Knowledge about Chinese aviation

Ancient Chinese laborers made many unsuccessful attempts to fly into the sky. The Chinese bamboo dragonfly was the predecessor of the airplane propeller and the helicopter rotor. After being introduced to Europe, it has been called the "Chinese gyro". Kites and gliders are similar in principle and were used for military purposes during the Tang Dynasty in China. During the Five Dynasties, Xin Qiniang made resin lamps to fly in the air as a signal. Some books say that it was invented by Zhuge Kongming called Kongming lantern. In any case, the original hot air balloon appeared in China. The invention of gunpowder was used in the military in ancient times to make secondary rockets, such as the divine fire flying crows and fire dragons out of the water, which are the predecessors of modern rockets. In the Han Dynasty, the "bedding incense burner" had a built-in incense burner, and no matter how it was rolled, it would not spill out. The principle is exactly the same as today's airplanes and missiles with gyroscopes in the universal support principle. Early aircraft, the young American Feng Ru is China's first aviation pioneer. 12 years old from Guangdong drifted to the United States of America in San Francisco, working and studying, and eventually became an engineer. 1906 at the age of 23 Feng Ru determined to manufacture aircraft, and was encouraged and supported by Sun Yat-sen, in 1910 to manufacture into a biplane. In October of the same year, he participated in the international aircraft competition held in San Francisco, flying at an altitude of 200 meters, speed of 100 kilometers per hour, flying a circle around the Bay, a distance of about 30 kilometers, the results of the whole field for the crown, won the International Aviation Association Certificate of Merit. In January 1911, Feng Ru set up the "Guangdong Flying Machine Company" in Guangzhou, but he declined all invitations and returned to his motherland. Unfortunately, during a flight performance in 1913, his airplane stalled and crashed to his death at the age of 28. Like a beautiful dandelion, he scattered the seeds of flight on the land of his motherland. In the same period, another overseas Chinese youth, 21-year-old Tan Gen, won the seaplane championship at the Universal Aircraft Manufacturing Convention, and broke the seaplane altitude record in June 1915 in Guangzhou, flying to an altitude of 1,800 meters. He later gave up aviation activities. In 1913, the Beiyang government established an aviation school in Nanyuan, Beijing, with an airplane repair shop. In 1914, Pan Shizhong, the director of Nanyuan Aircraft Repair Factory, and Li Ru, a flight instructor, designed and built an airplane. Pan Shizhong designed and built an airplane with the engine installed at the back of the fuselage and a machine gun installed at the front of the airplane, which was named "Gun Car". But there was no mass production. The cultivation of aviation engineering talents in old China began in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China, when there were a few foreign students studying overseas to learn aviation technology. After the 1930s, there were more and more foreign students, and by the 1940s, there were nearly 1,000 of them. Among the foreign students, there were many people with high academic achievement and attainment, who had worked as an airplane designer at the beginning of Boeing Company in the U.S.A. and returned to China to run aviation factories; Wang Shuai, one of the founders of the Carmen Chancellor formula for the aerodynamic design of high-subsonic airplanes; and Wu Zhonghua, who founded the theory of the triadic flow of the impeller machinery. The earliest school to train aviation engineering personnel was the Naval Flying and Diving School established in 1918 in Mawei, Fujian Province, and the Department of Aeronautical Engineering was set up in Peking University, Central University, Xiamen University, Tsinghua University, Jiaotong University, Zhejiang University, Yunnan University, Sichuan University, and Northwestern Polytechnic Institute in the 1930's. By the end of 1949, the Department of Aeronautical Engineering had been established in the University of Shanghai and the University of Shanghai. By the end of 1949, there were about 1,000 graduates from the department of aeronautics. Later, the University of Aeronautics and Astronautics was established to train specialists. From 1913, when the Qing government set up a factory in Nanyuan, Beijing, until 1949, there was no independent industrial sector of the aviation industry. At the end of 1940s, it was mainly engaged in repairing airplanes, and in 1950, Premier Zhou called for a study on the construction of the aviation industry. The aircraft repair factories during the war laid a solid foundation for the development of China's aviation industry. In 1953, the first batch of backbone enterprises were built, including Nanchang Aircraft Factory, Zhuzhou Engine Factory, Shenyang Aircraft Factory and Shenyang Aero-engine Factory. 