The history and characteristics of housing development in China, and the technology adopted.

China's architectural art is the plastic art with the longest duration, the widest geographical distribution and special style and construction system in the world architectural history. The ancient architectural system in China originated in the Neolithic Age about 8,000 years ago. At that time, the sparks of primitive civilization spread all over the land of China, and the architectural techniques and styles created by Yangshao, Longshan and Hemudu, such as wooden bone and mud wall, wooden structure tenon and mortise, foundation building and dry fence building, planted seeds for a great architectural system. Xia Dynasty and Shang Dynasty were the embryonic period of this system. In the two generations, not only fortified cities and palaces built on rammed earth platforms appeared, but also corridors, the basic spatial elements of traditional buildings in China. By the Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the ancient architectural system in China had been formed. The layout of architecture in the Zhou Dynasty was symmetrical and rigorous, and the layout principles of palaces, temples, residential houses, grid cities and other architectural groups in previous dynasties basically followed the Zhou system. The architecture of this period also pursued tall, gorgeous and magnificent, and tile, brick, bucket arch and high platform buildings also appeared.

The period from primitive society to Han Dynasty is the formation period of China's ancient architectural system.

In the early days of primitive society, primitive people lived in natural cliff caves or built wooden nests. In the late primitive society, in the north, our ancestors built simple caves or shallow caves with wooden frames and grass mud on earth caves with loess layers as walls, and then gradually developed to the ground. Dry-track wooden buildings have appeared in the south.

After entering the class society, in the Shang Dynasty, with mature rammed earth technology, large-scale palaces and tombs were built. During the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, the ruling class founded many cities with Miyagi as the center. The original simple wooden frame has been continuously improved since Business Weekly, and it has become the main structural mode of architecture in China. The appearance and use of tiles have solved the problem of roof waterproofing, which is an important progress in ancient Chinese architecture.

During the Warring States period, cities were larger than before, high-rise buildings were more developed, and bricks and colored paintings appeared. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the technology of wooden frame structure has been gradually improved, and its main structural modes, such as lifting beam and crossing bucket, have matured, high-rise buildings are still popular, and multi-storey buildings are gradually increasing. The use of stones gradually increased, and all stone buildings appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty, such as stone temples, stone thresholds and stone tombs.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, unprecedented palaces, tombs, the Great Wall of Wan Li, ruler roads and water conservancy projects were built. Improvement of structural technology; Brick structure is widely used in ground buildings, and the completion of Song Yue Temple Tower in Dengfeng, Henan Province marks the great progress of stone structure technology. Masons' carving skills have also reached a high level. A large number of Buddhist buildings have been built, and many temples, towers, grottoes and exquisite sculptures and murals have appeared.

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is the development period of China's ancient architectural system. In terms of building materials, the output and quality of bricks and tiles are improved, and metal materials are used as decoration. Technically, the construction of a large number of wooden towers shows the progress of wood structure technology; Brick structure is widely used in ground buildings, and the completion of Song Yue Temple Tower in Dengfeng, Henan Province marks the great progress of stone structure technology. Masons' carving skills have also reached a high level. A large number of Buddhist buildings have been built, and many temples, towers, grottoes and exquisite sculptures and murals have appeared.

Sui and Tang Dynasties is the mature period of China ancient architecture system.

The Sui Dynasty built a well-planned Daxing City, dug the North-South Grand Canal and built the world's earliest open-shouldered stone bridge-Anji Bridge. The urban layout and architectural style of the Tang Dynasty were grand and bold. Its Chang 'an City continued to operate on the basis of Sui Daxing City and became the largest city in the world at that time.

In terms of building materials, the application of bricks is gradually increasing, and the number of brick tombs and brick towers is increasing; The firing of coloured glaze is more advanced than that in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and its application range is wider.

