I want to know something about marble and stone. Can anyone introduce me?

It is mainly used for processing into various shapes and plates, making walls, floors, platforms, columns, etc. of buildings, and is also often used as a material for memorial buildings such as monuments, towers and statues. Marble can also be carved into handicrafts, stationery, lamps, utensils and other practical works of art, which are soft, beautiful, solemn and elegant. It is an ideal material for decorating luxury buildings and a traditional material for artistic carving.

According to the variety of marble, the naming principles are different, and some are named after the origin and color, such as Dandong Green and Tieling Red. Some are named after patterns and colors, such as Snow White and Ai Yeqing. Some are named after patterns, such as autumn scenery and The Waves. Some are traditional names, such as white marble and crystal jet. Therefore, due to different producing areas, the phenomenon of the same kind of synonyms or different rocks with the same name often occurs. Therefore, "Stone Resources Network" gives the above authoritative names.

The main color of this stone is multicolor, and the subjective attribute is pattern. It has high compressive strength, good physical and chemical properties and easy processing. With the development of economy, the application scope is expanding and the dosage is increasing, which plays an important role in people's lives.

Especially in recent 10 years, large-scale mining, industrial processing and international trade have made decorative boards enter the architectural decoration industry in large quantities, not only for luxurious public buildings, but also for home decoration. It is also widely used to make exquisite utensils, such as furniture, lamps, smoking utensils and artistic sculptures. Some of them can also be used as alkali-resistant materials. Gravel and scraps produced in the process of mining and processing are also often used to produce artificial stone, terrazzo, stone rice and stone powder, and can be used as fillers in coatings, plastics, rubber and other industries.

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Evaluation and identification methods

Grade selection: according to the allowable deviation of specifications, flatness and angular tolerance, appearance quality, surface smoothness and other indicators, marble plates are divided into three grades: excellent, first-class and qualified; The grading identification of marble plates is mainly identified by the detection of instruments and measuring tools.

Check the appearance quality

The appearance of different grades of marble plates is different. Because marble is naturally formed, defects are inevitable. At the same time, the advantages and disadvantages of processing equipment and measuring tools are also the reasons for plate defects. Some plates are not full (warped or sunken) and have defects (cracks, sand holes, spots, etc.). ), and the specifications are different (such as lack of edges and corners, wrong plates). According to national standards, all grades of marble plates are allowed to have certain defects, but the superior products are not so obvious.

Select the pattern tone

Marble plates are colorful, varied in color and different in patterns, which is the precious charm of marble plates. The basic consistency of color tone, small color difference and beautiful pattern are the concrete manifestations of excellent varieties, otherwise the decorative effect will be seriously affected.

Detecting surface glossiness

The surface gloss of marble board will greatly affect the decorative effect. Generally speaking, the polished surface of high-quality marble plate should have a mirror-like luster, which can clearly reflect the scenery. However, due to the different chemical composition of different quality marble, even the products of the same grade will have great differences in gloss. Of course, there will be some differences in the surface gloss of different grades of the same material. In addition, the strength and water absorption of marble slab are also important indexes to evaluate the quality of marble.

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Characteristics and advantages

No deformation

After long-term natural aging, the rock structure is uniform, the linear expansion coefficient is extremely small, and the internal stress disappears completely without deformation.

glass hard

Good rigidity, high hardness, strong wear resistance and small temperature deformation.

Long service life

No need for oiling, not easy to stick dust, convenient and simple maintenance and long service life.

No scratches will appear.

There will be no scratches, and it will not stop at constant temperature, and its original physical properties can be maintained at normal temperature.

Unmagnetized

When measuring, it can move smoothly, without stagnant tide and with good plane balance. Physical properties: specific gravity 2970-3070kg/m3, compressive strength 2500-2600kg/cm3, elastic coefficient1.3-1.5×106kg/cm2, water absorption.

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Marble classification

Marble is divided into three categories:

Dolomite: the content of magnesite (magnesium calcium carbonate) is more than 40%.

