Yaozhou kilns of the eight folk kilns of artifacts appreciation

Yaozhou kiln is the Chinese traditional porcelain craft in the treasures of the Song dynasty, one of the eight kilns. Located in today's Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province, Huangbao Town, Tang and Song Dynasty, belonging to the rule of Yaozhou, in the Tang Dynasty is the famous origin of Chinese ceramic firing, the Song Dynasty more further to reach its peak.

Yaozhou kiln is the representative of the northern celadon. The Tang dynasty began firing black glaze, white glaze, green glaze, tea glaze and white glaze green color, brown color, black color and three color pottery. The Northern Song Dynasty was the heyday of Yaozhou kilns, and it was recorded that the kilns made "tribute porcelain" for the court. The Jin Dynasty continued the development of the Northern Song Dynasty, and the Yuan Dynasty began the transition to the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty, and finally the Republic of China. The late Song dynasty to celadon mainly, thin tire quality, glaze smooth and quiet, the color of green, was translucent, very elegant. Decorated with incised and printed flowers, the structure is rigorous and full-bodied, and the lines are free and smooth. The decoration is full of inside and outside of the vessel, with a wide variety of peonies, chrysanthemums, lotus flowers, fish, ducks, dragons and phoenixes, etc. The style is bold and robust, vivid and natural. There are bowls, plates, bottles, jars, pots, incense burners, incense smokers, marigolds, note warm bowls, bowls, bowls and so on.

Yaozhou kilns in the Song Dynasty in the northern celadon kilns in the most prestigious, can be called the best. In the thirty years from Emperor Shenzong Yuanfeng (1078-1085) to Emperor Huizong Chongning (1102-1106), the kiln produced tribute porcelain for the court. Its extraordinary porcelain making skills and free and lively style of kilns around the time had a great influence, widely promoted, thus forming a wide range of Yaozhou kiln system from the north to the south. Yaozhou kiln system to Huangbao town as the center, including Henan Yiyang kiln, Baofeng kiln, Xin'an Chengguan kiln, guangdong Xicun kiln, guangxi Yongfu kiln, Neixiang big kiln store kiln and so on many kilns. Each kiln products are similar to the Tongchuan kiln, only because of the difference in raw materials used, tire and glaze color is also a little different.

Tang and the Five Dynasties when the tire is slightly loose, gray, glaze loss of translucency, there is a sense of milky; Song Dynasty celadon body is more solid book, the tire color gray-brown or gray-purple, glaze glistening and transparent, glaze green such as olive, the glaze is thin at the ginger; Jin, Yuan when the tire is slightly coarse, the tire color is light gray or gray, most of the glaze is ginger, green is less. The glaze is thin and not moist. Decorative techniques to carving and printing-based, carving is particularly exquisite, sharp and smooth knife, strong, three-dimensional sense is strong. Decorative art, colorful decoration. Patterns have animals, people, flowers and patterns. Animals in the pattern are dragons, phoenixes, lions, rhinoceros, horses, sheep, dogs, cranes, geese, ducks, fish, mandarin ducks and so on. Figures include baby play, Buddha and elephant, Rex and so on. Flowers include lotus, peony, chrysanthemum, plum blossom and water plants. Patterns and motifs include: Bakgui pattern, triangular pattern, Hui pattern and so on. In the decoration, before the Five Dynasties, simple and generous; Song rich and diverse, and skillful, outstanding; Jin and Yuan increasingly simple. Yaozhou kiln firing technology and decorative techniques, the greater the influence of the country, in addition to a large number of kilns in Shaanxi imitation burn, its technology has also been transmitted to Henan Province, Lin Ru, Yuxian, Baofeng, Neixiang and other kilns, to the Guangdong Xicun kiln, Guangxi's Yongfu kiln, the formation of the Huangbaozhen kiln as the head of a huge kiln system.

Yaozhou kiln celadon's main feature: the pattern carved very clear, with the character traits of the North, the historical record is also known as the knife to see the mud.