Great progress has also been made in building technology. The practice of wooden frame has used the material attribute quite correctly, and the design standard of wooden frame has appeared, which has gradually shaped the proportional form of components, and there have been material craftsmen specializing in rope ink drawing and construction. Architecture and sculpture decoration have been further integrated and improved, creating a unified and harmonious style. The hall size, the number of rooms, the number of shelves, the decoration and the color of the houses in the Tang Dynasty were strictly regulated according to the different grades of the owners, which reflected the strict hierarchical system in China feudal society. During this period, temples, tombs, grottoes, towers, bridges, city palaces and other relics were of high artistic and technical level, especially exquisite sculptures and murals, which were the peak of early feudal society in China.

The earliest existing wooden structures in China are only those of Wutaishan, nanzenji and Beijushi in Tang Dynasty. Its architectural features are: the roof slope of the single building is gentle, the eaves are far-reaching, the proportion of bucket arches is large, the columns are thick, and the doors and windows are straight, so the style is solemn and simple.

Modern architecture in China basically refers to the buildings built in the historical period of modern social development in China (1840- 1949).

From the perspective of style research, there are three main types of modern architecture in China:

In the ancient feudal society of China for thousands of years, although there were more than 20 emperors in politics and many foreign exchanges in culture, China culture was basically a continuous unitary culture. China's architecture has its own characteristics in different times under the overall influence of China's overall environment, but its basic methods and principles are always the same.

After the history entered the19th century, the feudal Qing dynasty experienced a "prosperous period of kanggan" and declined day by day. Capitalist countries in Europe and America have developed rapidly because of the industrial revolution. Cultural exchanges between China and the West began in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, and were not at the same starting line. After the Opium War, it was completely in the form of aggression and aggression. Marked by the 1840 Opium War, China entered a semi-feudal and semi-colonial modern society, and the historical process of modern architecture in China, which began with this, was passively developed under the impact, stimulation and promotion of western architectural culture. In the meantime, on the one hand, it is the continuation of China's traditional architectural culture, on the other hand, it is the spread of western foreign architectural culture. The interaction of these two architectural activities (collision, intersection and integration) constitutes the main line of China's modern architectural history.

/kloc-From the end of 0/9 to the beginning of the 20th century, with the large-scale invasion of foreign cultures, in addition to the continuation and evolution of traditional ancient buildings in China, foreign European architectural styles gradually increased, forming a trend characterized by imitating or copying western architecture in the modern architectural history of China. After the 1920s, another trend appeared, which was characterized by imitating or transforming the ancient buildings in China. These two trends appear and disappear in the history of modern architecture in China. Coupled with the impact of "internationalization" new architectural thoughts in Europe and America in 1930s, the modern architectural history of China presents a complex state of coexistence, collision and blending of Chinese and western, ancient and modern, old and new systems. The modern architecture in China bears witness to this multi-culture.

1,1the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century-foreign architecture:

Modern architecture in China characterized by imitating or copying western architecture.

Due to the vast territory of China, the development of different regions is very uneven. Due to the rise of shipping industry, foreign invasion and the signing of unequal treaties, some cities along the coast of China and the Yangtze River opened as commercial ports earlier, so they were greatly influenced by western culture, and some foreign-style buildings appeared in these cities. However, most cities in inland areas are still isolated from the outside world because of inconvenient transportation, and China has a strong traditional architectural culture; Only a few cities are near the border, or because of the development of railway construction, there are also foreign-style buildings.

The foreign architecture in coastal cities is represented by the buildings in Shanghai Bund and Nanjing Road, Tianjin Jiuguo Concession, Guangzhou Shisanhang and Shamian, Gulangyu Island in Xiamen and Qingdao District in Qingdao Jiaoao Concession.

Western-style buildings in cities along the Yangtze River are represented by those in Xiaguan, Nanjing and Hankou Concession, Wuhan.

