What is the history of the development of Erhuang in the Han tune?

During the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong Li Longji of the Tang Dynasty organized a pear orchard in Chang'an, the capital city of the Tang Dynasty, which was used for singing and dancing operas. At that time, there was an artist named Huang Huanchuo in the Pear Garden, who was good at performing the French opera "Huang Guan Ti Tunes". Later, he sang this "yellow pipe body tune" spread to the people, so it was called "two yellow" or "two yellow cavity".

Toward the end of the Ming and early Qing dynasties, the Erhuang vocal style was formed in Shaanxi and began to be performed on the stage. During the Kangxi and Qianlong periods of the Qing Dynasty, Erhuang flourished in the Xi'an area and spread to Beijing, the southeastern and southwestern provinces, and even as far as Taiwan and Southeast Asia.

Toward the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Beijing Opera Erhuang flowed back into Shaanxi, and there were "Shaanxi Erhuang", "Xi'an Erhuang", "Qin Erhuang" and "Local Erhuang". The local Erhuang is also known as "Shaanxi Erhuang", "Xi'an Erhuang", "Qin Erhuang" and "Local Erhuang". Because of the most prosperous in the Han River Basin area in southern Shaanxi, it is generally referred to as "Han Tune Erhuang", "Shan Erhuang", "Tu Erhuang", etc., and "Han Tune Erhuang" is the first of its kind in Shaanxi. Han Tune Erhuang" this title, basically become a formal name passed down.

The hanjiao erhuang has been passed down in folklore in the form of puppets, shadows, and human performances. Its popularity in Shaanxi, *** up to more than 30 counties. According to its region, it can be divided into four regional schools, namely Guanzhong, Shangluo, Hanzhong and Ankang, of which Hanzhong and Ankang have similar styles and are commonly known as the "Hanjiang School".

The Guanzhong school of Erhuang was in its heyday from the end of the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. Around the 40th year of the Qianlong reign in the Qing Dynasty, there were as many as 36 Erhuang opera groups in Xi'an.

At that time, Xi'an, Jingyang, Sanyuan, Chang'an, Lantian, Zhouzhi, Tuxian, Xianyang, Fengxiang, and Yaozhou, Dali and other two sides of the Wei River, "the people more to MeiDu is a tune, not a big play, do not attach great importance to the HuiTong and do not quite understand the clappers QinQinQiang and rough, and a moment of good to listen to look at the han tune of ErHuang".

At that time, there are not only professional classes, amateur classes and self-music society, even some women can sing or hang clothes on stage. In the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, the widow of a wealthy Jingyang family, An Wu, adopted Erhuang artists, organized the revision of scattered scripts, and set aside a plot of land in her backyard for the burial of deceased artists.

After the end of the Qing Dynasty, in Xi'an, the Erhuang Ming Sheng Society, *** there are more than 300 teachers and students, which artists Zhang Mingshun, Ye Mingying, Shan Mingqi, Li Minghe, Liu Mingxiang, etc., reputation in Guanzhong and southern Shaanxi, employed in Sichuan, Gansu, Henan, Northwest Hubei and Shanxi to teach.

Before and after 1930, the artist Wang Ankui founded the Xi'an Qingyi Shekuban, which trained a number of "Zi" artists, including Liu Zijun, Shao Zifu, Feng Zicai, Dong Zijie, Li Zixi and so on.

The Guanzhong School focuses on singing, and its singing and performance are more noble and bold than that of the Hanjiang School, which is honored by the Erhuang artists of other schools.

Shangluo faction of the Han tune Erhuang is mainly circulated in Shangxian, Luonan, Danfeng, Shanyang, Zhen'an, Zhashui, Shannan and other counties, also known as the "town of Luo faction". In the 20th year of the Qing Dynasty, there was a class activity.

The Xianfeng and Tongzhi years, the Koban theater more, there are many well-known artists. For example, the famous Shaanxi's famous actor Zhao Anzi is Zhen'an people, known as "live Kongming", called to Beijing in the Guangxu years into the Palace for the Empress Dowager Cixi performance, was awarded a gold medal. The famous dancer Xiao Qian'er is a native of Shanyang, Xi'an and Henan, Hubei area is very famous, once in Xi'an Ming Sheng school teaching.

