What are the handicrafts in Song Dynasty?

Tortoise shell lamp, one of the lamps used for drinking tea in Song Dynasty, developed greatly on the basis of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties. In particular, the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty ended the struggle between the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and unified the Central Plains. The relative stability of society, the prosperity of urban economy, the rise of citizen class and the expansion and development of commodity exchange between urban and rural areas have provided material conditions and consumer markets for the emergence and development of arts and crafts, and also made a series of changes in the types, shapes, patterns and decorative techniques of arts and crafts, showing a unique style different from the previous generation. In addition, the arts and crafts under the jurisdiction of Liao, Jin and Xixia regimes are unique because they reflect the different styles of social consciousness and national life in this area.

Arts and Crafts of Song Dynasty-Ceramic Craft

Song Dynasty is an important period for the development of ancient ceramics in China. On the basis of "Nanqing (Porcelain) and Beibai (Porcelain)" in the Tang and Five Dynasties, driven by the commodity circulation, the life of ordinary people in urban and rural areas and the palace at that time, the output soared, the quality was improved, and the varieties and decorations were also improved and innovated, forming a free and unrestrained, concise and unique style of the times, and five kilns appeared: Ding Kiln, Ru Kiln, Official Kiln, Ge Kiln and Jun Kiln.

The outstanding achievements of ceramics in Song Dynasty lie in the white glaze printing of Ding kiln, the green glaze carving of Yaozhou kiln, the black color under the white glaze of Cizhou kiln and the red glaze of Jun kiln, the shadow of Jingdezhen kiln, the pink glaze and plum glaze of Longquan kiln, etc. The appearance of new varieties and decorative techniques such as rabbit hair, oil drops, tortoiseshell and paper-cut flowers in black glaze also marked the great progress of ceramic technology in this period. They compete with each other and are colorful. Palace porcelain is mostly fired and presented by Ruguan Kiln in Baofeng Liang Qing Temple, Yuxian Baguadong Guan Jun Kiln and Xiunei Temple Kiln in Hangzhou, Zhejiang. The porcelain of these official kilns are all created in blue glaze and opalescent glaze, winning with mellow elegance, which is different from the simplicity and freshness of folk kilns.

In the Song Dynasty, the firing of ceramics used "fire point" to check and control the temperature and atmosphere in the kiln, as well as advanced technologies and techniques such as original cans and over-firing, which further improved the quality and output of porcelain. In this period, the types of porcelain shapes were greatly increased compared with before, and the same kind of utensils were diverse, and new kinds of utensils appeared constantly, mainly including jade pot spring bottle, plum bottle, vase, rolled bottle, washing bottle, melon bottle, face bottle, melon bottle, cucumber-shaped bottle, note and pillow. Decorative themes are also rich and colorful, mostly flowers, birds and animals, as well as figures, landscapes and other patterns, which are full of life and decorative beauty. Some of the decorative themes and their forms of expression are related to the literati ink painting that rose at that time.

The ceramics in Liao Dynasty were mainly fired by kiln workers before the Northern Song Dynasty. There are imitation Ding kiln porcelain and tricolor utensils made from local materials, and also created cockscomb pots, drumsticks pots, pankou pots and crested pots with the national characteristics of Qidan. Jin dynasty ceramics developed after the kiln industry in Liao and Song dynasties. Yaozhou kiln printing was popularized and a large number of white glazed black-flowered porcelain was produced. The white glazed stilettos in Xixia are different from Song and Jin porcelains, and may be fired locally.

