What are the parts of an automobile body? What knowledge and ability do I need to engage in design?

The car body structure from the form, mainly divided into non-load-bearing and load-bearing two kinds.

The non-load-bearing body of the car has a rigid frame, also known as the chassis beam frame. The body is suspended on the frame, with elastic elements connected. The vibration of the frame is transmitted to the body through the elastic element, most of the vibration is attenuated or eliminated, when a collision occurs, the frame can absorb most of the impact, and play a protective role for the body when traveling on a bad road, so the carriage deformation is small, smoothness and safety is good, and the compartments are low noise.

However, this kind of non-load-bearing body is bulky and heavy, with high quality, high center of gravity and poor stability at high speed.

The load-bearing body has no rigid frame, but only strengthens the front, side, rear, floor and other parts of the body and chassis **** with the body of the body of the body of the rigid space structure. This load-bearing body in addition to its inherent passenger function, but also to directly bear a variety of loads. This form of body has a large bending and torsion rigidity, small mass, low height, low center of mass, simple assembly, high speed stability is better. But because the road load will be transmitted directly to the body body through the suspension device, so the noise and vibration is larger.

There is also a body structure between the non-load-bearing body and load-bearing body, known as semi-load-bearing body. Its body and chassis with welded or bolted rigid connection, strengthened part of the body chassis and play a part of the role of the frame, such as the engine and suspension are installed in the reinforced body chassis, body and chassis become one *** with the load. This form is essentially a frame-less load-bearing body structure. Therefore, people usually only car body structure is divided into non-load-bearing body and load-bearing body.

Both non-load-bearing body and load-bearing body have advantages and disadvantages, and are used in different purposes of the car. Generally speaking, non-load-bearing body is used in trucks, buses and off-road vehicles, load-bearing body is generally used in cars, and now some buses also use this form.

Non-load-bearing body and load-bearing body according to the rigid frame division, what is called the frame, is the first to figure out the problem. The frame is to support the body of the basic components, generally known as the chassis beam frame. Engine, transmission, steering and body parts are fixed on it, it is in addition to bear the static load but also to bear the dynamic load generated by the car driving, so the frame must have enough strength and stiffness to ensure that the car in normal use by a variety of stress will not damage and deformation.

The frame has a side beam type, steel tube type and other forms, of which the side beam type is the most widely used type of frame.

The side beam frame consists of two long longitudinal beams and a number of short beams riveted or welded to form, the longitudinal beam is mainly responsible for bending loads, generally with a greater bending strength of the grooved steel beam. There are also steel tubes, but mostly used in light vehicle frame. Generally the longitudinal beam in the middle of the largest force, so the designer will generally increase the longitudinal beam in the middle of the cross-section height, the two ends of the cross-section height is gradually reduced, so that the stress distribution is uniform, but also reduces the weight.

The beam has a slot, tube or mouth shape to ensure the torsional stiffness and bending strength of the frame. The crossmember is also used to mount the engine, transmission, body and fuel tank. In order to adapt to different models, the beam arrangement has a variety of types, such as in order to improve the torsional stiffness of the frame using X-type arrangement of the beam. Side beam type structure is simple, low process requirements, easy to manufacture, widely used. However, due to the thick beams across the whole car, affecting the vehicle layout and space utilization, beam cross-section height of the car to increase the distance from the ground, the passengers are not convenient to get in and out of the car, in addition to the weight is also large, the whole car driving economy becomes worse. These shortcomings of the minibus, sedan is a disadvantage, for off-road vehicles may be the advantages, because off-road vehicles require a strong throughput, driving rugged roads to have a certain large ground clearance, and very bumpy roads will make the body of the car twisted, only with a rigid frame of the load-bearing body structure can withstand this impact. Therefore, off-road vehicles commonly use non-load-bearing body.

The main components of the car body

Engine cover

Engine cover (also known as the hood) is the most eye-catching body components, is one of the parts of the car buyers often want to look at. The main requirements for the engine cover are thermal and acoustic insulation, light weight, and strong rigidity.

The engine cover in the structure is generally composed of the outer plate and inner plate, the middle of the folder with thermal insulation material, the inner plate to enhance the role of rigidity, its geometry selected by the manufacturer, basically the skeleton form. When the engine cover is opened, it is generally flipped backward, and a small part of it is flipped forward.