1954 July 11th, the first domestically produced aircraft, Chugyo 5, completed its test flight, and mass production started at the end of August. 1955 February started the development of J-5, and the first one took off for test flight on July 19th of the next year, and the test flight was finished on August 2nd, and the announcement of the launching of China's new type of jet aircraft was made to the world on September 9th. On September 9, it was announced to the world that China's new jet airplane was launched. In 1956, China attempted to design its own airplane, and firstly built a supersonic wind tunnel; in May 1958, the design of J-6 was completed, the first test flight was made in August, and the qualification test flight was completed in December 1960; in the following year, it switched to the domestic engine and put into batch production. This was the first airplane that was designed and put into mass production entirely by itself. By 1960, China's aviation industry had begun to take shape and was able to mass produce fighter planes, trainer planes, helicopters and small transport planes, and began to design its own planes. On July 5, 1969, the first flight of the self-designed high-altitude and high-speed J-8 was successful. The assembly of J-8Ⅰ was completed in May 1980, and the test flight failed on June 25th, then it flew into the blue sky on April 24th of the next year, and the second one took to the sky in October, and it was approved to be finalized on July 27th, 1985, which was the first time for the J-8 to fly into the blue sky. The airplane was equipped with 11 electronic equipments such as 204 full radar; the weapon was modified 23-Ⅲ aviation gun, 4 Thunderbolt 2B missiles and 4 sets of rockets. The successful development of J8 and J8Ⅰ aircraft marked that China's self-designed fighter aircraft reached a new level. in June 1984, the first flight of the self-developed J8Ⅱ aircraft became a new generation of fighter aircraft. The heart of the airplane---airplane engine The piston 5, piston 6, turbojet 5, turbojet 7 and turbojet 8 engines are all trial-produced according to the technical information provided by the former Soviet Union. The first self-designed engine Jet 1A was completed by Wu Daguan and Yu Guangyu of the Shenyang Aero Engine Design Office in 1957 and put into service the following year. Subsequently, it also designed the Red Flag 2 engine, which was installed in the Dongfeng 107 high-altitude supersonic fighter; the turbojet 6A was installed in the Strong 5 Ⅰ Strong Fighter; it designed the turbojet 7A - the power plant of J-8, which was awarded the National Scientific and Technological Progress Special Prize together with the J-8 in 1985. The Guizhou aviation engine chief designed the turbojet 7B, which was batch produced and exported in 1982, and the Beijing Aviation Academy designed the turbojet 11, which was installed in the non-detective 5 high-altitude unmanned photo reconnaissance aircraft, and it passed the appraisal in 1980, which filled in a blank. Turboprop engine for helicopter power plant. The use of turboshaft engines makes it possible to design large helicopters. Since the mid-1960s, the turbine 5, turboshaft 6, turbine 8 and other engines have been developed and produced. China's aviation industry has gone through three stages: repair, imitation and self-design. Bombers, strike planes, and unmanned aerial vehicles were all designed in-house. The bombers include the Boom 5 and its modification Boom 6, and the hard-hitters include the Strong 5 and its modification. Airborne systems and equipment Airborne systems include conventional navigation instruments, navigation and positioning equipment, flight control systems, power supply systems, environmental control systems and protection and life-saving systems, fire control systems and suspension launchers, hydraulics, aircraft fuel, engine control, starting systems. Transmission of navigation instruments and radio navigation equipment are: the direction of the compass (magnetic compass, gyro-magnetic compass, radio compass, astronomical compass, etc.); indicate the direction of the airport runway and mark the top of the airport distance of the radio receiver and the horizon, etc.. Navigation and positioning equipment: atmospheric parameters navigator, Doppler navigation system, inertial navigation system, etc.. Inertial guidance is a precise and completely autonomous means of navigation. 