Ancient Chinese architectural art features Chinese classical gardens pictures to appreciate

Chinese architecture has a long historical tradition and glorious achievements, whether it is the beauty of the Suzhou Garden or the Forbidden City's splendor all reveals the wisdom of ancient Chinese architecture. Ancient Chinese architectural art is characterized by a variety of aspects. Today, I will first introduce you to the characteristics of the layout angle.

Frame structure

This is one of the most important features of ancient Chinese architecture. Because ancient Chinese buildings were mainly wooden frame structures, i.e., wooden columns and beams were used to form the frame of the house, the weight of the roof and eaves was transferred to the columns through the beams, and the walls only played the role of partition, not the structural part of bearing the weight of the house. The old proverb "the house will not collapse if the wall falls down" summarizes the most important feature of this frame structure of Chinese architecture. This structure allows the house to meet the ever-changing functional requirements of life and production under different climatic conditions. At the same time, since the walls of the house are not loaded with weight, there is great flexibility in setting up doors and windows. In addition, this frame-type wooden structure has formed a unique component only found in palaces, temples and other high-level buildings in the past, i.e., a bundle of "arches" under the eaves of the roof. It is composed of bucket-shaped wooden blocks and arch-shaped cross-wood, crisscrossing, layer by layer to the outside, forming a large under the small bracket. This kind of component has the role of supporting load beams and frames, but also has a decorative role. Only after the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the simplification of the structure, the beam is placed directly on the column, resulting in the structural role of the arch almost completely disappeared, becoming almost purely decorative.

Courtyard groupLayout

From the ancient documents, paintings in the image of ancient architecture to the existing ancient buildings, ancient Chinese architecture in the layout of the plane has a concise organization of the law, that is, each residence, palaces, magistracies, temples, etc., are composed of a number of single buildings and a number of buildings. Is composed of a number of single buildings and some corridors, walls and so on surrounded by a courtyard. Generally speaking, most of the courtyard is connected before and after, through the front yard to the backyard, which is the Chinese feudal society "order of elders and children, inside and outside the different" ideological product. The main characters of the family, or should be isolated from the outside world (such as noble families of young girls), often live far from the outer door of the courtyard, which forms a courtyard and a courtyard layers of in-depth spatial organization. In Ouyang Xiu's Butterfly Lovers' Flower of the Song Dynasty, there is the phrase "How deep is the courtyard?" In the Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu's "Butterfly Lovers Flower" has the phrase "How deep is the courtyard?", and the ancient people once described the residence of the big bureaucrats as "the door of the marquis is as deep as the sea", which illustrates the important features of the layout of the Chinese architecture.

At the same time, this courtyard-style grouping and layout are generally balanced and symmetrical, designed along the vertical axis (also known as the front and rear axes) and the horizontal axis. The more important buildings are placed in the vertical axis, secondary houses are placed in the horizontal axis on the left and right sides of it, the Forbidden City, Beijing, the group layout and the northern courtyard is the most typical example of the principles of the layout of this group can be embodied. This layout is closely related to the patriarchal and religious system of Chinese feudal society. It is the most convenient according to the feudal patriarchal and hierarchical concepts, so that respect for the inferiority and superiority, the eldest and the youngest, men and women, masters and servants in the housing also reflects the obvious differences.

The artistic effect caused by the layout of this courtyard-style groups in China, compared with European architecture, has its unique artistic charm. Generally speaking, a European building, is more at a glance. China's ancient architecture, but like a long scroll of Chinese painting, must be a section of the gradual exhibition to see, it is impossible to see all at the same time. Into a Chinese ancient architecture can only be from a courtyard into another courtyard, you must walk all the way to see the end. Beijing's Forbidden City is one of the most outstanding examples, people from Tiananmen into, every through a door, into another courtyard; from the courtyard of this end to that end, a courtyard, step by step scenery are changing, giving a person a deep feeling. The artistic image of the Forbidden City is also y in people's minds.

Layout

The layout of the building is an important factor in determining the shape of a building, a group of buildings, a group of buildings, or even a village or town, a city. In ancient Chinese architecture, there are basically two kinds of plan layout. One is solemn and majestic, neat and symmetrical, and the other is zigzag, flexible and varied. Citing the emperor's Kyoto, the palace, altar temple, mausoleum, the government's Yamen Hall, the royal residence, mansion, religious temples, palaces and ancestral halls, halls and so on, most of them are to take the form of the former. Its layout is characterized by a clear central axis, the main buildings arranged on the central axis, on both sides of the central axis arranged to accompany the buildings. The layout of this main and secondary, left and right symmetry. Take the temple in Beijing as an example, there is a shadow wall or pagoda at the very front of its central axis, and then there is a gate, and within the gate there is a front hall, followed by the main hall (or Daxiongbodian), and then the back hall and the scripture collection building, etc. On both sides of the central axis, the main buildings are arranged. In the central axis on both sides of the layout of the accompanying buildings, neatly organized, two relative to each other, such as the gate on both sides of the side of the side door, the Hall on both sides of the Hall, the rest of the Hall building on both sides of the corridor, the Hall, and so on. Craftsmen used baking clouds to the moon, green leaves to red flowers and other techniques, set off the main building of the solemn and majestic. This type of building, regardless of the number of buildings, the size of the complex, generally using this layout. From a door to a hall to two, three to nine palaces, a huge emperor Kyoto is such a law. This solemn and majestic, neat and symmetrical, to accompany the main way to fully satisfy the ruler and the teachings of God and Buddha for the reverence of the noble, solemn needs, so thousands of years has been passed down, and gradually improved. Another layout is the opposite of the way, do not seek neat and tidy, do not use the symmetry of the left and right, according to local conditions, appropriate arrangement. All landscape gardens, residential houses and mountain villages and water towns, etc., most of this form. The layout of the method is in accordance with the situation of mountains and rivers, the geographical environment and natural conditions, such as flexible layout. For example, residential and even temples, government offices, where located at the foot of the river, always welcome the river back mountain and built, and according to the mountain terrain, layer by layer on the building. This situation is most suitable for the southwestern mountainous areas and the Jiangnan water network areas and more changes in the terrain of the location. This layout principles, because of the vast areas of different natural conditions in China and multi-ethnic different cultural characteristics, customs and habits of the needs of thousands of years has been used, and has a scientific theoretical basis. Chinese-style gardens are even more flexible layout, zigzag changes in the example. Mountain towns, water towns, cities, villages and towns layout is also based on the natural situation, the river water network, according to the local system to announce the Bureau, there are many both practical and beautiful ancient town planning and architectural style.

Architecture is not only a technical science, but also an art. Ancient Chinese architecture has become an intangible cultural heritage of Chinese culture after a long period of effort, while absorbing the characteristics of other traditional Chinese arts, especially painting, sculpture, arts and crafts and other plastic arts, to create a rich and colorful artistic image.

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