean. Those people with flags on their backs are tough guys.

Arrow coat, small collar, big waist, narrow sleeves and horseshoe cuffs, made of flowers, vegetables and dragon three.

Jacket: jacket, double-breasted, open-minded, floral. White cloth waist skirt, hero suit, etc. , also in the box.

The third box is the boot bag box.

The fourth box is a box for the helmet head and mouth.

The fifth and sixth boxes are props, that is, scattered objects such as bricks and stones.

These boxes are all managed by special personnel, called "loading boxes", and everyone knows drama. Be responsible for "dressing up" the actors before entering the arena, and taking them back after entering the arena, sorting them out and packing them in an orderly way. There is a saying in Beijing opera that "it is better to wear it badly than to wear it wrong", which shows that boxes of objects are strictly different and cannot be confused.

(2) make-up modeling

The makeup of Beijing opera is very unique. Sheng Dan's face is not crooked, but it is not easy to make up. Both men and women want hanging eyebrow, and then draw raw horns and wrap them in a net towel, with their hair tossed and their mouths twisted; Take powder, smudge, eyebrow eye painting, Baotou, film pasting, headdress and so on. Painting faces requires special makeup, including big painting faces (clean), two painting faces (clean) and three painting faces (small painting faces and ugly faces). The most complicated facial makeup is a large painted face.

It is said that the origin of Facebook can be traced back to the "face generation" of Lan Ling, a warrior in the Northern Qi Dynasty. Later, the mask appeared on the stage. The mask affected the performance and gradually changed to a hook face. The facial makeup in Peking Opera is an exaggeration of skin color, eyebrows, eyes, nose and mouth, highlighting the texture of bones and muscles, thus achieving the effect of "praising and criticizing good and evil". In a word, Qing Jiao and Hook Face are the representatives of the characters in the play.

The commonly used colors of Peking Opera facial makeup are: red (for loyalty), pink (for honesty and old age), purple (for cautious and steady training), black (for fortitude and honesty), white (for cunning and resourcefulness), yellow (for skill and fierceness), blue (for courage and arrogance) and green (for stubbornness and cruelty). Formally, there are "three tiles" or "three nests" faces (forehead and cheeks). "Spend three tiles" is to add some patterns symbolizing texture on the basis of three tiles. The third tile is the face of an old hero. "Six-point face" is a mask representing the elderly, named after four-tenths of the forehead and six-tenths of the face. The "cross frontispiece" is born out of the shape of three tiles and is named after the cross between the eye socket and the nose column of Tian Tong. In addition, there are "magpie eyes" faces, "butterflies" faces, "flowers are wrinkled" faces, "unparalleled" faces and "pictographic" faces.

A variety of facial makeup, with appropriate clothing and props, any role is a beautiful shape.

(3) Accompaniment

Beijing opera accompaniment is an important part of the whole drama performance, and it is the link that connects the plot from beginning to end. In the play, it plays a role in rendering the atmosphere, setting off the characters and mastering the rhythm. The band that accompanies Beijing Opera is called "Live", which can be divided into literary field and martial field.

1 Wuchang

The instruments in the field of martial arts are mainly percussion music, which is not only used in martial arts, but also used in literary drama.

The musical instrument is

Single skin: it's a single skin drum, and the drummer is called a drum guy. He is the conductor of the whole scene, and he controls the speed and rhythm.

Gong: According to timbre and tone, it can be divided into "Three Lights (Tiger Tone Gong)", "Two Lights (Wind Gong)" and "Headlight (Su Gong)". There is also a big sieve gong with strong bass.

Xiao Gong: The timbre contrast with that of Da Gong is very sharp. A strong rhythmic effect can be obtained by alternately hitting with a big gong and a small gong. Xiao Gong has a sense of leisure and tranquility when he is single.

Cymbals are musical instruments sandwiched between gongs, which are used to express various emotions and atmosphere.

Grand view: The voice is low, which sets off the general's prestige.

Tanggu: Also called Tanggu, it is used to strengthen the fighting atmosphere when the two armies meet, and it is also a symbol of the army and men.

Others include drums that sound like thunder, hall gongs, cymbals and cloud gongs that show joy, and wooden fish and bells used in special circumstances. The playing program of the above percussion instruments includes a set of gongs and drums, and there are about 60 commonly used fixed playing methods, such as sudden wind, four-hitting head, heavy punch, silk edge, inverted head, crying head and anti-long hammer.