Arts and Crafts of Song Dynasty-Dyeing Embroidery Technology

Embroidery in Song Dynasty was exquisite in skill and elegant in color. Song Dynasty attached great importance to textile industry, such as dyeing, weaving and embroidery. Shaofu has set up offices such as Siwen Institute, Jinling Institute, Dyeing and Weaving Institute, Cutting Institute and Wenxiu Institute, which are respectively responsible for production and local official weaving workshops. The silk weaving industry in the Northern Song Dynasty was very developed, and the variety and quality of patterns were obviously improved and expanded compared with the previous generation. Its main producing areas are capital city Bianliang (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province), Xijing Luoyang (now Luoyang City, Henan Province), Zhenpingfu (now Hebei Province), Qingzhou (now Qingzhou City, Shandong Province) and Chengdu, Sichuan Province. By the Southern Song Dynasty, the silk industry had further developed in order to meet the needs of military supplies, donations, daily use and export. Lin 'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province), Jianyang, Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou (now Fujian Province) and Xinghua (now xinghua city, Jiangsu Province) have become the main producing areas of silk industry. The main varieties of silk weaving in Song Dynasty are brocade, silk, yarn, silk, satin, silk and silk, among which brocade is the most famous. Woven with beautiful and vivid patterns of flowers, birds, insects, fish, animals and figures, there are more than 20 varieties and colors, and more than a dozen processing methods such as carving, brushing, painting and selling gold are adopted.

However, reeling and embroidery are similar to painting because of their vivid landscapes, pavilions, figures, flowers, birds and animals. Dingzhou (now Dingzhou City, Hebei Province) is the main origin of silk reeling in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the silk reeling system in Lin 'an was the best in the Southern Song Dynasty. His famous reeling artists include Shen Zifan, Wu and others. Among them, Kerou Zhu is the most famous, and her paintings and calligraphy works are meticulous, exquisite in color, brilliant in luster and vivid in image. The development of silk weaving industry has also promoted the development and improvement of printing and dyeing industry. Printing and dyeing in the Song Dynasty has become very common. There are many patterns on silk and silk fabrics, such as landscapes, pavilions, figures, flowers and birds, animals and so on.

Silk cultural relics of the Song Dynasty have been unearthed in Xinjiang, Shanxi, Beijing, Jiangsu, Fujian and other places. Among them, the satin woven silk unearthed from the Southern Song Dynasty tomb in the northern suburb of Fuzhou, Fujian Province in recent years is a great discovery, which provides materials for studying the silk industry in the Song Dynasty.

Silk weaving in Liao Dynasty inherited the system of Tang and Song Dynasties, and established official silk weaving institutions in the areas under its jurisdiction. On the basis of inheriting and drawing lessons from the advanced technology of Tang and Song Dynasties, it has made great progress. Silk was unearthed from Princess Xu's tomb in the ninth year of Yingli, Liao (959). Used by Qidan nobles in the early Liao Dynasty. The carcass and boot surface of silk reeling unearthed from Yemaotai Tomb in Faku, Liaoning Province are the earliest silk reeling objects in Liao Dynasty. Ping Xiu is the pillar of silk reeling and is also used for needle embroidery. It has clever stitches and vivid images. Silk weaving in the Jin Dynasty was established on the basis of the northern silk weaving industry in the Song Dynasty, and the Shaofu supervisor and the Wenxiu supervisor were set up along the Song Dynasty, which were responsible for embroidering the imperial palace clothes, while the weaving and dyeing department was responsible for weaving and dyeing.

Twenty-four silks unearthed from Yan Tomb in Western Jin Dynasty, Datong City, Shanxi Province, are mainly Luo and have two kinds of flowers. Heti, Dalbergia Luodi and He Yun have exquisite embroidery techniques, exquisite skills and elegant styles, which can be called the fine embroideries of the Jin Dynasty. The traditional embroidery of Xixia is woolen industry, and its products include wool brown, felt, blanket and camel wool, which not only meet the local demand, but also are exported overseas. The Royal Silk Academy was woven by Han craftsmen. The colorful brocade of Hua Mao unearthed from Wang Xian's tomb in Xixia reflects the development level of silk weaving industry in Xixia. After settled in Xinjiang and Hexi, Uighurs established their own silk weaving industry, with silk, twisted gold thread and brocade as the main products. Lingjiuwo Brocade unearthed in Alar, Xinjiang is a twill brocade with obvious weft and no twist in warp and weft, which embodies some characteristics of Uighur silk fabric.

