The origin of papermaking

The origin of papermaking Cai Lun improved papermaking in the first year of Yuan Xing in the Eastern Han Dynasty (105). He made paper from plant raw materials such as bark, hemp head, cloth, fishing net, etc., through crushing, ramming, papermaking and baking, which is the origin of modern paper. This kind of paper is easy to find, cheap and has improved its quality, so it is gradually widely used. In order to commemorate Cai Lun's achievements, later generations called this kind of paper "Cai Hou Paper".

Paper is a sheet fiber product used for writing, printing, painting or packaging. Generally, it is made from the aqueous suspension of plant fibers through pulping, staggered combination on the net, preliminary dehydration, compression and drying. China was the first country in the world to invent paper. According to archaeological findings, in the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC to 8 BC), China already had hemp fiber paper. Rough texture, small quantity, high cost and low popularity.

Since ancient times, people in China have known how to raise silkworms and silk reeling. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the handicraft industry with cocoon as silk floss was very popular. This method of treating secondary cocoons is called flossing, and the basic points of operation include repeatedly beating and mashing silkworm clothing. This technology later developed into beating in paper making. In addition, in ancient China, lime water or plant ash water was often used to degum silk and hemp, which also gave the enlightenment of degumming plant fibers in papermaking. Paper was developed with the help of these technologies.

Origin of Modern Papermaking Modern papermaking in China is mechanized, which originated from Frenchman Nicolas Louis Robert 1797.

Does modern papermaking technology originate from ancient papermaking in China? Well, when the Tang Dynasty fought the Arabs in Central Asia, that is, the battle of Nero, the captured craftsmen gave papermaking to the Arabs after the defeat, and then spread it to the west through the Arabs.

When did papermaking first originate? 1957, ancient paper in the 2nd century BC was unearthed in Baqiao, the eastern suburb of Xi, which is called Baqiao Paper. This is the earliest paper invented by China in ancient times. After identification, the paper is made of hemp and a small amount of ramie fiber. The production process is primitive, the texture is rough and it is not easy to write.

China is the birthplace of papermaking and the heart of Dahan dynasty: Heluo area (Hedong county, Henan province, Hanoi county), Shandong, Guanzhong and northern Jiangsu.

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Improvement of papermaking 1: spun silk papermaking 2: flocculation papermaking (hemp paper) 3: paper transport technology papermaking 4: bamboo paper (Tang Dynasty) 5: paper transport medical papermaking (Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties).

The process of papermaking The most detailed record of papermaking in ancient China is Tiangong Kaiwu in Ming and Song Dynasties. The author Ning's record of paper, bamboo paper and leather paper making in Tian Gong 13 "Killing Green" can be said to be a summary account of the development of traditional paper making in China, and the ancient paper making can be summarized into five steps: (1) chopping bamboo and floating pond. At that time, bamboo was one of the important sources of paper making, so South China was rich in bamboo. Papermakers usually go up the mountain to chop bamboo before and after awning seeds (at that time, "fixing green" was named after chopping bamboo), and then soak the chopped bamboo in the pond excavated on site 100 day, take it out and beat it hard to remove the green shell and bark to soften the bamboo. /kloc-in the 0 th and 9 th centuries, the material source of papermaking changed from rags to wood, because wood is easy to obtain and has low cost. However, because wood fiber is composed of lignin, lignin will be oxidized, which is the reason for the yellowing of paper, and the problem is aggravated by adding acid agent during papermaking. (2) Boil the wood with a big fire. Mix bamboo and lime, and soak in wooden barrel for 8 days and nights. After cooking with alkali liquor, impurities such as lignin, gum and resin are removed from the raw materials. Then take out the cooked raw materials and rinse them in the pond, then put them in a pot and soak them in lime water, and repeat this for more than ten days. After repeated cooking and rinsing, bamboo fiber will gradually decompose. Modern pulping has changed to caustic soda instead of lime water. Caustic soda is alkaline, which can decompose wood fiber quickly. In addition, chlorine is added to remove impurities in wood pulp for bleaching, but the discharged wastewater contains organic chlorine, which is very harmful to the ecological environment. At present, large modern papermaking enterprises have invested a lot of money to remove toxins and study new bleaching methods, such as replacing them with chlorine dioxide to reduce the production of organochlorine. (3) Throw the material into the curtain, take out the cooked raw materials, and put them into a stone mortar and pound them into mud. The mashed raw materials are mixed with a proper amount of water, so that the fibers are completely separated and saturated with water to form a suspension of paper fibers, and then poured into a paper can. Then the paper is filtered in the pulp with a thin bamboo curtain, and the paper fibers are left on the bamboo curtain to form a paper film. This process is the most laborious in papermaking. The papermaker stood by the paper trough and repeatedly scooped water and lifted the bamboo curtain. In addition, fishing for paper depends on experience. Copying light paper will be too thin and copying heavy paper will be too thick, depending on the craftsman's skill. (4) Cover the curtain and press the paper. Spread the bamboo curtain that has been fished upside down on the pressure plate, and then take off the bamboo curtain, and this paper film falls on the board. Fold up layers of paper slowly, and then squeeze with a heavy object to drain the water from the paper. Under the pressure of heavy objects, the paper film gradually forms square pieces of paper, and each craftsman can only make 300 to 500 pieces a day. (5) Through-fire baking paper is baked by two brick walls made of adobe. When baking paper, first make a fire in the alley. Because there are gaps between brick alleys to let out hot air, the wet paper is spread on the wall with thin copper tweezers, and the hot air emitted from the gaps makes the paper slowly dry. After drying, it is a usable paper.

