What are the five types of China's calligraphy? What are the unique artistic features of calligraphy?

Seal character

Seal script is a general term for big seal script and small seal script. Dazhuan refers to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jinwen, Jinwen and Six Kingdoms, and retains the obvious features of ancient hieroglyphics. Xiao Zhuan, also known as "Qin Zhuan", is a commonly used character in Qin State and a simplified font of Da Zhuan, which is characterized by uniform and neat glyphs and is easier to write than Wen Shu. In the development history of Chinese characters, it is the transition between seal script and official script.

Da Zhuan, Da Zhuan, is a general term for Wen Shu, Wen Gu, Jinwen and Shigu. Its pen is different from Oracle Bone Inscriptions, with rich and simple style and colorful structure.

Xiao Zhuan's brushwork is round and even, elegant and peaceful, and there are rules to follow, which is the only way to know and understand the original meaning of characters. When Xiao Zhuan developed to Qing Dynasty, the lines became thicker, which broke through the changes of stroke thickness, delay, frustration, severity and Fiona Fang. Another branch of Xiao Zhuan is Han Zhuan, which uses a pen with a square folding official intention, and the printed seal script is even more square folding, also called Miao Zhuan, that is, copying the seal.

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official script

Lishu, also called Han Li, is a solemn font commonly used in Chinese characters. Its writing effect is slightly wide and flat, the horizontal painting is long and straight, and it is rectangular, paying attention to "silkworm head and goose tail" and "twists and turns". Lishu originated in the Qin Dynasty and was compiled by Cheng Miao, reaching its peak in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Calligraphy is known as "Han Li Tang Kai".

As far as calligraphy is concerned, Li Bian completed the following official seal transformation: 1, which got rid of the solidification of the font structure of the official seal and moved towards the abstract expression of the temporal and spatial movement of the official seal lines; 2. Lines change from euphemistic arc strokes of seal script to steep straight strokes, and twists and turns change from joint circle of seal script to turning point of Fang Bi. The formal transformation marks the destruction of the phase of Chinese characters and the establishment of abstract symbols, which makes Chinese characters change from ancient writing system to modern writing system. At the same time, it also marks the final formation of the independent personality and aesthetic characteristics of Lishu.

-"Cao Mengde Short Song"

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regular script

Regular script is also called regular script, real script and official script. It gradually evolved from official script and became more simplified. The font is changed from flat to square, and the wave potential of Han Li is omitted in the strokes, which is horizontal and vertical. Ci Hai is interpreted as "square and straight, which can be used as a model." Hence the name regular script. It started at the end of the Han Dynasty and has been popular ever since.

Now commonly known as regular script, it evolved from Han Li, and can be divided into Weibei and Tang Kai according to the period.

Generally speaking, 1~2 cm is small (small), 5 cm or more is large (large), and the middle is Chinese.

Small script, as its name implies, is the smallest type of regular script, which was founded in the Wei Dynasty of the Three Kingdoms. He used to be the most outstanding official script authority, and his regular script brushwork was also born in Han Li. His brushwork is as vivid as Hong Fei's frolicking in the sea. However, the structure is wide and flat, the horizontal painting is long and the vertical painting is short, and the legacy of official division still exists. However, the model method is ready, and it is actually the ancestor of the official book. When Wang Xizhi came to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, he studied the lower case calligraphy more carefully and made it perfect, which also set a good appreciation standard for China's lower case calligraphy.

Under normal circumstances, people call block letters one inch or more and a few inches or less block letters. The larger characters in real books are called "Bangshu" and "Broken Book". According to the accumulated experience of calligraphers in past dynasties, learning calligraphy should start with writing big characters and doing basic exercises. Mastering the stippling, structure and white cloth in block letters, and making stippling accurate and proper, then writing in block letters can be comprehensive and the stippling rules are clear; Moreover, the study list can be intimate, open-minded and not distracted.