Arts and Crafts of Song Dynasty-Metal Craft

The metal craft in the Southern Song Dynasty was developed on the basis of the Tang and Five Dynasties, which excluded the exotic flavor from the Sassanian dynasty in Persia, adapted to the needs of urban civilians, and produced a large number of metal utensils full of life flavor.

The gold and silver wares in the Song Dynasty were very developed. The gold and silver tableware used by the royal family was made by Shaofu Sword and Siwen Institute. According to records, there are gold and silver shops in the capital of song dynasty, and the demand for gold and silver vessels by the imperial court and nobles in the southern song dynasty is increasing. According to records and archaeological excavations, most of the gold and silver products in the Song Dynasty were wine vessels, tea sets and decorations. 1959, a large number of Song Dynasty silverware were unearthed in Deyang, Sichuan. Besides tea sets and wine sets, there are many daily necessities. One of the silver boxes is carved with a pair of peacocks, decorated with tangled flowers, delicate and lovely. The chicken heart-shaped gold ornaments unearthed from the tomb of Mufu Mountain in Nanjing in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty are a combination of hollowing out, chiseling and pinching silk, which shows that the gold and silver products in Jiangning (now Nanjing) in the Northern Song Dynasty are exquisite in craftsmanship and superb in skill. The octagonal silver cup, the bagua silver cup, the silver plum vase and the silver silk box unearthed from the tomb of Shi Shengzu and his wife in Quzhou (now Zhejiang Province) in the tenth year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1274) are all silverware with new shapes in the Southern Song Dynasty. Silver plum blossom bottle, special-shaped vessel, pot, statue, cup holder, pot, carved box, etc. Pu Yin, Xiaoquan Town, unearthed in Deyang, Sichuan Province in the 9th year (1249), has the characteristics of serenity and comfort, which reflects the overall development trend of gold and silver vessels in towns in the Southern Song Dynasty.

In Song Dynasty, bronzes were further developed after the local casting in Tang Dynasty and the official casting in Southern Tang Dynasty. Daily utensils have increased a lot, mainly chopsticks, bottles, irons, fire shovels, fire bars, fire clips, sand gongs, spoon bars, incense burners, curtain hooks, cups, plates, pots, boxes, stoves and so on. Most of the shapes are simple and practical, and some objects are similar to porcelain, which may be the result of mutual influence. In addition, Buddha statues, ritual vessels and musical instruments are also produced to a certain extent.

There are two kinds of important bronzes in Song Dynasty: antique bronzes and bronze mirrors: ① Antique bronzes were mainly used as ritual vessels and sacrificial utensils in Song Dynasty, and were mass-produced at the end of Northern Song Dynasty. Their artifacts are exquisitely cast, loyal to the original, and elegant in shape, which has had a certain impact on the antique making of later generations. (2) Bronze mirrors, which are produced in large quantities due to large demand, have become the main products in the bronze industry. The bronze mirror of Song Dynasty is practical, not extravagant, light and simple in decoration. Their shapes are still mainly round, including square, sub-glyph, arc, diamond, square fillet, water chestnut and handle. On the back, there are flowers, birds, insects, fish, animals, figures, stories, Buddhism, mountains and rivers, pavilions, boats, auspicious spirits, four spirits, zodiac signs, gossip, astrology, fatigue, inscriptions and other patterns, as well as people without patterns. Pattern processing often adopts the combination of hidden lines and main lines, which enhances the fluctuation and weight of decorative patterns with the rhythm and rhythm of lines, and overcomes the lightness and monotony caused by thinness. Among them, the animal and plant patterns are accurate, vivid and rich in composition. The composition of landscape figures is rich in painting effect. Bronze mirrors in the Song Dynasty were mostly produced in Huzhou, Lin 'an (now Zhejiang), Raozhou, Jizhou, Fuzhou (now Jiangxi) and Chengdu (now Sichuan).