The hood turned backward is opened to a predetermined angle, and should not be in contact with the front windshield, there should be a minimum spacing of about 10 millimeters. To prevent the hood from opening by itself due to vibration while driving, the front of the hood should have a safety locking hook locking device, the locking device switch is set in the compartment under the dashboard, when the door is locked, the hood should also be locked at the same time.

Roof cover

The roof cover is the top of the compartment cover. The roof is not a very important component for the overall stiffness of the sedan body, which is the reason for allowing a sunroof on the roof. From the design point of view, the important thing is how it is smooth transition with the front and rear window frames and the junction with the pillars, in order to get the best visual sense and minimum air resistance. Of course, in order to secure the car roof should also have a certain strength and rigidity, generally under the roof to increase the number of reinforced beams, the roof of the inner layer of adiabatic lining material to stop the external temperature conduction and reduce the transmission of noise during vibration.

Luggage compartment cover

Luggage compartment cover requires good rigidity, the structure is basically the same as the engine cover, there are also outer and inner plates, the inner plate has a reinforcement. Some cars called "two and a half", the luggage compartment extends upwards, including the rear windshield, so that the opening area increases, forming a door, so also known as the back door, so that both maintain a three-car shape and can be convenient to store items.

If the back door is used, the inner panel of the back door should be embedded in the rafter rubber sealing strips, around a circle to waterproof and dustproof. Luggage lid opening support parts generally hook hinge and four rod hinge, hinge equipped with a balanced spring, so that the opening and closing of the lid to save energy, and can be automatically fixed in the open position, easy to extract items.

Wings

Wings are covered wheels of the body plate, because the shape and location of the old body parts like bird wings and named. According to the installation position, it is divided into front and rear wing panels. Front wing panels are installed at the front wheels, so it is necessary to ensure that the front wheels rotate and jump when the maximum limit space, so the designer will be based on the size of the selected tire type and use the "Wheel Jump Diagram" to verify the design dimensions of the wing panels.

The rear fender does not have the problem of wheel spinning, but for aerodynamic reasons, the rear fender is slightly arched outward. Now some sedan wing has become a whole with the body of the body, all in one. But there are also sedan wing is independent, especially the front wing plate, because the front wing plate collision opportunities are more, independent assembly is easy to replace the whole piece. Some cars have front wings made of plastic materials (e.g., plastics) that have a certain degree of elasticity. Plastic materials have cushioning properties and are safer.

Front fascia

The front fascia is the partition between the engine compartment and the cabin, which is connected to the floor and the front pillars, and is installed under the front fascia cover. There are many holes on the front panel, as the manipulation of the cable, rod, piping and wire harness through the use, but also with the pedal, the square asked the machine column and other parts of the installation position.

In order to prevent the engine compartment exhaust, high temperature, noise into the car, the front panel to have sealing measures and heat insulation devices. In the event of an accident, it should have sufficient strength and rigidity. Compared to other parts of the body, the front panel assembly is the most important technology is sealed and insulated, and its performance often reflects the quality of vehicle operation.

Material

Steel plate, carbon fiber, aluminum, reinforced plastic, etc., different uses of the car shell, different parts of the material is different. Usually steel plate, Audi premium car is aluminum, racing car is carbon fiber, Hummer H2 hood is reinforced plastic.

You said to engage in design refers to the design of the car body or generalized automotive design. The latter concept is certainly greater than the former, the design of the body is included in the scope of the overall design of the car. The first thing you need to do is to understand what forms of automobiles are available. According to the engine displacement, passenger seating capacity, total mass of the car, the total length of the car, the body or cab characteristics of different cars will have different classifications. And then according to the number of axles, drive form, arrangement form of different car forms will have different choices.

To engage in comprehensive automotive design, you need to gas the car itself expertise. Such as the engine, clutch meter, mechanical transmission, universal drive shaft, drive axle, suspension, steering system, braking system, etc., all need you to understand through a more systematic professional learning before talking about design. Without the foundation of the fantasy design in the end is likely to be useless. Even the shape of the design (people may think and inside does not matter) is not just draw enough to look good, enough streamline can be, but also must be from the aerodynamics, material stiffness, interior space vision, body stability and other aspects of the overall consideration.

So the knowledge ability needed is the knowledge of automobile construction.