What are the characteristics of a horse stepping on a swallow?

First, it is almost completely similar to the bronze cast horse in the guard of honor for chariots and horses unearthed in the same Han Dynasty (Figure 2), which represents the typical model of excellent horses in Han Dynasty in China, but the former is dynamic and shows the majestic posture of leaping forward, while the latter is static, standing or walking. $ x. |。 ` 2 C/ ]) D( @

Secondly, it reflects the planned and targeted large-scale horse crossbreeding improvement policy adopted in Han Dynasty and its implementation effect. In the Han Dynasty, in order to prevent the invasion of the western enemy, consolidate national defense and defend the smooth flow of the Silk Road, it was necessary to establish powerful cavalry and post stations to transmit military information and government information, so it attached great importance to raising horses. In BC 154, Emperor Han Jingdi set up 36 "Ma Yuan" (that is, state-owned military horse farms) in the northwest. By 93 AD (the fifth year of Dongfeng and Yongyuan), there were more than 300,000 horses in northwest Gansu (Tongzhi, Gansu). So many horses constitute the material basis for improving horses. In 65438 BC+065438 BC+09 BC, Zhang Qian went to Wusun State, and the country presented dozens of good horses, which amazed Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. He heard that there were good horses in the western region of Dawan, so he sent messengers to negotiate and exchanged golden horses for good horses. After many twists and turns, the soldiers met each other, and finally Dawanguo presented 3,000 "blood horses". Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appreciated it very much. It was called Tianma, and at the same time, it ordered the whole country to adopt mares in order to cross with improved horses introduced from the western regions and improve their body shape, physique and performance. It can be inferred that the excellent and perfect degree of Han Ma (the prototype of bronze galloping horses in Han tombs and bronze cast horses in chariots and horses' guard of honor) is inseparable from the policy of large-scale introduction of good horses from western regions and improvement of local horses in Han Dynasty.

"o/ v x) d6 m4 M Third, it reflects the role of establishing a good horse selection standard in the Han Dynasty. In order to improve the size and performance of horse breeds, strict measures must be taken to select the best and eliminate the bad, so as to achieve satisfactory results. What criteria should the choice be based on? Ma Yuan, a famous horse in the Eastern Han Dynasty, took the model of "famous horse" as the standard for horse selection. He was born in Liangzhou (now Wuwei, Gansu), where animal husbandry was particularly developed in BC 14. His father, Ma Zhong, was the "Pastoral Order" in charge of animal husbandry in Northwest Frontier County. He learned a lot about the animal husbandry area and had a perceptual understanding and concept of the shape and performance of excellent horses that day. In 35 AD, he was appointed as the county magistrate of Longxi, and was also a national defense center in the west. He summarized the research data of all famous horses in China from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period to the Western Han Dynasty, including the Horse Classic by Bole, and combined with his own impression of observing good horses in Hexi, he cast a model of good horses, with a height of 3.5 feet and a bust of 4.5 feet as the selection criteria, and specially placed the model of "Famous Horse Style" at the gate of Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, for people from all over the country to visit and study in Beijing, of course. After visiting the "Famous Horse style", the latter returned to the racecourse, and inevitably followed the selection criteria of good horses in the process of cross improvement and breeding. According to Professor Cui Tuyuxi's textual research (1999), there are many similarities between the bronze galloping horse and bronze cast horse models in Han tombs and the germplasm characteristics of Han horses in Hexi area at that time and Ma Yuan's "famous horse style". That's understandable.

3 ? 2 U. e 1 A. |# _0 b From the above three points, it can be imagined that the important position of "Ma Ti Fei Ying" in feeding galloping horses and the position of bronze cast horses unearthed from the same tomb in the history of horse breeding in China reflect the scientific and technological level and achievements of introducing foreign thoroughbred horses and hybrid domestic horses in Han Dynasty, reaching the forefront of the world's scientific and technological level.

b-m-M2 I % U； The Value and Significance of z0 S/ g4 "Horse Stepping and Flying Eagle" Copper Running Horse in China Art