1977 developed into the first generation of liquid-floating inertial guidance system, the second generation of flexible 563 inertial guidance system in early 1986, the success of the main performance indicators to reach the international level of the 1970s. Flight control system: autopilot, stabilization system, etc., through a set of electromechanical equipment to control the rudder, to achieve attitude and altitude stabilization and control. Modern flight control system not only integrates the functions of autopilot and stabilization system, but also has other important functions. For example: automatic navigation, automatic landing, low altitude collision avoidance, helicopter rotary parking and so on. In order to overcome the shortcomings of the mechanical transmission system, the emergence of the teletype maneuvering system. The technical level and supporting capacity of airborne equipment largely reflect the level of a country's aviation technology and electronics industry. China has become one of the countries with high self-sufficiency rate of airborne equipment in the world. China's contemporary aircraft representatives, strong fighter aircraft to the strong 5 as a representative, fighter aircraft to the J-8 II as a representative of the transport aircraft have transport 7-100, transport 8 (medium-sized), transport 5, transport 12, transport 11, transport 10 (a large passenger aircraft in 1984, the first flight of the takeoff weight of 102 tons). MD-82 in July 1987 and the end of the maiden flight to the Shen civil aviation use, carrying 147 passengers. Helicopter development through the straight 5, 701, Yan'an 2, medium-sized straight 6, large aircraft straight 7, straight 8, the introduction of French technology in 1980, the production of 31 and delivered. Machine materials and manufacturing technology development Aircraft materials include metal materials and non-metallic materials of two categories. The former are mainly aluminum alloy, structural steel, titanium alloy; the latter are mainly transparent materials, resin-based composite materials, structural adhesives, rubber and sealants, coatings, engineering plastics and textile materials. In 1956, China built the Northeast Light Alloy Processing Plant, successfully produced a variety of deformed aluminum alloys of the former Soviet Union. 1958 began the development of new aluminum alloys. more than 30 years, whether it is a deformed aluminum alloy, or casting of aluminum alloys, have realized the localization and the formation of a series to meet the requirements of the material selection of the new machine types. Since 1958, Su Caiye and other engineers successfully developed GC-4 high quality super-strength steel and used it. Structural steel expert Wu Shize and other research success GC-11 low-alloy high-strength shell-type body steel, comprehensive performance to the level of similar foreign steel to fill a gap in the aircraft steel, has been widely used in eight types of aircraft. The development of titanium alloys TC1 and TC4 applied to the aircraft has greatly reduced the weight of the aircraft and improved the technical performance of the aircraft. Before the 60s domestic aircraft brake material is asbestos-rubber, after the 70s Li Dongsheng and other engineers, research success of a new type of iron-based sintered brake material F245, used in the Trident steel brake pads braking performance reaches the level of foreign brake pads. Aircraft brake materials are all localized, and in 1976 began to enter the carbon - carbon composite brake disc research. Non-metallic materials from the development of plexiglass hatch for directional plexiglass hard fixed hatch. The development of carbon fiber resin composites in the early 70's, has made great progress in the 80's, after high temperature stiffness experiment, fatigue experiment, lightning experiments, made in 1985 J8, strong 5 machine vertical tail wall plate and vertical tail, marking the composite structure manufacturing in China into a new stage. Manufacturing technology mainly includes overall wall plate processing technology, sheet metal forming technology, titanium alloy material thermoforming technology, thinning spin forming technology, composite structure technology, etc. Computer-aided design and manufacturing technology has begun to be used in the manufacturing of composite structures. Computer-aided design and manufacturing technology to start the world.