Yaozhou kiln's traditional craft is mainly reflected in the raw materials, ingredients and processing, clay reserves and practice kneading, hand-pulled and billet, hand-carved, carved, scratched, appliquéd, stamped, glaze medicine selection, preparation and application, sagger, kiln equipment and kiln production, flame atmosphere and firing and so on seven aspects. A piece of product completion to go through the material, selection, weathering, proportioning, poi mud, aging, cooked mud, kneading mud, hand-pulled billet, billeting, glaze selection, preparation, glaze, hand decoration (carving, carving, sticking, printing), kiln production, kiln, kiln loading, kiln, and so on 17 processes. Each process has its own technical requirements, and those who have mastered the relevant skills are called "craftsmen".

Yaozhou kiln in Tongchuan Huangbao town as the center of the kiln, along the Lacquer River on both sides of the dense fabric, known as the "Ten Mile Pottery Workshop". At the same time, there are also Lidi, on the store village, Chen Furnace Town, Yuhua village kilns, arranged in sequence, stretching for hundreds of miles. After the Jin Yuan military disaster and the turmoil of the various dynasties, the pottery have stopped burning, but the Chen stove town continues to this day, become the northwest region of the porcelain town. Chen stove town 11 villages almost every family porcelain, known as "Chen stove never night". People's Republic of China *** and the establishment of the town workshops and state-run ceramic factory. In the 1970s, with the help of experts such as Li Guozhen, restored the traditional skills of Yaozhou kiln, produced Yaozhou celadon, black glaze and pick flower porcelain, white glaze and pick flower porcelain, orchid porcelain, rust porcelain, flower glaze and other six series of ceramics, becoming a pillar industry in Tongchuan City.

Fired Tang Sancai, white porcelain, celadon, black porcelain and sauce glaze porcelain and other varieties, celadon is the most prestigious. Its celadon characteristics and identification:

1. Tire color gray and white, tire hard, exposed tire at the soy sauce yellow.

2. glaze greenish-yellow, deep, thick glaze layer, the object is often thick on the upper part, the lower part of the thin, tire glaze junction was ginger-yellow. In addition, the glaze glaze on some of the small exposed tire brown spots, for other celadon is not seen.

3. Ware type is rich, plate, bowl, cup, plate, bottle, pot, pot, stove, box, incense, note pots, note bowl, lamp, bowl, bowl, lamp, pillow, etc., the shape of the artifacts are varied, there are petal type, melon prismatic and folding type, beautiful appearance. Among them, the Rex furnace is quite distinctive, kneeling around the base of the furnace body with Rex.

Tang Dynasty

The late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties celadon using scratch decoration, decorative themes are mostly water waves and floral patterns. Late Tang, the Five Dynasties plate, bowl generally use the support of the nail support firing, full body glaze, foot inside the 3 support nail marks.

1, tire characteristics: early more dark gray, only a few gray, yellow, tire is relatively rough, granular quartz and a small number of larger pores, often a little bit of iron spots appear after firing. Sheng Tang celadon, the tire was light yellow, rough, the tire soil is not very uniform, within the visible bubbles and granular material. To the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the tire quality gradually dense, tire color is gray and black gray, tire soil often appear small dotted iron spots.

2, ware glaze features: Sheng Tang celadon, glaze material is not fine enough, glaze color green-brown or green-yellow, poor transparency, glaze is often lack of luster, and even wood light. In the late Tang, celadon glaze is gray-green, gray-green or green in the gray, thin glaze, strong glassy feeling, good transparency.

3, styling features: less modeling before the Middle Tang, are thick-walled, after the modeling more and more, the walls are thinner.

4, decorative techniques: appliqué, painted colors, and began to scratch and poke flowers.

5, installed burn process characteristics: the Tang Dynasty mainly used three-foot support cushion method, after firing the center of the inner bottom of the plate and bowl are left with a three-point burn marks.