Forsterite: The content of magnesite (magnesium calcium carbonate) is between 5% and 40%.

Calcite: the content of magnesite (magnesium calcium carbonate) is less than 5%.

Calcite forsterite

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Characteristics of ore raw materials

Process classification

Marble is a kind of rock represented by marble, including carbonate rocks and related metamorphic rocks, which is generally softer than granite. Common rocks are marble, limestone, dolomite and skarn. Marble varieties have different naming principles, some are named after the origin and color, such as Dandong Green and Tieling Red. Some are named after patterns and colors, such as Snow White and Ai Yeqing. Some are named after patterns, such as autumn scenery and The Waves. Some are traditional names, such as white marble and crystal jet. Therefore, due to different producing areas, the phenomenon of the same kind of synonyms or different rocks with the same name often occurs.

Marble produced in China can be roughly divided into seven series according to the basic color of polished surface: white, yellow, green, gray, red, brown and black. Each series can be divided into several categories according to the color and pattern characteristics of its polished surface, such as: white marble, rosin yellow, Dandong green, Hangzhou gray and so on. The pattern and crystal size of marble are ever-changing, including landscape type, moire type and pattern type (line pattern, willow pattern, portrait, paleontology and so on. ) and snowflake type. Modern architecture is colorful and constantly changing. Therefore, decorative marble also requires many varieties and colors, which can be used in different parts of the building. Generally, monochromatic marble requires uniform color; Colored marble requires a gradual transition in pattern and depth; Patterned marble requires clear patterns, bright colors and strong regularity. In short, it is best to have beautiful colors, which are convenient for large-scale splicing and decoration, and can be supplied in batches with consistent colors. See table 4.25. 1 for the technical classification of marble in China.

Mineral composition and main characteristics

The mineral composition and characteristics of marble are directly related to the performance and decorative effect of its products.

Chemical composition and physical properties

The chemical composition of marble generally does not play a major role in whether it can be used, but it can directly explain the lithology and indirectly affect the physical and chemical properties, which is of certain significance for evaluating the machinability, weather resistance and corrosion resistance of marble.

The physical properties of marble are an important index to judge its machinability, and also an important reference for its performance and application scope.

Marble pinyin: dà lǐ shí

Chinese name: Marble English name: marble

Chemical formula: CaCO3

A mineral.

Marble originally refers to white limestone with black patterns produced in Dali, Yunnan, and its cross section can form a natural ink landscape painting. In ancient times, marble with molding patterns was often chosen to make painting screens or mosaics. Later, the name of marble gradually developed into limestone with various colors and patterns, which was used as building decoration materials. White marble is generally called white marble, but translated western statues are also called marble.

Marble is mainly used for processing into various shapes and plates, as the walls, floors, platforms and columns of buildings, and also as the material of memorial buildings such as monuments, towers and statues. Marble can also be carved into handicrafts, stationery, lamps, utensils and other practical works of art.

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marble

There are many colors, generally with obvious patterns and many mineral particles. Mohs hardness is between 2.5 and 5. Marble is a metamorphic rock formed by high temperature and high pressure in the crust, which is mainly composed of calcite, limestone, serpentine and dolomite. Its main component is calcium carbonate, accounting for more than 50%. In interior decoration, marble is suitable for TV cabinets, window sills and indoor floors. Marble is a commodity name, not a petrological definition. Marble is a kind of natural building decorative stone, which generally refers to metamorphic or non-metamorphic carbonate rock with decorative function, and can be processed into building stone or handicraft. It is named after the colorful and ornate stones produced in Diancang Mountain, Dali City, Yunnan Province, China. Marble generally refers to marble, limestone, dolomite, skarn and marble formed by different alteration of carbonate rocks. Marble is mainly used for processing into various shapes and plates, making walls, floors, platforms and columns of buildings, and is a precious material for furniture inlay. It is also often used as a material for memorial buildings such as monuments, towers and statues. Marble can also be carved into handicrafts, stationery, lamps, utensils and other practical works of art. Marble is soft, beautiful, solemn, elegant in style and diverse in color. It is an ideal material for decorating luxury buildings and a traditional material for artistic carving.