Since the end of the Qing Dynasty until around 1945, Shangluo counties have Shuangsheng Ban, Shanqing Society, Guangyi Ban, Wufu Ban, Datong Society, Resistance to Construction Theater Troupe and other sections or troupes, and the well-known artists are Zhang Guangqin, Lv Qinghua, Zhang Qinghong, Chen Zhonghong, Huang Liangzi, Wu Zhenfa, Wang Tongxu, Chen Shengzhi, Zhao Jianzhong and so on, who are all quite famous in the local area.

After the founding of New China, Shangluo had professional Erhuang troupes in Shanyang, Zhen'an, and Zhashui.In 1981, at the first Han Opera Conference in Shaanxi Province, the Shanyang Troupe's performance of Mu Guiying Hangs Up Marshalship won an award, and the troupe's famous actor, Wu Xin'ai, was elected vice-president of the Provincial Han Opera Art Society.

The Shangluo School is specialized in martial arts, and its singing and performance are similar to those of the Guanzhong School. Because of the geographic relationship, Shangluo School not only north of the Qinling Mountains into the Guanzhong performances, but also in the northwest of Hubei and western Yu performances, by the local people called Shaanxi Banzi, by the mountain yellow, mountain two yellow or Shaanxi two yellow.

The popular Erhuang opera in the area of Ezhou and Henan is also passed down by Shangluo School. Like the later Hubei Province, Zhuxi County Mountain Erhuang Troupe, in the early years of the same characteristics with the Shangluo School, the popular traditional repertoire is basically the same and singing on the "double ring ring" and so on.

The Hanzhong school was formed as early as the early Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. At that time, Ziyang County, Artemisia Ping River, a rich family of Yang's business in Hanzhong, invited Xi'an Qiansheng Ban to perform in Ziyang via Hanzhong.

During the Jiaqing and Daoguang years of the Qing Dynasty, the famous Ziyang artist Yang Jinnian, who is known as the "grandfather" of the Hanjiang School of Erhuang, opened the first class in Shahekan, Xixiang County, and trained the two sections of Hongzhi and Laizhi. Disciples out of the section Cha Lai-song in the Sichuan area has a great influence, in Sichuan is known as Shaan Ban Cha master, known as the "theater scholar".

Hong word He Hongsheng, far away from Henan and other places, especially in northwest Hubei bamboo room and two utilities around the art, many disciples, a great influence. Chalaisong and its descendants and successive disciples have opened the class, to the establishment of new China, *** there are Yong, Qing, long, Fu, Ji, Shou, Yuan, double, days, nine, Xie, An, Rong, Xu, Yu, Sheng and other 16 word school hundreds of artists.

These artists are mainly from Hanzhong and Ankang, with a few from Hubei, Sichuan, Henan and Gansu. Yang Jinnian systematically cultivate artists of so many generations, lasted for such a long time, involving such a wide range of geographic areas, unique in the history of Chinese opera. Among them, many artists were known as "living Kongming", "living Wei Yan", "Mrs. Sai", "Golden Butterfly", "Sea Bounce", "Live Kongming", "Live Wei Yan", "Mrs. Sai", "Golden Butterfly", "Golden Butterfly" and "Sea Bounce".

The new program, which was launched by the Chinese government, has a great influence in Shaanxi, Sichuan, Ezhou and Henan.

After the founding of New China, Hanzhong City and Zhenba County built a professional Han tune Erhuang Troupe, Nanzheng, Chenggu, Xixiang amateur singing is active. 1981 Hanzhong sent a group to participate in the first Han Opera Congress in Shaanxi Province, the performance of "Bao Gong Mistake" a play won praise.

Famous Dan line actor Wu Yumei was elected vice president of the Shaanxi Provincial Han Opera Art Society. Because of its close proximity to Sichuan, the Hanzhong School is often organized into groups to perform in Sichuan, so the Hanzhong School is characterized by a Sichuan flavor in its dao bai and singing style, which is very elegant and lingering.

Among the various schools of Shaanxi Hanzhong Erhuang, the Ankang school has the strongest strength and is the base camp of Shaanxi Hanzhong Erhuang. It absorbs artists from Guanzhong, Shangluo, Hanzhong and the neighboring areas of Hubei, and sets the strengths of each family, forming a unique artistic style.