6, glaze features: the early Tang Shi in the mouth, and then gradually downward development; in the Tang, the outside of the large part of the decorative glaze, only under the and the bottom of the exposed tire; before the Tang, the glaze is not uniform, see the phenomenon of hanging glaze and flow. To the Late Tang, glaze parts and then down, to the outside of the body is often changed to glaze.

7, foot features: the early wall of the vessel is thick without digging the foot (false foot), to the late Tang period, the bottom of the dish bowl foot for the popular wide and short foot (Jade Bird-type bottom), the development of this Jade Bird-type bottom is the development of the law is the era of the early is digging the foot is shallow and less, leaving the Jade Bird foot is particularly wide, the era of the late digging the foot is gradually deeper and deeper, the Jade Bird foot is gradually narrowed, the late Tang foot circle evolved into a thin and narrow Jade ring bottom. Throughout the Tang Dynasty, the kiln bottom feet are made large bottom, the bottom of the vessel exposed tire.

8, product features: porcelain, black, white, green, yellow-brown, flower glaze, tea foam, outside the white within the black, outside the green within the black, white glaze green color, white glaze brown color, plain tire black flowers, green glaze painted under white, green glaze black color, black glaze, black glaze picking flowers filled with white color, white glaze brown and green color and other high-temperature glazed ceramics, as well as the Tang Sancai, low-temperature single-color glaze and sulfur glazed tiles and so on.

The Five Dynasties

1, tire features: early and middle for the black tire, dark gray, black gray, iron gray, black and so on. The exterior of the tire is covered with thick white make-up soil. Ware surface more common in the absence of Tang ware black dot-shaped iron spots. White tires for a little later, the texture is quite pure, the color is quite white, white or white slightly gray tone density and uniformity with the Song than to be slightly worse, do not apply make-up soil.

2, the glaze characteristics: black tire glaze porcelain, glaze color for, dark blue azure, gray lake green, lake green, lake blue and other colors, glassy feeling strong, good transparency, often open flake, for the foot glaze; white tire glaze porcelain, glaze more light green, light azure, green and white, pink green and other colors, a small number of lake green and lake green, good transparency, there are also open flake, less than the black tire, the kiln has been in the most elegant celadon porcelain The most elegant porcelain in the kiln's successive celadon.

3, styling features: more imitation of the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties of gold and silver vessels, than the Tang Dynasty, the bottom of the object is still larger.

4, decorative techniques: scratching, picking flowers, appliqués, poking flowers, pinching, hollowing, painting and make-up soil (rarely seen).

5, the installation of burn process characteristics: the early use of a ware a support pad (tripod support pad) a sagger for a single piece of support firing after the firing of the plate and bowl full of glaze on the foot or outside the bottom of the heart to stay with a three-point support burn marks, and later developed into a three-point or a large pile of beads method, after the firing of the foot of the foot of the glaze glaze on the foot, stay with a three small pile of beads burn marks or the bottom of the feet glued to the full of sand particles; the late use of a new method to scrape off the foot of the glaze.

6, glaze features: the whole body glazed to the end, more decorated foot glaze.

7, foot features: the bottom of the artifacts is still larger, do the bottom of the jade ring, feet more flared.

8, product features: in addition to celadon, and burn a few black glaze, sauce glaze and white glaze brown and green colored porcelain.

Song Dynasty

Song Dynasty decorative techniques are mainly engraved, stamped, scratched and molded engraved and scratched, to engraved, stamped mainly. The middle of the Northern Song dynasty engraved flowers mature development, sharp knife, strong lines, knife marks have slant, is the Song dynasty engraved flowers in the best of the technique. The late Northern Song Dynasty printing is also very beautiful, the layout is rigorous symmetry and balance. Decorated with twining lotus, lotus, peony, twining chrysanthemums, waves, flying crane, moth, rhinoceros crane, Bogu, seawater swimming fish, lotus pond play ducks and baby play pattern, etc., the dragon and phoenix pattern is the court porcelain special subject matter. Water wave pattern outside a general carved to hexagonal border, three fish in the water waves are often seen. Baby play pattern is based on swinging. Song dynasty floral decoration features: early in the surface of the engraved simple petal pattern; the middle of the pattern is covered with the surface; to the late pattern lines are mostly delicate. Song dynasty wares foot end without glaze, foot inside the glaze.