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use

Marble has beautiful colors and patterns, high compressive strength, good physical and chemical properties, wide distribution of resources and easy processing. With the development of economy, the application scope of marble is expanding and the consumption is increasing, which plays an important role in people's lives. Especially in recent 10 years, with the large-scale exploitation, industrial processing and international trade of marble, a large number of marble decorative boards have entered the architectural decoration industry, not only for luxury public buildings, but also for home decoration. Marble is also widely used to make exquisite utensils, such as furniture, lamps, smoking sets and artistic sculptures. Some marble (including limestone, dolomite, marble, etc. ) can also be used as alkali-resistant materials. Gravel and scraps produced in the process of marble mining and processing are also often used to produce artificial stone, terrazzo, stone rice and stone powder, and can be used as fillers in coatings, plastics, rubber and other industries.

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Industrial technical requirements

Due to the different applications of natural marble, its industrial technical requirements also have different emphases.

Natural marble block

The main requirements of building materials industry standard (JC202-92) for natural marble blocks are as follows:

The block must have the shape of a right-angled parallelepiped.

The specifications and dimensions of raw materials require a length greater than or equal to 100cm, a width greater than or equal to 50cm and a height greater than or equal to 70cm.

The appearance quality requirements of the same batch of raw materials should be basically the same in hue and pattern; Appearance quality grades such as missing corners, missing edges and cracks. Raw materials shall comply with the provisions in Table 4.25.6.

Physical performance requirements: the bulk density is not less than 2.6g/cm3；; ; The water absorption rate is not more than 0.75%; Dry compressive strength is not less than 20MPa；; The bending strength is not less than 7.0 MPa.

Marble for craft carving

It is required that the marble structure is compact, the particles are uniform and not easy to fall off, there are no cracks and inclusions, and the color, pattern, fragmentation and shape meet the molding requirements. The general requirement is greater than 0. 15m3. If it is used outdoors, fresh rock surface is not needed, but it requires good weather resistance and low water absorption.

Electrical insulation board

Many nonferrous metals, rare metals, precious metals and nonmetallic minerals are all related to marble in origin. It is also an excellent building material and handicraft raw material. Marble has low hardness, which belongs to medium hardness stone and is easy to mine and process. The polished plate presents decorative patterns or color textures, which are very beautiful and can be used as indoor and outdoor decorative materials. Wastes from mining and processing can be made into handicrafts or crushed into terrazzo, terrazzo and other high-quality aggregates, and a few high-density and homogeneous ones can be used for artistic carving and decoration. Because marble is basically composed of pure calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate, it is extremely sensitive to the dissolution of acid-polluted air. In the urban atmosphere, carbonic acid separated from carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid generated from smoke and dust are always in contact with marble, which affects the supply of marble to varying degrees. In any case, marble is still an ideal material for architectural decoration and sculpture.

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Pay attention to your health

Marble is easy to dye, so use less water when cleaning. Wipe regularly with a damp cloth containing mild detergent, then dry it and polish it with a clean soft cloth. It is difficult to treat badly worn marble furniture. It can be wiped with steel wool and then polished with an electric grinder to restore luster. Or wipe it carefully with a liquid scrubbing agent, and clean the stain with lemon juice or vinegar, but it is best for the lemon to stay on it for no more than 2 minutes. Repeat the operation if necessary, then clean and dry. For minor abrasions, special marble cleaners and care agents can be used. Old or expensive marble furniture should be handled by professionals.