The metal craft of Liao Dynasty was influenced by the Sassanian dynasty in Persia, and inherited the tradition of Tang Dynasty, and created its own unique metal craft according to the living habits of the nation. Such as chicken heart pot, octagonal bronze mirror and gold-plated rockhopper. There are few gold and silver wares unearthed in the Jin Dynasty. The bronze mirrors include the four-handed Guanyin double mirror, the Guanyin pattern Yang Nian mirror, the double-beast Julian mirror, the lotus eight-breasted mirror and the Pisces mirror. Xixia paid more attention to metal technology and set up a special organization to take charge of management. Gold and silver pieces and gold-plated bronze lying cattle were unearthed from Xixia tomb.

On the basis of advanced metal technology, gold and silver technology has also developed. Some copper and iron objects are filled with gold, silver, silk, blocks, rings and dots according to patterns, forming beautiful decorations, which are in harmony with the original musical instruments and shine brightly.

Arts and Crafts of Song Dynasty-Lacquerware Craft

Lacquerware in Song Dynasty Lacquerware making in Song Dynasty was very common. Its lacquerware is mostly household utensils. According to archaeological excavations and handed down works, its varieties mainly include bowls, plates, boxes, coffins, bowls, holders, tubes, pots, pots, spoons, pen beds, paperweights, painting axes and fan handles. Its forms are also rich and varied, and there are many different styles of lacquerware of the same type. For example, the disk surface has the shapes of circle, square, waist, quadrangle, octagon, tapestry horn ring, quadrangle peony and so on. There are two kinds of fetal quality: wooden fetal and wooden fetal paste.

The varieties of lacquerware in Song Dynasty are as follows: ① Gold lacquerware, which is divided into brush lacquer and tracing lacquer. The former uses special tools to carve patterns on cinnabar or black paint, and then fills them with gold powder or silver powder; The latter is to draw patterns on lacquerware directly with a pen. For example, the figure flowers unearthed from the Song Tomb in Wujin, Jiangsu Province are carved with two high-bun women walking arm in arm in the garden, and the facade is carved with broken flowers; A gold lacquer box unearthed from Huiguang Tower in Rui 'an, Zhejiang Province, with figures, waves, flames, scattered flowers and other patterns painted in gold lacquer in the center of the box. ② Rhinoceros skin, also known as tiger skin paint and polo paint. It is attached to the object coated with uneven thick color paint, and painted in layers with various contrasting colors to form a paint layer with rich color layers. Finally, polish it with charcoal. Due to different paint layers, various stripes appear after polishing. (3) Mother-of-pearl, which embeds various screws on the surface of the vessel, makes the vessel have elegant and beautiful artistic effects. For example, the mother-of-pearl lacquerware unearthed from Ruiguang Temple Tower in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province is embedded with thick mother-of-pearl flowers. (4) Carved lacquer can be divided into red, yellow, green, black, etc. due to the different colors of the lacquer layer. In addition, red and black paints are painted alternately, and those who carve patterns are called rhinoceros picks or black and white cinnabar patterns. The carved lacquer is represented by the round fan handle unearthed from the Song Tomb in Jintan, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province and the blackened round lacquer box in Japan now.

Lacquerware in Liao dynasty can be divided into two types: wood tire and wood paste tire. There are plain painted bowls, plates, pots, spoons, bowls, plates, combs and pillows, and there are black light, vermilion and sauce red. Lacquerware in Jin Dynasty was developed after lacquer industry in Northern Song Dynasty. The rhinoceros-picking casket unearthed from the Golden Tomb in Datong, Shanxi, is the largest rhinoceros-picking lacquerware seen so far in the Song and Jin Dynasties. It is carved in a flat and convex way, rotated euphemistically, and two layers of vermicelli are exposed in the gutter. There are 1 painted bowls in the urn, and Bai Mei Zhi Zhu, Huang Die and Bamboo are painted on the brown painted floor. Skillful brushwork and the charm of boneless painting are also rare.