2 Wenchang

The field of literature is orchestral music. When Peking Opera was just formed, the accompaniment instruments were very simple, including Jinghu and Yueqin. As art becomes more and more perfect, it is gradually enriched.

Jinghu: This is the main instrument in the field of Beijing Opera. From the Western Regions to the Central Plains, the timbre is crisp and vivid.

Beijing Erhu: Accompanied by Erhu for Peking Opera, it began at 1923 when Mei Lanfang rehearsed Xi Shi, which enriched the bass area.

Yueqin: This is one of the main musical instruments to accompany old students. The rhythm is lively and complements the alto.

Sanxian: Before Qin Yue's prominence, Sanxian was very important, and it was one of the three major works in the field of literature. Flute: It is the main instrument in wind music. Some Kunqu operas are equipped with flutes.

Suona and Haidi: Because of the different sound quality and timbre, Suona is generally used as a backup singer, while Haidi is generally used in music. The cock crow, bird song and Ma Si's voice in Beijing Opera are all imitated by these two instruments. After the founding of New China, Peking Opera was reformed, and Da Ruan and zhongruan were added to the band, which enriched the expressive force of music.

Singing and chanting

The scene serves the performance, and the chanting and singing in the performance are the crystallization of music and language.

1 aria

Singing plays an important role in Beijing Opera. In the past, actors were called "singers", and the vocals in Beijing Opera were mainly Xipi and Huanger. Generally speaking, Xipi is good at expressing liveliness and joy, while Huang Er mainly expresses sadness and carols. Both singing methods have many sections, forming a beautiful singing. Xipi: On the Huqin, the tone of the outer string is "3" and the tone of the inner string is "6". There are reverse board, swing board, loose board, adagio, three eyes, original board, 26, running water, allegro and so on. Huang Er: Huqin's external chord is "2" and its internal chord is "5". In addition to the xipi board mentioned above, there are four tones. Others: In addition to Xipi and Huang Er, there are high-tempo, Nanbangzi, Suona and Blowing Cavity, which are used to designate plays. The lyrics of Beijing opera are all rhyming, and the sentence patterns vary in length, including three characters, five characters, seven characters, crosses and so on. The lyrics of Beijing opera have been refined and fixed after a long period of tempering. However, because the actors are bound by the rules and obey the teacher's training, some unreasonable lyrics are also in the same strain and dare not change.

2 years old

Singing plays an important role in Beijing opera. Some people compare the importance of chanting and say "chanting in four duets". The implication is that singing is more difficult to learn than singing. Singing is accompanied by musical instruments, and singing depends entirely on the actor's own breath. There are many wonderful scenes in Beijing opera, such as the play of ten books, the court debate of four gentlemen, and the reading of classics in Famen Temple. Beijing opera pays attention to "sharp" and "group", with accurate four tones, catchy words, proper intonation and rhythm, and should not be "one-sided". There are three kinds of singing styles in Beijing Opera: Jing Bai, Yun Bai and Dialect Bai. Bai Jing speaks Mandarin, which is crisp and pleasant, and can't be vague. One kind of rhyme is a rhyme close to meter, such as introduction, fixed-field poem and ending equivalence; The other is the speech of people with status. There are often Huguang sounds and Zhongzhou sounds in rhyme and white, which are the traces influenced by Huizhou Opera and Han Opera. Dialect Bai is a common local dialect in Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Jiangsu and Sichuan on the stage of Beijing Opera. If used properly, it will increase the comedy atmosphere. The language of Peking Opera is extremely concise, and sometimes a few words can make the finishing point and serve as epigrams in poetry.

(5) The stage that is not restricted by time and space.

Peking Opera's performing arts and the use of stage space are perfect, which is the result of absorbing the long-term creation of predecessors. On a limited stage, you can show infinite time and space. This method of expression has been praised by foreign artists.