:e5p % H9 O3 t； C The Flying Eagle on horseback is two rare national treasures, and it is also a rare treasure representing the artistic conception and artistic modeling with China characteristics. China's art has some characteristics, such as imagination, simplicity and simplicity, emphasis, and combination with painting, freehand brushwork and vividness. According to Chu Shibin and Zhang Pengchuan (1982), "The famous bronze galloping horses at home and abroad are peculiar in shape, which may show a scene of hunting pigs." "The bird trampled by the horseshoe ... is obviously a kind of Uighur hunting bird." Its theme is that hunting horses can run faster than flying eagles, and its purpose is to describe the running speed of bronze galloping horses. The horse is the protagonist and the eagle is the supporting role. In the west, the way to describe a fast horse is to add two wings to the back of the horse, which can be said to be "painting a horse with wings", and the artistic conception is not deep. In order to show the high speed of China Hanma, the artist stepped on the back of the flying eagle with the back hoof of the galloping horse, indicating that it was faster than the eagle. This expression has the characteristics of China and is also loved by the people of China. These are just the speed at which falcons and hunting horses chase the same prey. Another thing worth thinking about is that since falcons and hunting horses appear in the same hunting scene, why are there no hunters and prey? This is another artistic feature of China. In China's play, the general riding on the stage has no horse. Holding only a whip in his hand; The boatman rowing the boat has no boat, but only an oar in his hand. However, through their physical changes and dance movements, the horse-riding dance and rowing dance performed left the audience with imagination and beautiful artistic enjoyment. This is similar to the modeling design of the hunting ground "Flying Eagle Riding" model, which has the artistic characteristics of China. It should be noted that the Han horses bred in the Han Dynasty belong to dual-purpose type (Cui Xi 1990). They can be used as war horses for spear warriors, chariots for axe warriors, and horses for people to ride, all of which can be seen from Figure 2. But Han horses can also be used as hunting horses and post horses. The former can be inferred from the model of "riding on an eagle" in figure 1, while the latter can be inferred from the typical "backward step" of bronze galloping horses. Because the postman rode long distances and passed military information and government information one stop at a time, in order to reduce the fatigue of the postman caused by the high-frequency ups and downs brought by Ma Ziran's trot, Hankel, who was raised at that time, took the opposite trot, just swinging from side to side, which was more stable and comfortable. After thousands of years of vicissitudes of life, this kind of horse has lost its heavy and sturdy body and perfect structure coordination. But their descendants, horses distributed on the Silk Road, still maintain the genetic characteristics of walking on the opposite side. According to the data of Yuxi, Cui Tu (1959), the horses and mules at Chakou, Tianzhu County, Gansu Province in the eastern section of the Silk Road are distributed in Jinqianyi, Songshan, and Vu Thang, Pingcheng and Jinzui in Heyongdeng, which can be called the central production area of Chakou Yima. According to Cui's own investigation, seven out of ten horses in this area can walk on the right. In addition, Haomen Horse in Menyuan County, Qinghai Province, Kazak Horse, Yanma Horse and Ili Horse in Xinjiang Autonomous Region, which are adjacent to Tianzhu County, all have the opposite performance. These situations have a historical relationship with the typical posture of bronze galloping horse, while the latter highlights its majestic posture of galloping and roaring, which is rare in China bronze statues and has its special value and significance in art, L! \$ X: ]7 {，d2 O" U

5 The necessity and urgency of changing the name of Swallow on horseback to Eagle on horseback: m3o "o1HL $ _) ` 3d4r; K+ V( M

According to scholars' research, the birds under the hooves of young copper in Han tombs are falcons rather than swallows. However, this rare national treasure has been passed down for more than 30 years under the wrong name of "stepping on the swallow", and now it is getting deeper and deeper. For example, (1) In early March 2002, the first CCTV program (Man and Nature) talked about horses, and the host Zhao Zhongxiang talked about the ancestor of horses-the three-toed horse, which was very scientific. However, when he talked about this rare national treasure-the bronze galloping horse in the Han tomb, he called it "stepping on a swallow". (2) At the same time, when CCTV broadcast an award evening of an art competition, each winner got a bronze galloping horse, and the prize was a replica of the Han Tomb. The hosts Zhu Jun and Zhou Tao both called this prize "the flying swallow on horseback". (3) China National Tourism Administration is marked by the bronze galloping horse in the Han tomb. The festival target emblem of CCTV 4 (Chinese civilization) includes the Buddha statue in the Han tomb and the bronze galloping horse. What names do these two units use to call this rare national treasure, Copper Running Horse? I wonder if it is "unavoidable"? It is doubtful. (5) According to the Western Business Daily sponsored by Gansu Daily, on February 24th, 2002, it published an article entitled "General Secretary Jiang sent a gift to Bush". Like the above series of cases, if Cui Tuyuxi, a professor at Gansu Agricultural University, an expert in raising horses for an old friend, were still alive, he would certainly write an article and participate in the debate to rehabilitate the bronze galloping horse in the Han tomb. Unfortunately, he passed away recently. I am writing this article to commemorate my old friend and publicize his academic views. Take its advantages and disadvantages. Most of the articles are copied from his materials, and some references are added appropriately, while a few describe some personal opinions. The central idea is to suggest that the name of this world-famous precious national treasure-bronze galloping horse in the Han tomb be changed from "riding on a swallow" to "riding on an eagle" to conform to the scientific spirit of seeking truth and being pragmatic. After the name change, the image of the rare national treasure "Flying Eagle on horseback" will be even more brilliant.

3 m4 p9 J7 T) e8 t Thanks: This article was corrected by Comrade Lee Dong Hae, the former editor-in-chief of China Sheep Raising Magazine, and I am especially grateful.

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