Arts and Crafts of Song Dynasty-Jade Craft

Jade articles in the Song Dynasty directly inherited the style of the Five Dynasties, further popularizing the imperial jade articles in the Song Dynasty without losing the Tang Dynasty. Jade is used for decoration and sacrifice, such as precious seals, crowns, jade wheels, saddles and swords. Most of them were ground by Wen Siyuan and Xiu Nei Siyu. Princes and wealthy businessmen also use and collect jade articles, thus promoting the development of jade industry. At that time, Lin 'an had opened the "Qibao Society", selling jade belts, bowls, vases, belts, plates, pearls and rings. Compared with the previous generation, the scope of use and functions of jade articles have been greatly expanded.

There are many kinds of jade articles in Song Dynasty, such as shapes and patterns. Figures, flowers, birds, animals and other utensils are lifelike and full of life interest. Its handling methods, such as hidden and prominent lines and surfaces, are very skilled. At the same time, according to the different texture and shape of jade materials, various corresponding images are carved, such as jade carving mother cat, gan topaz sunflower cup and so on.

Part of jade in Liao Dynasty was bought or plundered, and the other part was self-made jade reflecting national consciousness, which had certain national characteristics. Jade articles in the Jin Dynasty were mostly used for sacrifices, sacrifices and royal aristocrats, and civilians were forbidden to use jade. In the process of gradual integration with the Han nationality, its jade articles have formed spring water jade and autumn mountain jade with the characteristics of Jurchen life.

Song, Liao and Jin jade articles are exquisitely carved and exquisitely crafted. Image processing, natural ups and downs, turning degree, simplicity and accuracy, both form and spirit. Characters, truthfulness, auspiciousness, landscapes, animals, flowers and plants, etc. With a complex background, the composition is mainly divided into three parts, similar to painting, and the clever handling of the order and form and spirit of objects has reached a high level. There are two kinds of jade inscriptions in Song and Jin Dynasties: classics and poems. The inscription is as small as sesame and the double hooks are as thin as silk wool, which is a typical representative of the inscription of miniature jade.

Arts and Crafts of Song Dynasty-Four Treasures of the Study Arts and Crafts

There are two kinds of printing paper in Song Dynasty: bamboo paper and leather paper, including painting and calligraphy tools, materials, brush mountain, pen container, pen container, ink bed, basin, spoon, scale and box. From about the Han Dynasty, the study furniture was loved by the royal family and literati, and some decorations were applied in production, which made it develop into a special arts and crafts and entered a new stage with the development of literature and art in the Song Dynasty.

In the Song Dynasty, the brush was still produced in Xuancheng, Anhui Province, and its brush material was autumn purple, also known as Xuanhao. Famous pen makers are Chen and Zhuge. In addition, famous pen makers also appeared in Zhangzhou, Xin 'an and Yizhou (all in today's Anhui Province). The origin of ink is still Zhangzhou. Because pine smoke and lampblack are used as ink, the quality is improved. During the years of Xining and Yuanfeng, Zhang Yu created a method of making ink from oil fume, and made Longxiang Gong Yu ink into brain, musk and gold foil from oil fume. Pangu was a famous Mohist in Yuan Dynasty. Their ink is famous for its excellent quality, changeable shape and ornamentation, and was welcomed by scholars at that time. Compared with the previous generation, the shape of Song ink has increased, and the decoration is elegant and antique.