1 Action exaggeration comes from life.

Just a stage can show up and down the Millennium, across Wan Li. It is expressed in an exaggerated way through the actors' actions that originated from life and were carefully processed. For example, in Family of Fishing and Hunting, there is a river on one side and land on the other, and a fishing boat is moored under the Liu Yin on the shore. This kind of environment is felt by the audience through the actors' performances. In the play, the characters get on the boat, get off the boat, drink at the bow, row and sail. The audience seemed to be there, but there was nothing on the stage. Through the performance of the actors' hands, eyes, body, movements and steps, the audience can appreciate the people in the play going upstairs, downstairs, opening doors, entering houses, going up mountains, crossing rivers, walking, crossing streams, riding horses, letting chickens and ducks go, digging vegetables, embroidering, sewing clothes and so on. Some movements have been artistically treated, and although they are contrary to the reality of life, such as killing a thousand troops by one person, the audience does not feel unreasonable.

Wushu combines dance and Wushu.

The performance of Beijing Opera pays attention to singing, reading, doing and fighting, which shows the position of Wushu on the stage of Beijing Opera. Many plays in Beijing Opera belong to the martial arts category. Beijing Opera Wushu has certain routines and rules, such as small five sets, small fast guns, gun racks, aiming guns and so on. In marksmanship; Knife methods include moving flowers, carrying flowers, hooking knives, aligning knives and grabbing knives. There are also performances of special weapons such as fists, sticks, whips and hammers. Wushu in Beijing Opera is neither martial arts nor dancing, but a combination of the two, with acrobatic skills.

Fourth, Peking Opera plays.

With the development of Peking Opera art, Peking Opera repertoire has been increasing. According to records, there were 87 Pihuang operas in the 25th year of Qing Daoguang (1845), 30 in Tongzhi (1864) and 8 in Guangxu (1876).

These plays are all copied from the performance list, and they are definitely incomplete. Someone has done statistical work on Peking Opera plays, and there are more than 1700 plays whose names can be found. According to the content, it can be roughly divided into the following categories.

(1) Plays that promote national integrity and patriotism, such as Golden Beach, Broken Flood State, La Block, War of Peace, Wen Tianxiang, Tattoo of Mother-in-law, etc.

(2) The Peking Opera plays with the theme of anti-feudalism and abandoned ethics include Qin Xianglian, Mu Kezhai, Picking up Jade Bracelet, Thinking of Fan, Qiu Jiang and Anti-Marriage between Britain and Taiwan.

(3) Plays praising pure love include The Story of Liu Yin, Peach Blossom Face, The West Chamber, etc.

(4) Plays that praise the uprising and resistance and eliminate violence and tranquility, such as Outline of Life, Happy Forest, Three Zhujiazhuang Villages, Sanchakou, Tong Tianxi, Ying Jielie, etc.

(5) Plays that reflect historical themes, such as returning to Zhao intact, making peace with generals, losing space, and killing Zhao's revenge. (6) Beautiful myths and legends, such as Journey to the West, Tianhe Pei, Houyi Chang 'e, etc. There are so many different levels of Peking Opera. Influenced by feudal society, the essence and dross coexist in the play. As Chaplin commented, "Old Peking Opera is a mixture of pearls, jade and sand." Therefore, some dramas are difficult to classify, seemingly absurd and supernatural, and may also be fairy dramas. Some people say it's a "ghost" drama, while others say it's a progressive drama with rebellious spirit ... There are many such controversial dramas, such as Hongmei Pavilion, Exploring Shadow Mountain, Capturing Saburo alive, and Shiro Visiting Mother.

Five, Beijing Opera genre

The emergence of different schools in drama is the inevitable product of artistic development. Actors have different methods of nature teaching and performance because of different tutors. Over time, whatever is recognized by peers and praised by the audience will form a genre.

(A) the formation of various schools is a reflection of artistic prosperity.

Many people learn a play. During the performance, in order to win the audience, they will display their unique skills. Over time, different performances of the same drama will be formed. Different acting skills have their own advantages and coexist on the stage, thus forming a genre. The more schools there are, the more talents are engaged in this art, and the more prosperous this art will be.

The development of genre and art complement each other. The formation of schools contributes to the development of art, taking Beijing Opera schools as an example. In the schools of life, poetry, purity and ugliness, forming a school will inevitably affect other industries. Although the industry is different, it is necessary to achieve artistic mastery through performing on the same stage.