-Hu Xianjun's Heart Sutra

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Semi-cursive/running/calligraphy (China's calligraphy)

Running script is developed and originated on the basis of regular script, which produces a font between regular script and cursive script to make up for the slow writing speed of regular script and the fuzziness of cursive script. "Go" means "go", so it is not as scribbled as cursive script, nor as straight as regular script. Whether it is cursive or cursive in essence. Those with more patterns than grass patterns are called "running patterns", and those with more grass patterns are called "running grass".

Feng Fang in the Ming Dynasty vividly described in the book Tactics: "Write without stopping, write without engraving, turn gently and press lightly, like running water, without interruption, and last forever." Because of its unique artistic expression and wide practicability, running script has been favored and widely circulated since its birth. After the golden period of Wei and Jin Dynasties and the development period of Tang Dynasty, running script reached a new peak in Song Dynasty and gradually occupied the mainstream position in various calligraphy styles.

Running script is the quick writing of regular script, and it is the stream of regular script. Through the analysis of several groups of characters in regular script and running script, it is found that when writing in regular script and running script, the writing method of stippling and the guidelines to be followed when using the pen, such as centering, laying the pen, pushing the main body and hiding the front, are consistent, but the running script is relatively stretched and smooth.

Running script pen has the following characteristics:

[1] stippling is mostly written by exposing the front to paper;

[2] Replace flatness with side surface;

[3] Replace complex stippling with simple strokes;

[4] Strengthen the echo of stippling by hooking, picking and tying;

[5] replace the square fold with a round turn;

-Chivalrous man

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cursive script

Cursive script: a font of Chinese characters, characterized by simple structure and continuous strokes. Formed in the Han Dynasty, it evolved on the basis of official script for the convenience of writing. There are Cao Zhang, Cao Jin and Crazy Grass.

Cursive writing is a way of writing for convenience. "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" says: "There are cursive scripts in Han Xing". The cursive script began in the early Han dynasty, and its characteristics are: keeping the outline of characters, damaging the official rules, rushing away and rushing away quickly. Because of the meaning of grass, it is called cursive script.

From the development of cursive script, the development of cursive script can be divided into three stages: early cursive script, Cao Zhang cursive script and modern cursive script.

Shuo Wen Jie Zi was written in the 12th year of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty (AD 100), and Xu Shen [3] said in Xu that "there was a cursive script in Han Dynasty", which was the beginning of cursive script. Cao Zhang originated in the Western Han Dynasty and flourished in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Font is the form of official script, and the characters are different and not connected with each other. When did this grass come into being? There are two viewpoints: Zhang Zhi in the late Han Dynasty, Wang Xizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Wang Qia.

Cao Zhang's brush strokes are very simple, connected by twisted ribbons, similar to today's grass. However, its structure is straight, its brushwork is blunt, and there are waves in the strokes, especially at the beginning and end of the painting, which obviously retains the brushwork of the official script, and its words are independent, intermittent and orderly, which is obviously different from grass and weeds.

This kind of grass, commonly known as cursive script, was made by Zhang Zhi at the end of the Han Dynasty, removing the traces of official script left by Cao Zhang, speeding up the writing on the basis of Cao Zhang and regular script, and adding a hook. Zhang Huaiguan's Broken Book said: "The books of Cao Zhang are different. When Zhang Zhi becomes a modern grass, increase its flow rate, pull out the wool, and implicate it up and down, or borrow the suffix as the beginning of the next pen, and the odd-shaped clutch can have both numbers and meanings. " This is a summary of the different body postures and brushwork of Cao Zhang and Cao Jin.

Weeds was founded in the Tang Dynasty, and Zhang Xu was the founder of Weeds, so he was called "the sage of grass". Huai Su, a later monk, was also a master of weeds. Weeds are simpler and faster than today's grass, and their brushwork is more continuous and tortuous, lively and flying, and they are unrestrained and have the potential to gallop thousands of miles. The ancients said that its shape was "folded and hugged, swayed and hung, neat and tidy, uneven, held high in the shade, or worn selectively." It's really "various, endless, not surprising." The author can use it to express his bold and exciting feelings, or to express his ambition, or to dispel the stagnant mood. However, because it omits many strokes, and the shape is too different from letters and lines, it is difficult to identify.

-Qigong cursive script

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