This maintenance method uses a stone recrystallization system, which has two parts, one part refers to mechanical tools, the other part refers to some special chemical materials; Chemical materials are also divided into two categories: one is granite recrystallization system, and the other is marble recrystallization system. Its basic principle is that under the action of machinery, some special chemical materials will combine with the structure and organization of stone surface with the help of heat generated by friction to produce a new hard and bright mixed crystal layer. Using these stone recrystallization systems to maintain granite and marble floors can make stone floors bright, fresh and natural. For marble, it can also improve the wear resistance of its surface. In this way, its luster can be maintained more permanently. Generally speaking, granite floors can be maintained once every two years. However, due to the different texture of marble floors, such maintenance is usually done once every two months, but the specific time depends on the degree of wear and tear on the marble surface.

1. Marble is very fragile, and it is afraid of the impact and knocking of hard objects. Therefore, attention should be paid to prevent heavy objects such as iron from hitting the stone surface at ordinary times, so as to avoid pits and affect the appearance. Masonry and granite are easier to clean and maintain, as long as they are simply cleaned with some detergents in their spare time, they can be kept fresh for a long time.

2. Wipe the countertop regularly with a damp cloth with a mild detergent, then dry it and polish it with a clean soft cloth. When the surface is polluted, use some mild corrosive agents such as lemon juice or vinegar to clean the stain, and don't wipe it with soap or baking soda. Attention should also be paid to the use of lemon juice, and the residence time should not exceed 1 minute. Repeat the operation if necessary, then clean and dry. For cosmetics, tea and tobacco stains, you can apply hydrogen peroxide, stay for two hours, and then wash and dry. For oil stains, you can wipe them with ethanol (alcohol), acetone (wood essence) or lighter oil, and then wash them and dry them. If the marble furniture is burnt out by cigarette butts, you should consider having it repaired.

3. For slightly scratched marble furniture, special marble cleaner and nursing agent can be used; It is difficult to treat badly worn marble furniture. It can be wiped with steel wool and then polished with an electric grinder to restore its original luster. Old or expensive marble furniture should be handled by professionals.

4. Painted marble furniture must be treated with paint remover and carried out according to the product instructions. After all the paint is removed, wipe it with steel wool and polish it with an electric grinder.

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Identification method

For the finished decorative marble stone, its quality can be identified from the following four aspects:

One view is to observe the surface structure of stones with the naked eye. Generally speaking, the stone with uniform and fine texture is the best stone. The appearance effect of coarse-grained and unequal-grained stones is poor. In addition, due to the influence of geological action, stone often produces some small cracks, and stone is most likely to break along these parts, so attention should be paid to eliminating them. As for the lack of edges and corners, it affects the appearance, especially when choosing.

Second, measure the size and specifications of the stone, so as not to affect the splicing, or cause the deformation of the patterns, patterns and lines after splicing, which will affect the decorative effect.

Listen to it three times, that is, listen to the knocking of stones. Generally speaking, the knocking sound of good quality stone is crisp and pleasant; On the other hand, if there is a slight crack in the stone or the contact between particles becomes loose due to weathering, the knocking sound will be rough.

Four tests, that is, using simple test methods to test the quality of stone. Usually, a small particle of ink drops on the back of a stone. If the ink is quickly dispersed and leached everywhere, it means that the particles in the stone are loose or have gaps, and the quality of the stone is not good; On the other hand, if the ink drops are in place, it means that the stone has a good texture.

suggestion

1. Stone has radioactive certificate, please ask the dealer for it when you buy it. Don't buy without a certificate. At the same time, it should be noted that home improvement should choose Class A products.

2. In the choice of marble and granite, marble should be considered first. In general, granite is more radioactive than marble.

3. Generally speaking, black, grayish white, flesh red, green and red should be considered for stone materials. In terms of radioactivity, from high to low, the order is: red >; Green > meat red > grayish white > white > black, which is basically the case.

The choice of stone is an important step in green decoration. Radioactive pollution is a kind of hidden pollution, and we can't perceive it without instrument detection. From another point of view, it is more harmful than formaldehyde and benzene, so we must pay attention to it in the decoration.