The Ankang School's singing and performance are both delicate and elegant and rough and atmospheric; the dao bai is mainly based on Zhongzhou rhyme and Shaanxi dialect, and the Ziyang dialect is processed and used in modern theater performances; the music and singing absorbs local folk songs and ditties, which has a more local flavor; and it is easy to express modern life compared with other schools.

Ankang's Erhuang opera hair as early as around 1730 in the Qing Dynasty, there have been Erhuang opera troupe performance. According to historical records, since the Daoguang year of the Qing Dynasty, Ankang has seen the emergence of Renfeng Ban, Yutai Ban, Dingtai Ban, Guangtai Ban, Xitai Ban, Guitai Ban, Xinghan Society, and many other Erhuang opera troupes.

Most of these groups came from Hanzhong, and a few from Xi'an. In 1860, Fan Renbao came to Ankang from Dajue Temple in Fang County, Hubei Province, at the rate of Ruiren Ban, because the original singing was of Hanzhong origin. Because the original tune of Ankang was from Hanzhong, and the tune of Ruiren Ban had a square sound from Northwest Hubei, it was a novelty to the people, and was generally welcomed.

Fan Renbao based in Ankang, opened the class, training Rui, color, Fang, Sheng class. Formation of Ankang previously in addition to the Yang Jinnian system of sixteen characters in addition to another new force.

In addition to regional genres, the Han tune Erhuang has its own unique features in terms of character line, Dao Bai voice, face painting and singing music.

Hansong Erhuang is divided into ten major roles, such as the end, the net, the raw, the dan, the ugly, the outer, the small, the sticker, the old, and the miscellaneous. The end of the play with a white beard full of male seniors; net for the big flower face, such as Bao Gong and other singing-based roles; raw also known as "bearded", referring to the play's black bearded middle-aged men; Dan is also known as "Qingyi", "Zhengdan Dan is also known as "Qingyi" and "Zhengdan", for the middle-aged woman in the play; Chou, or clown, is also called "Xiaohuaifang"; the outer refers to the net line that can't be included in the other line, which is also known as "Erhuaifang" and "Wujing "; small, that is, the young man, for all kinds of young men in the play; sticker refers to the Dan line insufficient to subsidize a line, including the Wu Dan, maiden Dan, etc.; the old is the old Dan; miscellaneous, including all kinds of miscellaneous corners, and sometimes also refers to rely on the sousen.

The voice of Erhuang in the Han tune is traditionally based on the two voices of Zhongzhou phonetics and Shaanxi dialect, and there is a unique style of speaking the dialect of the characters' hometowns in the play. Among its ten major lines, the first end, three students, four dancers, and nine old men are mainly in Zhongzhou rhyme, while the second pure, five ugly, six foreigners, seven small, and eight stickers are mainly in Shaanxi Bai.

Specifically, Zheng Ziming of the play "Playing Dragon Hut" has to speak Shanxi; Zhang Song of "Offering a Map" has to speak Sichuan; and Zhou Yuwu of "Fishing Boat Match" has to speak Hubei. In the play "Song Shijie's Complaint", Song Shijie, Mao Peng and Yang Suzhen spoke Zhongzhou dialect, Gu Yanyuan spoke Shaanxi dialect, Yao Tingchun and the messenger spoke Henan dialect, and Gu Yanyuan's teacher spoke Huangzhou dialect.

And all the extraterritorial foreign tribes and foreign countries and the court to stay, all speak Beijing dialect, such as the "Fa Men Temple" of Liu Jin, Jia Gui, "Four Lang Visiting Mother" in the foreign princesses, etc., to use the Beijing accent.

There are many varieties of hanji erhuang face paint, with unique shapes and elaborate colors. According to statistics, from the ancient period of Shennong, Chi You to the Qing Dynasty dorgon, as well as the sky god, ghosts and monsters, etc. *** There are more than 450 kinds, has been painted 322 sets.

