Which was the first mausoleum in the Qing Dynasty?

The Three Tombs of Shengjing refer to the three imperial tombs in the early Qing Dynasty, namely Fuling, Zhaoling and Yongling. On July 1 day, 2004, the 28th World Heritage Committee meeting held in Suzhou, China approved the Three Mausoleums of Shengjing, Liaoning, China as the expansion project of Ming and Qing emperors' tombs to be included in the world cultural heritage.

The Three Tombs of Shengjing (Yongling, Zhaoling and Fuling), also known as the Three Tombs of Northeast China, are located in Liaoning Province and are the ancestral tombs that created the royal family foundation of Manchu Dynasty. The Three Tombs of Shengjing, together with the Qing Dongling and Qing Xiling, which have been listed in the World Heritage List, constitute a group of tombs system of the Qing Dynasty, which condenses the history of the Qing Dynasty.

Fuling

Fuling is the mausoleum of Nuerhachi, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and the first imperial mausoleum named by the Qing Dynasty. The mausoleum covers an area of nearly 540,000 square meters, and there are 32 existing ancient buildings (groups). Fuling was founded in the third year of Tiancong in the late Jin Dynasty (A.D. 1629) and completed in the eighth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (A.D. 165 1). It was built by Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Qianlong, and it has today's scale. The mausoleum faces the Hunhe River and is backed by Tianzhu Mountain, which is surrounded by water, with deep grass and dense forests and beautiful scenery. To visit this mausoleum, you must climb 108 stone steps from Zhenghongmen to the stele building. With the ups and downs of the slope, the buildings are more scattered and magnificent.

Zhaoling

Zhaoling is the mausoleum of Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty and his empress, and it is the largest and most well-preserved of the three tombs in Shengjing. Because it is located at the northern end of Shenyang, it is also called Beiling. Zhaoling was founded in the eighth year of Chongde in Qing Dynasty (AD 1643) and completed in the same year as Ganling. It was added by Kangxi and Jiaqing, with an area of nearly 480,000 square meters and 38 existing ancient buildings (groups). Zhaoling is built on the flat ground, surrounded by dazzling city walls, much like a small town. The main buildings are built on the central axis, from south to north: Shenqiao, Pailou, Zhenghongmen, Beiting, Long 'en Gate, Long 'en Hall, Minglou and Baoding. The Long 'en Hall in the center of Fangcheng is based on beautifully carved granite steps, with a yellow glazed tile roof, painted beams and red walls inlaid with gold plaques. There is the Dragon Gate in front, the Ming Building in the back, the attached halls on the left and right, and the turrets on the four corners, just like the stars arching the moon, which is extremely magnificent. The northern end of Fangcheng is Baocheng, which is crescent-shaped. The name of the city is Baoding, and the underground tomb is under the city. Climbing to the top of the treasure mountain, looking around, surrounded by green trees, the scenery is quiet, just like being in an urban forest.

Yongling

Yongling is the smallest of the three tombs in Shengjing, with an area of only 1. 1 000 square meters, but it ranks first among the three tombs. Yongling was founded in 1598, which is the ancestral tomb of Manchu royal family. It is located in Yongling Town, 2 1 km west of Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning Province. Nurhachi's sixth ancestor Timur, great-grandfather Fuman, great-grandfather Jue Chang 'an, father Taksh and uncle Litton, uncle Tacha Piangu and their Fujin are all buried in the mausoleum. The Mausoleum Palace consists of Ma Xia Monument, Qiangong Courtyard, Fangcheng, Baocheng, Provincial Sacrificial Place, Ice Kiln and Fruit Building. The Yun Qi Mountain stands behind the screen, the Perilla River floats in front of the mausoleum with jade belts, and the Chimney Mountain on the other side of the river echoes the Yun Qi Mountain in the distance, making the Yongling Mountain surrounded by mountains look very magnificent. The royal family in Qing Dynasty regarded Yongling as a place where "Emperor Evonne was very prosperous", so the incense continued all the year round. Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Qianlong, Emperor Jiaqing and Emperor Daoguang visited Yongling nine times, which made the ancestor worship in Yongling a national system in Qing Dynasty.

Brief introduction of Shengjing three tombs

Shengjing, which is today's Shenyang, is called "Moukedun" in Manchu, which translates into "bustling city" in Chinese. It is the birthplace of the last feudal dynasty in China, the Qing Dynasty, where the tombs of the founding king of the Qing Dynasty, his parents and grandparents were built, namely, the Qingyong Mausoleum, the Fuling Mausoleum and the Zhaoling Mausoleum, that is, the Shengjing Three Mausoleums in the Qing Dynasty.

In the splendid history and culture of China, the Mausoleum, as the representative of the most authoritative concept of an era and the concentrated expression of material civilization, is the carrier of social science, natural science and even artistic achievements in this period. The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the heyday of the development of feudal culture in China, and the mausoleum system and the sacrificial ceremony system related to the mausoleum reached the most complete period, which was not only manifested in the grand scale of the ground building of the imperial tomb, the originality of architectural technology and the richness of historical and cultural connotations, but also in the integrity and systematicness of the imperial tomb as a cultural carrier in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The Three Mausoleums of Shengjing in Qing Dynasty are an important part of the imperial tombs in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Whether it is the way of building ancient buildings, the complete building regulations, the complicated sacrificial ceremony system and the official system of managing tombs, they are all in the same strain as the Ming and Qing emperors' tombs. At the same time, the Three Tombs of Shengjing in Qing Dynasty were the products of a specific historical period in the process of the rise of the emperors of the northeast ethnic minorities. Therefore, a lot of cultural information of a nation in this period has been preserved, including ideas, aesthetic tastes, architectural level, customs and habits. In the Qing Dynasty, each mausoleum in Shengjing Sanling has its own system. Although the scale is small, the laws and regulations are complete and the sacrificial facilities are complete. The building regulations of the mausoleum combine the religions, beliefs and customs in China's ancient environmental geography with the surrounding natural environment, so that it can achieve the unity of building site selection, planning and design, and become the historical basis of China's ancient architectural forms, sculptures, paintings and comprehensive concepts and the material objects of modern appreciators.

The Three Tombs of Shengjing in Qing Dynasty were located in Liaoning Province, China. They avoided the man-made destruction caused by dynasty changes and social unrest, and the ground buildings and underground palaces were well preserved. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), they were properly protected as national key cultural relics protection units. Today, they deserve the attention and protection of all mankind. Considering its own value and management level, the China Municipal Government recommended three mausoleums of Qing Shengjing, namely, Qingyong Mausoleum, Fuling Mausoleum and Zhaoling Mausoleum, to be included in the World Heritage List as "imperial tombs of the ming and qing dynasties Expansion Project".