In the Song Dynasty, papermaking technology improved significantly, bamboo paper became the first in the world, and high-quality and wide-width leather paper also appeared, and the output increased. Paper reprocessing was particularly popular at that time and became a major feature of the paper industry in the Song Dynasty. Xie Gong tune in Sichuan is as famous as Xue tune in Tang Dynasty, with red, yellow, cyan, green and other colors 10, which are collectively called ten kinds of pretty tunes. The decal paper has also developed further, with the appearance of mountains and rivers, trees, flowers with broken branches, lion phoenix, fish worms, birthday girl, Eight Immortals, Zhong Dingwen and other patterns. At this time, there are also famous works such as Xue Tao's Imitation of the Tang Dynasty on Letterpaper and Cheng Xintang's Imitation of the Southern Tang Dynasty on Letterpaper. In addition, Jinsushan Tibetan Scripture Paper is a kind of mulberry paper, which is famous for its wax inside and outside and glossy surface, and is specially used for printing Tibetan Scripture. There were also two famous inkstones in Song Dynasty: Duan Hehui. There are also inkstones made of copper, iron, pottery, porcelain, clay and ancient bricks. There are also many excellent inkstones made from local materials, such as red inkstones and purple inkstones. In addition, with the development of Four Treasures of the Study, the output, quality, modeling, decoration and other aspects of other stationery have also been greatly improved, providing essential instruments and materials for the overall prosperity and high achievement of literature and art in the Song Dynasty.

Arts and Crafts of Song Dynasty-Other Arts and Crafts

Glassware in the Song Dynasty had close economic and cultural exchanges with Arab countries, and a large number of glassware was imported from the Arab region, which was mostly collected and used by royalty, dignitaries and businessmen. Influenced by it, the glassware industry in Song Dynasty also developed. However, the traditional formula is still used in production, and local materials are used, which hinders the substantial improvement of glass technology level.

The production of self-made glassware in Song Dynasty is very large, with a wide range of producing areas and a wide variety, mainly including cans, bottles, pots, gourds, grapes, lamps, bird-shaped, pestle, earrings, hairpin, beads and so on. Tests show that most of them belong to high lead glass. There are two kinds of glassware forming processes: ① Solid glassware, including beads, pins and pendants. Among them, glass beads are the most abundant in shape and color, mainly monochromatic beads, but also a small number of discolored beads, such as blue peacock blue dot beads. ② Bottles are the main hollow glassware.

Song, Liao and Jin made their own glassware, and their shapes were often similar. They may have been produced in the same place and then sold to other places. At this time, only different kinds of beads were seen in Dali glassware. Uyghur homemade glassware is produced in Washixia, Ruoqiang, Xinjiang, and its firing technology may be influenced by glass technology in Central Asia.

In addition, the bamboo craft in the Song Dynasty was also very developed. Ivory and rhinoceros horn are precious materials and have been imported from overseas. Royal is used to make elephants, toothpicks, belts, seals, painting and calligraphy axes, etc. , its workmanship is quite excellent. Handed down works include rhinoceros horn flowerpots. Bamboo carving is mainly in the south. During the reign of Emperor Gaozong, Zhancheng once made good use of bamboo, such as palaces, figures, flowers and birds and so on. There are bamboo pieces carved with courtyards, mountains and rivers, trees and flowers in the No.8 Mausoleum of Xixia, which is quite interesting in painting. Bamboo weaving and rattan planting are also very common, and many famous local products have appeared. Such as Yangzhou Wanxi, Yuanzhou Bamboo Shoes and Quanzhou Baiteng Box. Due to the change of living habits, furniture technology has been greatly improved and changed. Before the Tang Dynasty, people sat on the floor, but now they sit with their feet down. Therefore, furniture such as tables and chairs has developed greatly. Royal furniture workers have excellent materials, exquisite decoration and harmonious proportion, while tea shops, restaurants, medical cloth shops and general civil furniture are simple and simple, pay attention to practicality, and do not do too much ornamentation. The pioneer of Ming furniture.

Generally speaking, the arts and crafts of the Song Dynasty are more simple, fresh and generous than those of the Tang Dynasty. While paying attention to practicality, some utensils pay attention to the beauty of form, exquisite materials and excellent workmanship, without losing their novel and simple characteristics of the times.