1, the tire characteristics: early tire has two kinds of deep and shallow, deep for the black gray or iron gray, outside the application of make-up soil, shallow for the light gray, no make-up soil, are more black iron particles and pores; middle all light gray and white, no iron particles, no make-up soil, but there is a clear white interface layer; Late and Southern Song Dynasty more gray and white, a few light gray and gray soil, no make-up soil.

2, ware glaze characteristics: most of the early green-gray or greenish-yellow, a few with the Five Dynasties similar green and light green; almost all of the medium-term for the olive green vitreous gold transparency, glaze gloss, glaze, although thin, but the hardness of the glaze is large, rarely found in the Tang Five Dynasties still have the flow of glaze, stacked glaze and dry glaze phenomenon, seldom seen glaze and orange peel glaze glaze phenomenon of the glaze surface and the glaze phenomenon of the glaze, the tire and glaze are very tightly combined; the late and the Southern Song Dynasty and the dark green, green, green and green glaze, the glaze and the combination of the glaze. Dark green, green-green, green-yellow, light green, moon white and other shades.

3, styling features: the shape is elegant, the foot is gradually small, for high and narrow straight foot, the production are very neat.

4, decorative techniques: scratching (five generations of floral and Song dynasty carving auxiliary techniques), floral (early Song still continue, after the middle of the disappearance), carving, stamping, appliqué, pinch molding, hollowing.

5, the charging process features: are used to scrape off the bottom of the foot glaze charging process.

6, glaze characteristics: full glaze foot exposed tire.

7, foot features: the early foot is wider, often glued to the bottom of the foot with quartz beads, simple decorations, due to the first will be burned wood to coal, firing atmosphere is not stable, the product color and luster compared with the Five Dynasties and the mid-Song, the general darkening; the middle of the thin wall of the quality of thin, denser than the previous product, the foot increases the height of the foot, to decorate the glaze and then by the second refinishing of the high and narrow foot as a characteristic; the late prevalence of hats-shaped small bowls to the bottom of the foot becomes shorter, thinner, the emergence of chicken feet. The late prevalence of small bowls in the form of hats, characterized by a shorter foot, thinner tires, the emergence of chicken heart bottom, but also the prevalence of printed ware.

8, product features: in addition to celadon, and burned a small amount of black, white, soy sauce glaze and rabbit hair, oil drop crystallization glaze porcelain.

Jin Dynasty

Jin Dynasty products are grayish white porcelain tires, green glaze color yellowish. The use of a large number of pottery Fan printing, full of patterns gradually reduced, and in the plate, bowl interior, a large number of chrysanthemums, lotus, water waves, fish and ducks, and so on, the composition is simple, in a circle. Jin, Yuan period generally use stacked burn, plate, bowl with stacked burn marks, there is also a bowl of one ware installed burn, only the foot end of the unglazed.

1, tire glaze characteristics: pre-tire was light gray and slightly brown, at this time rarely seen Song olive color, see more beans and green, also burned white glazed porcelain; later changed to special for the public firing road goods, the tire is earth white, light yellow, white in yellow, white in yellow, brownish yellow, etc. Density and fineness is slightly worse, green glaze is green-yellow, green-yellow, yellow, turmeric and other colors. There is a shibori circle on the inner bottom of the plate and bowl.

2, styling features: the shape of rounded and heavy, bowl mouth thickened, the mouth wall is even thicker than the abdominal wall, was inverted columnar modeling.

3, decorative techniques: carved, printed.