Hanshi Erhuang of different genres, the characteristics of their faces are different, for example, Hanjiang faction is characterized by "meticulous and generous strokes, the color with the uniformity of the net clear," Luozhen faction, "straight line must be straight, round line must be rounded, a large area of white, black a line! "

By category, the faces of Erhuang in the Han style include the three tiles, the cross, the red flower, the black flower, the five flowers, the hanging chamber, the wheat, the spinning, the panther's face, the old face, and the red face, etc. In addition, there are the other faces of the Luozhen school, which are "straight lines, round lines, a large piece of white, and a line of black".

In addition, in the play there is a character due to age, environment, encounter different, the face changes. For example, the Bao Gong in the plays of Broken Double Nail, Broken Queen Mother and Guillotine Case, the moon on the forehead is positive or partial, round or missing, and the moon is painted red, and the face is colored with blue-gray, which are different.

Guan Yu face is usually painted only in red and black, but in "Trapped Cao Camp" it shows depression, "Passing the Five Passes" and "Huarong Road" show anger, and "Walking to the Wheat City" shows disheveledness, all of which are painted in different ways.

The Erhuang music of the Han tune is a plate cadence, consisting of two main vocal cadences: the Xipi tune and the Erhuang tune. Traditionally, it is known as "lower handle" and "upper handle" or "lower tune" and "upper tune".

The lower key is sung with "eyes up and boards down", i.e. "over the teeth board opening". There are guiding boards, one word, two six, three streams, shaking boards, scattered boards, flying booming son, fast boards, rolling boards, counting boards (light moths), etc., and there are streaming tablets, Erfan, nine eyes and a half, sprinkle the head, hard three boards, back bow cavity, degree of hundred grasses and so on.

The singing style of the upper key emphasizes the "board up and board down", i.e., the "top teeth board opening", and the boards include the guide board, the slow three-eyed, the original board, the shaking board, the scattered board, the flying clarion, the rolling board, the flat board, etc. The cavities include the huilong, the four pillars, the flow of the table, the head of the board, the bottom of the linen shoes, and the eighteen boards. The music of the group is a series of songs, including

The up-tuned string method is called "counter-tuning", also called "Yinban", and there are several types of boards and cadences. In the miscellaneous cavity, there are four flat, Kun cavity, Hui tune, Bang'er cavity, seven half, suona tune, etc. In addition, the lower key of the one-word plate is called the "anti-keyboard". In addition, the lower key of the one-word board and two-six boards of the door is repeated once called "double ring ring", is the Guanzhong school, Shangluo school is different from the Hanjiang school of one of the characteristics of the singing voice.

The strings of the Erhuang of the Han tune are accompanied by the huqin, yueqin, and soprano erhu, commonly known as the "three big things". In the early years of the martial arts scene, the instrument was used as a big gong, cymbal, horse gong, etc. After the founding of New China, led by the Hanjiang School, it was changed to Su gong, Jing cymbal, etc., and the folk music clubs still use the traditional instruments.

In addition, there is a two-meter-long brass horn, commonly known as the "two horse horse", not only the effect of combat horse neighing, but also in the tragedy of the singing section blowing to increase the atmosphere of martyrdom. Suona and silk string song **** there are more than 400 kinds, more popular 100 kinds.

The traditional repertoire of Erhuang in the Han tune is called "Tang 3,000 Song 800, and the number of wild stories is not allowed", and the actual popularity is about 1,500 or more. Performance form of opera, seat singing and shadow play three, especially in the sparsely populated mountains and forests in the mountainous areas, the flow of large theater inconvenience, shadow play is very prevalent.

The script of Erhuang of Han tune is rich in life flavor, and the lyrics are easy to understand. The subject matter is mostly historical stories and folklore, customarily known as "three and a half plays", that is, the feudal gods, Lieguo for a book; Qin, Han, the Three Kingdoms for a book; the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing for a book; no dynasty of foreign plays for a half-book.

Before and after 1959, Ankang artist Feng Chengxiu oral transcription of the "Tong Bai Ben" a record of the dynasties dedicated to opera performances, poetry, words, quotes, white, singing, etc., the theater popular "outline play", there is no script, according to a storyline, rare plays have "Zi Mian Guan Yu", "Cao Yu on the battle", "Xixiang ring", "Hu Jia eighteen pats", "The Hutiao eighteen pats" and "The Hutiao eighteen pats".

Erhuang Character Performance