Inheritance and Development of Traditional Chinese Education

Confucius created the method of teaching according to one's ability on the basis of educational practice, and it has been used as an educational principle throughout the daily educational work. He was the first person in the history of China to utilize the method of teaching according to one's ability, and it was also one of the important reasons for his success in education (but the proposition of "teaching according to one's ability" was not put forward by Confucius, as Zhu Xi's Collected Annotations to the Analects of Confucius of the Southern Song Dynasty says: "Confucius taught the people according to their abilities").

The premise of teaching according to ability is to recognize individual differences among students and to understand their characteristics. There are two most common ways for Confucius to understand his students. First, through conversation. Confucius said, "There is no way to know a person without knowing his words." He talked to students purposefully, individually or in groups. For example, once consciously asked Zi Lu a hypothetical question: "The road does not work, the beam floats in the sea. Those who are from me, its by and by?" The word road did not speak, only to happy default, Confucius then said: "by also, good courage over me, nothing to take." Second, individual observation. He observed the students' behavior and speech from various aspects, and inspected the students' spiritual world from the surface to the inside: to "listen to their words and observe their behavior", judging only by their performance in public is still one-sided, and we have to "retreat to save their privacy"; judging only by their behavior is not enough, and we have to "look at their behavior"; to "look at their behavior" is not enough. It is not enough to judge by the behavior of the moment, but also to "look at its so, observe its reason, and check its security", that is, to pay attention to what the students do, to watch the path he takes, and to examine his emotional tendency, which can be a thorough understanding of a person's ideological outlook. He has accumulated a lot of experience in examining people, and believes that different affairs and different situations can examine the quality of human thought.

In teaching, Confucius took "learning to know" as the fundamental guiding principle, and by "learning to know" he meant that learning is the only means to know, and that knowledge is gained by learning. To learn is not only to learn indirect experience in words, but also to gain direct experience through seeing and hearing, and both kinds of knowledge are needed. He put forward the concepts of "learning from literature" and "seeking the good old days with sensitivity", which emphasized the indirect experience accumulated by the predecessors in ancient culture and political knowledge. He also proposed "to hear more and choose those who are good and follow them, to see more and know more".

Confucius emphasized learning and thinking, and advocated the equal importance of learning and thinking, and the combination of thinking and learning. In discussing the relationship between learning and thinking, he said, "Learning without thinking is confusing, thinking without learning is dangerous." He was against both thinking without learning and learning without thinking. Confucius said, "I have tasted all day without food, all night without sleep, in order to think, no benefit, not as good as learning."

Confucius also emphasized that learning knowledge to "learn to use", to apply the knowledge learned in social practice. He asked students to be more cautious in their speech and more diligent in their actions, "a gentleman should be more careful in his speech and more sensitive in his actions", and should pay more attention to his actions.

By learning and thinking, this is what Confucius explored and summarized the learning process, that is, the educational process, and the general understanding of the human process is basically consistent. This idea has had a profound impact on the theory and practice of teaching.

Confucius said, "If you don't want to be angry, if you don't want to be sad, if you don't want to be sad, if you don't want to be sad, you will not be able to recover." Sentiment and indignation is the inner psychological state in the external appearance of color speech on the performance. That is to say, in the teaching matter must first let the students think seriously, have been thinking for quite some time but still can't figure out, then can go to inspire him; although after thinking and already have some understanding, but can't be expressed in appropriate words, then can go to enlighten him. The teacher's inspiration is based on the students' thinking, and after inspiration, the students should be allowed to think again and gain further understanding. There are three common methods Confucius used to inspire and guide students in teaching in a gradual and orderly manner, namely, from the shallow to the deep, from the easy to the difficult; to be able to take analogy from the near and extend it to the others; and to knock at the two ends and attack the heterodox. Confucius was honored as the "Most Sacred Teacher" and "Teacher of the World" by the later generations. He devoted his life to the education of the later generations, was sensitive and studious, had rich practical experience, attached importance to moral cultivation, and was a good and conscientious teacher. In reply to Zigong's question, he said, "I can't if I'm holy; I'm not tired of learning but not tired of teaching." He also once commented on himself in front of his students, "If sheng and ren, then I dare. If I am not tired of (learning) and tireless in teaching, then I can be said to be Yun'er already." He set an example for teachers of later generations in six aspects:

Learning without tiring. In order to fulfill their social responsibilities, teachers should emphasize their own learning and cultivation, acquire extensive knowledge, and have high moral character, which are the prerequisites for teaching others.

Warm up to the past. Teachers should not only know the political and historical knowledge of the past, but also draw on useful historical experience to recognize contemporary social problems and know how to solve them.

Teaching. The first thing that I want to do is to make sure that I have a good idea of what I am doing. Even when some students had poor character, started from a low base, or repeatedly made mistakes, he did not dislike them, but patiently coaxed them to achieve success. "Love, can not labor? Loyalty, can not teach?" The love and high responsibility for students is the ideological basis for his teaching attitude.

Lead by example. Confucius's education of students, not only have words, but also pay more attention to teaching by example. Through strict self-responsibility, to set an example to sensitize students. "The body from the thick and thin responsibility to others, then far from grudges." "A gentleman seeks help from himself, while a villain seeks help from others." "Politics is also about righteousness. If the son is correct, who dares to be incorrect?" "If one's body is upright, one does not follow orders; if one's body is not upright, one does not follow orders." "If one's body is correct, what is the point of being in politics? Can't correct his body, such as correct people how?"

The teaching of the long. Confucius realized that in the teaching process, the teacher is not a one-sided knowledge transfer to the students, but can teach each other to grow. He in the teaching activities for the students to answer questions, often *** with the academic consultation. Not only educate the students, but also improve themselves.