It can be roughly summarized into four steps: the first step is the separation of raw materials, that is, the raw materials are degummed in alkaline solution by soaking or cooking and dispersed into fibers; The second is beating, that is, cutting off fibers by cutting and ramming, and sweeping them into pulp; The third is papermaking, that is, the pulp is made into slurry through water seepage, and then the pulp is picked up by a fishing machine (pad) to interweave the pulp into thin wet paper on the fishing machine; The fourth is drying, that is, drying or drying wet paper, and taking it down becomes paper.

The development of papermaking The invention and development of papermaking

Judging from the stone chamber in Dunhuang and ancient paper in the period when Shaqi appeared in Xinjiang, the paper fibers are evenly knotted, with a white appearance and a smooth surface, which can be described as "brilliant". In the 6th century, Jia Sixie also wrote two articles in Qi Yao Min Shu, which recorded the treatment of papermaking raw materials and the technology of dyeing yellow paper. At the same time, papermaking spread to China's neighboring countries, Korea and Viet Nam, which was the beginning of the spread of papermaking.

During the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties from the 6th century to the10th century, besides hemp paper, bamboo paper, mulberry paper, rattan paper, sandalwood paper, Daphne paper, straw paper and Hsinchu paper also appeared in China. In the southern bamboo-producing areas, bamboo resources are abundant, so bamboo paper develops rapidly. Regarding the origin of bamboo paper, some people think that it began in the Jin Dynasty, but there is not enough literature and material evidence. From a technical point of view, bamboo paper should appear after the development of leather paper technology, because bamboo material is stem fiber, which is hard and difficult to handle, and it is unlikely to appear in Jin Dynasty. Bamboo paper should have originated after the dry Tang Dynasty, but it developed greatly in the Tang and Song Dynasties. It was not until the eighteenth century that bamboo paper appeared in Europe.

Paper-making areas in this period were all over the north and south. Because of the invention of block printing, the book printing industry has risen, which has promoted the development of paper industry, improved the output and quality of paper, and the price has been declining, and various paper products have spread to people's daily lives. Precious papers include "hard yellow" in the Tang Dynasty, "Cheng Xin Tang Paper" in the Five Dynasties, as well as water-grain paper and various artistic processing papers. There were many paintings in the Tang Dynasty, which reflected the improvement of papermaking technology.

10- 18 During the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, paper, mulberry paper and other paper and bamboo paper were particularly popular and consumed a lot. Bamboo curtains for papermaking mostly use thin bamboo strips, which requires that the beating degree of paper must be quite high and the produced paper must be very fine and symmetrical. Starch paste was used as a sizing agent in the pre-Tang dynasty, which had the function of filling and reducing the fiber sinking at the bottom of the pool. After the Song Dynasty, plant mucus was often used as "paper medicine" to make the pulp uniform. The commonly used "paper medicine" is the extract of carambola and Abelmoschus manihot. This technology was adopted as early as the Tang Dynasty, but it became popular after the Song Dynasty, so that starch paste was no longer used.

At this time, there are many kinds of processing paper, and the use of paper is becoming more and more extensive. Besides painting, printing and daily use, China is the first country in the world to issue paper money. This kind of paper money was called "Jiaozi" in the Song Dynasty and continued to be issued after the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Later, countries all over the world also issued paper money. Table cloth, paper flowers, paper cuts, etc. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was also beautiful for interior decoration, and it was sold at home and abroad. All kinds of colored wax paper, cold gold, clay gold, rib, clay gold and silver plus painting, research paper, etc. , mostly enjoyed by the feudal ruling class, with high cost and higher quality than ordinary paper.

During this period, books about papermaking also appeared constantly. For example, Paper Spectrum in Song Dynasty, Paper Annotation Spectrum in Yuan Dynasty, Jun Shu by Wang in Ming Dynasty, especially Tiangong in Song Dynasty, have many records on ancient papermaking in China. The record of bamboo paper and leather paper in Thirteen Volumes of Heavenly Creations can be said to be a summary narrative. There is also a paper-making operation chart in the book, which is the most detailed paper-making record in the world at that time.

Taking bamboo paper as an example, it is pointed out in Tiangong Kaiwu: Before and after mango seeds, climb the mountain to cut bamboo, cut off five or seven feet, soak in pond water for a hundred days, and after processing and cleaning, remove the rough shell and green peel. Then wrap the pulp with good lime juice, put it in a yellow bucket for eight days and nights, take out the bamboo material, rinse it with clear water, use wood ash (plant ash water) pulp, cook it in a kettle, and water it with grey water. This will naturally stink for more than ten days. Take it out and put it in a mortar, which will turn into mud in spring, and then make pulp and paper. These records are basically the same as the process of making bamboo paper by folk methods later.

Papermaking spread from Korea to Japan in the 7th century and from Central Asia to Arabia in the middle of the 8th century. When the first paper-making workshops were organized in Arab newspapers (now Baghdad, Iraq), Damascus (now Damascus, Syria) and Samarkand, it was built after China paper workers personally taught the technology. Hemp paper originally made in Arabia takes rags as raw materials and adopts the technology and equipment of China. After mass production, Arabic paper was continuously exported to European countries, and papermaking was subsequently introduced to Europe from Arabia.

/kloc-In the 20th century, Europe first established paper mills in Spain and France, and in the 3rd century, it also established paper mills in Italy and Germany. By the 16th century, paper had swept all over Europe, eventually completely replacing the traditional sheepskin and Egyptian papyrus, and since then paper has gradually spread all over the world.