In the history of Peking Opera for more than one hundred years, many schools have appeared, such as Tan (new school), Wang (cinnamon powder), Gao (green sunflower), Ma (), Yan (), Qi (Lin Tong) and Yang (). There are Mei School, Shanghai School, Shang School and Xun School. There are Jin (Shaoshan) school, school and so on on the internet. Although the formation of ugliness schools is not obvious due to the limitations of conditions, Xiao (Changhua) School in Wenzhou and Ye () School in Wuxi are also recognized by the audience.

As far as genre is concerned, the art of Peking Opera is quite brilliant in history. Later, some people have some different views on genre, thinking that actors should have their own characteristics and should not blindly imitate others; Or it should not be limited to genres and hinder the development of art and so on. These views are not comprehensive.

(2) Inheriting the school is to better explore the future.

An actor must be a student first. In the process of learning, he should learn according to the teacher's way and learn well. After learning, we should learn from others, further study and form our own artistic style, and add our own understanding and creation to art. At the same time, this is also the process of re-creation and improvement of art. This is how art spreads and develops, and so is the development trend of schools. Advocating learning genre is by no means binding yourself with genre. In fact, the artistic essence of any school is not the copy of the teacher's model, but the result of re-creation. It can be seen that the school of inheritance laid the foundation for the development and prosperity of art, and only in this way can we live up to the painstaking efforts of the originator of this school. In other words, only by learning from others with an open mind can we contribute to the artistic development of Beijing Opera. The recent performance of children in Jingkun not only shows that there are many descendants of various schools in Jingkun, but also shows the bright future of Jingkun's career.

Beijing opera facial makeup is very particular about color, but it seems that colorful facial makeup details appear for a reason, not just to look good. Draw colors with different meanings with different patterns, and the characters are personalized.

The general color meaning of Facebook is:

Red: general: brave and chivalrous, mostly positive roles.

Others: satire, which means false good people.

Special case: the old man shows that the young red light is still there; Bad guys do good things.

Black: general: rough and resolute, brave and intelligent.

Others: indicates Yin in Yin and Yang. Used of ghosts. Black skin or ugly face.

Bai: General; Cunning and treacherous; Willful.

Others: He Ga, eunuch mask; Indicates that the old man is old,

Purple: General: Upright and upright, don't flatter the powerful.

Others: bad complexion, ugly.

Yellow: brave and impetuous.

King: General: Immortal, superior.

Others: brave soldiers.

Silver: Undead, monster.

Green: General: Brave and fearless.

Others: outlaws.

Blue: powerful and insidious

Life, Dan, clean and ugly. What is "life, courage, cleanliness and ugliness"? Actually, it's just role classification. "Sheng" is a male positive role, "Dan" is a female positive role, "Jing" is a male supporting role with distinctive personality, and "Ugliness" is a humorous or negative role.

Each character also has a face, looks and so on. , indicating identity. As long as the actors enter the stage, you can know at a glance. There are many celebrities among the "Beijing Opera Fans", including Zai Tian, Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty. He can not only sing operas, but also play drums. He is an all-round expert in Beijing, Kunming and Hunan.

The famous Empress Dowager Cixi is an opera fan. In today's Summer Palace, there is still the largest theater in China, with a height of 2 1 m and a total of three floors. It can be seen that she spent a lot of time on Peking Opera.

Facial patterns are very rich, generally divided into forehead, eyebrow, orbit, nasal fossa, mouth fork and floor of mouth.

The pattern of each part is different, regular and inconclusive. For example, Bao Zheng has a white crescent on his black forehead, which represents honesty; Meng Liang has a red gourd on his forehead, indicating that this person likes to drink; Wen Zhong and Yang Jian painted three eyes, which originated from classical legends. Genies, sand gods and leopards are multifaceted, highlighting the characteristics of their ghostly monsters; Yang has a traditional "tiger" on his forehead, which means he is brave and invincible. Zhao Kuangyin's dragon eyebrows are the real dragon emperor; Lei Gong has lightning stripes on his face; Jiang Wei's forehead is painted with a picture of yin and yang, which shows his ingenuity; Xia Houdun's eye socket was injured by an arrow, so he drew a red dot. Doulton, Dian Wei and others have their best weapon patterns on their faces; Wang drew a toad, indicating that it was the reincarnation of a water beast; Zhao Gongming painted on money to show that he was a god of wealth. The big dipper drew a picture of the seven stars on his forehead.