The early buildings of Harbin, a border city in inland areas, were mainly built and opened by the Middle East Railway. Influenced by Russian traditional architecture and the "Art Nouveau" style popular in Europe at the end of19th century, it is mostly manifested in the railway system in the Middle East and the buildings of Orthodox churches. The Yunnan-Vietnam Railway (1903- 19 10) is the first railway in southwest China, and its completion has accelerated the modernization of Yunnan. In the process of participating in the construction of Yunnan-Vietnam railway and the development of Kunming commercial port, Vietnamese indirectly brought the influence of French architectural culture to cities along Yunnan-Vietnam railway and Kunming.

Western-style buildings in Beijing originated from the buildings in the embassy district of Dongjiaominxiang, represented by senior consultants and Dali College.

The designers of foreign houses are basically foreign architectural firms or architects coming to China.

2.1920s-Traditional Architecture:

Modern architecture in China characterized by imitating or transforming ancient architecture in China.

In the last two decades of this century, the architectural history of China reflects the influence of modern architectural thoughts on the world.

It also reflects the national consciousness inspired by China architects in the face of the invasion of foreign powers. These two factors collide, cross and merge violently.

The typical representative of traditional architecture can be said to be the Nanjing Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum designed by the legendary first-generation architect Lv Yanzhi in the history of modern architecture in China. The overall plan of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is bell-shaped, which evokes the idea of "Mu Duo warning the world" and has far-reaching implications. The mausoleum behind the memorial hall conforms to China's idea, with simple and simple style and solid architecture, and the scene and charm are very similar to Dr. Sun Yat-sen's spirit and verve.

Lv Yanzhi is only 36 years old, but he established his position in the history of modern architecture in China by designing and presiding over the construction of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. 1926, he designed the Guangzhou Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, which is the largest hall building in modern China.

1927 After the establishment of the National Government, 1929 made the "Capital Planning" with Nanjing as its capital, which was an earlier and larger-scale urban planning and design in China. In the detailed planning of "Capital Plan", all government office buildings adopt the traditional architectural style of China, and vigorously advocate "China's inherent form", which means to carry forward our traditional culture. This was a breakthrough idea in the 1920s.

In Beijing, traditional buildings are typical of the new school buildings of Peking Union Medical College, yenching university campus buildings, Fu Jen Catholic University and the National Beiping Library.

It is thought-provoking that the designers of earlier traditional buildings were mainly foreign architectural firms or architects coming to China. It reflects the absorption and pursuit of local traditional culture by foreign architects under the multicultural background of modern China society.

3. 1930s-New buildings:

Modern architecture in China under the impact of "internationalization" new architectural trend in Europe and America.

Since the 1920s, the history of modern architecture in China has entered an important period of development. Its symbol is the establishment of modern architectural education in China, and it is becoming more and more complete; China architectural firms opened one after another, and China architects grew up; China Construction Group has been established and academic activities have been carried out.

Yang Tingbao (190 1- 1983) is an outstanding figure among the first generation of architects in China. His design works adopt a combination of Chinese and western architectural techniques, unconventional and deliberately innovative, and have been well-known in the north and south since the early 1930 s. His Ji Tai Engineering Department is a large-scale architectural firm in early modern China. China has considerable influence, and many important projects in Tianjin, Shanghai and Nanjing are from Ji Tai.

In addition, architects, Zhuang Jun architects, Fan architects, Dong architects and Xingye architects are all extremely important architectural design forces in modern China, and have designed many architectural projects in Shanghai, Tianjin, Beiping, Nanjing, Chongqing, Chengdu, Wuxi, Guilin, Guiyang and Kunming.

Liang Sicheng (190 1- 1972) is the pioneer of modern architectural education in China and the founder of the study of ancient architectural history in China. Architectural design is not the main part of his life's architectural activities, but he has written many works about architectural design, and a few of them show the influence of modern architectural trends in the world, represented by his pavement reconstruction design of Beijing Ren Li Company in 1932.

Many important buildings designed and created by the first generation of China architects in China's modern architectural history are the precious wealth of China today, which has become an important landscape of local cities and added elegance to China.