Did the Eight Banners System of Manchu Dynasty originate from the Mon 'an Mock System of Jin Dynasty? What's the difference between them?

Once upon a time, Jin got rid of the backward tribal alliance system and established a complete military and political organization with the help of Meng 'an Mok system. Thanks to this, as a minority who can establish political power, Jin's rule in the Central Plains can be so long and stable.

Coincidentally, Nurhachi established the Eight Banners system in order to establish effective management after unifying the ministries of Jurchen. After the establishment of the Eight Banners System, Jurchen had a more standardized operation, rapidly strengthened her strength and successfully established a powerful political power? Houjin? . The two regimes created by these two systems are both called. Kim. , and they are all so-called? Jurchen? What is the relationship between the Eight Banners system in Qing Dynasty and the Mon 'an Mok system in Jin State? What are the similarities and differences between them?

First, Xu Jinguo Meng 'an Mouke System

According to The History of Jin compiled in Song Dynasty, ministers called it "Yan Zi" and soldiers called it "Meng An" and "Mou Ke". Judging from its number, Meng An is a commander and Mou Ke is a centurion. Mu Ke's deputy is Pu Liyan, and the deputy of the foot soldiers is Ali Xi. The number of employees is not customized at the beginning. In the second year of Mao's accession to the throne, since he broke the law by 2,500 yuan, he began to order 300 households to beg for grams and 10 households to beg for grams. .

What can you see from this historical data? Meng' an monk system? In fact, it is class division. People in the Warring States are all soldiers? Commander? The system is similar.

According to historical records, Meng Anmou restrained himself? The system was first used by jurchen to coordinate people's looting and hunting, and then gradually developed into a military and social system, that is, the integration of military and agriculture? Xu Jin called an official who can manage 300 households "Mock", which is equivalent to the current township head or mayor in the popular sense. The person who manages 10 Mock is Meng An, which is equivalent to the county magistrate in the popular sense. Together, an effective management system can be established.

In fact, when the Monmouth system was first implemented, the standards were not so strict. For example, a monk may only master dozens of families, and Meng 'an may not have 10 Mokes. Although this system facilitates the top-down management of the Jurchen nationality, due to the unclear standards, the leaders of the Jurchen nationality often have various contradictions when issuing specific orders. Until later, Jin Taizu Hong Yan Yan Hong Akuta officially determined the number of people who ruled Meng 'an for better management, and at the same time standardized the rights of Meng 'an and woodcut.

To put it simply, except for the granary, Meng 'an Mouke is the same as the county magistrate. Jin Taizu rules. Meng' an monk system? Later, it was found that the system was really good and the state was more convenient to manage, so it was popularized nationwide. Later, the rulers of the State of Jin extended it and applied it to the resumption of production, that is, the economy.

Second, the Eight Banners System in Qing Dynasty

Having said that, let's take a look at the Eight Banners system.

During the Ming Dynasty, Jurchen mostly existed in the form of tribes. By the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Jurchen tribe had gradually developed. At that time, it was mainly divided into three forces: Hercynian Jurchen, Yehe Jurchen and Jianzhou Jurchen. Later, Nuerhachi led Jianzhou Jurchen to integrate the other two films, completed the unification of Jurchen nationality and established the post-Jin Dynasty.

In the process of fighting other Jurchen tribes, Nurhachi borrowed fierce security guards and compiled them for the convenience of management. Lu Niu? According to the specified number of people, the cattle records will be included in the yellow, white, red and blue flags to better distinguish them. In A.D. 1655, with the development of tribes and the continuous enhancement of military strength, Nuerhachi added yellow, white, red and blue four-sided flags, and at this time the Eight Banners system was formally established.

The Eight Banners system stipulates that the number of people ruled by each flag varies from tens of thousands to six or seven thousand. These people stay at home when they don't need to fight, and send troops to fight when they need to fight, just like in the Warring States period? Farming system? Very similar? .

Later, after Nurhachi and Huang Taiji gradually ruled Mongolia and some Han people, in order to facilitate management, they added the Eight Banners of the Han Dynasty and the Eight Banners of Mongolia. However, there is still a big difference between status and Manchu Eight Banners. Each of its subordinates is in charge of the general's leadership, which is equivalent to a large military unit, just like the current division level, with different adjutants in charge of management.

Third, the relationship between the two.

1. First of all, the Eight Banners system should be regarded as an extension and development of the Mon 'an Mock system.

Meng 'an Mok system is an attempt to implement a unified and coordinated management system for the Jurchen nationality, but there are still many shortcomings. For example, mixing military and politics can easily lead to institutional confusion. The system of centurion and centurion began to be tried out in the Warring States Period of the Central Plains Dynasty, and then it was successfully separated from politics and military affairs through continuous evolution, making the appointment of various departments more effective and direct.

It was only after realizing the advanced system of the Central Plains dynasty that the Jin Dynasty tried to manage the Han areas according to the system of the Han people after the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty. Compared with Nurhachi, the establishment of the Eight Banners system is equivalent to a certain division of politics and military affairs, which is a development and progress. In the later period, the Eight Banners simply referred to the army, and the local people were still managed by local officials.

2. Secondly, the number of people has also been adjusted once, which can give orders more effectively and directly, which is equivalent to disassembling the parts into a whole.

Back then? Meng' an monk system? The system equivalent to centurion and centurion. Meng' an monk system? Although jurchen has been effectively classified and unified, but? Commander? And then what? Centurion? It is also prone to management confusion. What if it's just based on? Commander? If it is the highest unit, the number of people directly managed by the rulers is relatively large, and it is difficult to make effective deployment.

The Eight Banners system just makes up for this defect. It is no longer limited to the basic data of 300 households or how many households are a unit, and the base of a single project is increased, which is more convenient for the rulers to allocate. In the past, the ruler needed to manage 100 people, but now the ruler only needs to manage 8 people. It lightens the pressure of the rulers and improves the overall operation efficiency.

Nurhachi's Eight Banners Army has five commanders to help the flag owner manage each flag, so there are about 1000 people under each commander, so how many flags is each flag actually equivalent to? Meng An? Collection of. After this improvement, the flag master can make unified arrangements after receiving the order, so that the governors can cooperate with each other and achieve certain strategic goals without the detailed operational guidance of the supreme ruler. It can save more time and reduce the workload of the supreme ruler.

The establishment of the Eight Banners system can make the two check and balance each other, and prevent one side from becoming too powerful and threatening the position of the ruler. Therefore, during the whole Qing Dynasty, except for Dourgen's special status, no flag owner's rights would override the emperor.

3. What's the difference between them?

Back then? Meng' an monk system? At first, it was an organization that managed jurchen's regular hunting, and later it gradually evolved into a military organization and a political organization. So what? Meng' an monk system? It is equivalent to controlling the political, military and people's lives of the country, just like the current military government manages a country. Although there may be some efficiency in management, it is likely to face many problems in the management process. For example, these Meng An or their accomplices are in chaos if they manage privately.

Eight Banners District Organization is a military organization independent of politics and not restricted by local government. It is a series of military activities directly ordered by the emperor or the flag owner, which is more efficient and can suppress each other to avoid one side dominating and rebelling.