4, the burning process characteristics: gold yuan Ming period, the structure of the kiln used and the fuel are the same class with the Song Dynasty, but the late Jin to Yuan Ming, ventilation and furnace body is increasing, the changes in the atmosphere inside the furnace is not in serious control, the celadon produced almost all have ginger yellow color characteristics.

5, glaze characteristics: inside and outside the glaze, foot exposed tire.

6, bottom and foot features: jade ring bottom, the bottom of the device more decorated with glaze, but the bottom of the foot more than not by the second repair, the foot wall outside the oblique, the outer bottom of the more chicken heart-shaped, pattern multi-layered distribution. Moon white glaze created in the late sung dynasty, mature in the jin dynasty, tire in the same period of celadon similar to the late sung dynasty moon white glaze, green degree is big, whiteness is small, similar to light blue, glaze layer is also thin, but also often in the plate night inner wall or inside the addition of decorative printing decorations; to the jin dynasty, the green greatly weakened, and whiteness significantly strengthened, the general ware is often grey or moon white, often the best of the green and white, white in the vaguely transparent green as a characteristic, more for the plain surface The rounded, thick, glaze layer thickening, poor light transmission, such as wax like jade.

7, product features: pre-fired soybean green glaze and moonlight white glaze celadon is mainly, late burn turmeric glaze is mainly, while also burned black glaze, sauce glaze and rabbit hair, oil drop crystallization glaze porcelain.

Yuan Ming

Yuan Dynasty products are generally half-glazed outside, shallow digging feet, wider feet, like a jade ring bottom feet, feet inside the milky protrusions. 1, tire glaze characteristics: pre-tire is earth white, earth yellow, yellow-white, foot exposed tire parts of earth yellow, brown or brown-red, glaze is ginger, a few greenish-yellow, full of glaze, most of the cerulean ring, outside the ginger glaze glaze glaze parts, the initial period is similar to the Jin Dynasty, for the whole body glazed, the outside of the heart of the base is also applied to a thin glaze, and then changed to the outside of the bottom and foot unglazed exposed tires, but also burned black glaze, sauce glaze, tea foam glaze, white glaze, and a few Black glaze, sauce glaze, tea foam glaze, white glaze and a few black flowers on white. Later and the Ming Dynasty has changed a lot, turmeric glazed porcelain has been reduced to a small number of tire glaze is more declining, tire is more earth white, earth yellow, foot exposed parts of the tire is often brown-red, brown-brown; green glaze in addition to turmeric, but also see yellow, yellow-brown, green-brown, etc.; outside of the machine is rarely seen full of glaze. Multi-glazed not to the end, the phenomenon of exposed tire under the belly; at this time, see the white ground black flower porcelain, and white glaze, black glaze, sauce glaze and tea foam glaze porcelain, ware glazed parts, largely similar to the same period of turmeric glaze porcelain.

2, styling features: the Yuan dynasty, the most popular convergence of mouth and round belly bowl. Modeling tends to be simple.

3, foot features: jade ring bottom characterized by widening, the foot wall outside the oblique, and evolved into a wide straight foot, digging foot deeper than the shoulder, wide circle foot height.

4, product features: pre-fired turmeric glaze celadon is mainly, the later to burn white ground black flowers mainly, while also burning black, white, sauce, tea foam glaze porcelain.

Qing Dynasty

Chen stove kiln in the Qing Dynasty in the inheritance of traditional porcelain production techniques on the basis of new developments. Its products in addition to black flowers on white, black and white porcelain, but also created a fragrant yellow glazed porcelain, as well as yellow and white, black and white glazed porcelain and other characteristics of the varieties.

The Republic of China

In the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China, the emergence of local characteristics and popularity of blue and white porcelain, decorative features of all kinds of folk colorful text inscriptions are widely popular and used, enriching the connotation of the Chennou kiln.

Hong Kong Kipling International Collection Office Mr. Liu finishing writing

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