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Resource situation

world

1990 The world output of natural marble is 25.35 million tons. 1993 34 million tons; 654.38+39 million tons in 0995; 1997 is 45.7 million tons. As can be seen from the above data, the stone output of 1997 is 1.8 times that of 1990, which is very fast compared with other industries.

European stone production has always been in the leading position in the world, but its proportion in the world total output has dropped from 77% in the past to 52.6% in 1997. Italy's annual stone production has been maintained at 7.2-7.5 million tons from 1990 to 1997, and it still maintains the position of the world's largest stone production country, but its proportion in the world's total stone production has been declining. For example, it accounted for about 30% in the mid-1980s, 25% in the late 1980s, 1994 19.8%, and 1997 dropped to 16.4%.

China

After 2000, the most active marble mining was in Asia. The first is China, where the natural marble industry has developed rapidly since the reform and opening up. There are about 27,000 stone enterprises with 5 million employees. China has stone resources all over the country, both inside and outside the Great Wall. More than 30 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions have stone resources and have developed them. From mongolia black in Inner Mongolia to Asia Red in Hainan Province; From Dandong Green in Liaoning to Tianshan Blue in Xinjiang, across Wan Li, there are abundant stone reserves, and famous and special varieties rank among the top in the world. China has built more than 3,000 mines with 1000 varieties. Granite resources in China are mainly concentrated in coastal provinces. Shandong, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi account for almost 70% of the national granite production.

China is extremely rich in marble mineral resources, with large reserves and many varieties, and its total reserves rank among the top in the world. According to incomplete statistics, it is found that there are nearly 400 varieties of marble in China, among which the varieties with different colors are more precious as follows.

● Pure white: Beijing Fangshan white marble; Anhui Huaining, Guichi white marble; Hebei Quyang and Laiyuan white marble; Sichuan Baoxing Shu Baiyu; Jiangsu Ganyu white marble; White marble in Cangshan, Dali, Yunnan; Shandong Pingdu and Ye County Snow White, etc.

● Pure black: Guilin black in Guilin, Guangxi; Black marble in Shaoyang, Hunan; Mo Yu and King Venus in Cangshan, Shandong; Mo Yuhei, Anyang, Henan, etc.

● The red ones are: Anhui Lingbi Hongluo; Nanjiang Red in Nanjiang, Sichuan; Laishui red in Laishui, Hebei, and Fuping red in Fuping; Northeast Deng Hong, Tieling, Liaoning

● Gray ones are: Hangzhou emblem in Zhejiang; Clouds and volcanic ash in Dali, Yunnan

● Yellow: Henan Zhechuan rosin yellow, rosin jade, beige; Sichuan Baoxing yellow line jade, etc.

● The green ones are: Dandong Green in Dandong, Liaoning; Laiyang green in Laiyang, Shandong, and surf jade in Qixia; Anhui Huaining Bibo, etc.

● Colored flowers include: spring flowers, autumn flowers and ink flowers in Yunnan; Plum blossoms on a snowy night in Quzhou, Zhejiang.

● Blue ones are: blue and white jade from Sichuan Baoxing.

● Black and white: black and white roots in Tongshan, Hubei.

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evaluation methodology

Grade selection: according to the allowable deviation of specifications, flatness and angular tolerance, appearance quality, surface smoothness and other indicators, marble plates are divided into three grades: excellent, first-class and qualified; The grading identification of marble plates is mainly identified by the detection of instruments and measuring tools.

Check the appearance quality: the appearance of different grades of marble plates is different. Because marble is naturally formed, defects are inevitable. At the same time, the advantages and disadvantages of processing equipment and measuring tools are also the reasons for plate defects. Some plates are not full (warped or sunken) and have defects (cracks, sand holes, spots, etc.). ), and the specifications are different (such as lack of edges and corners, wrong plates). According to national standards, all grades of marble plates are allowed to have certain defects, but the superior products are not so obvious.

Choose patterns and colors: Marble plates are rich in colors, diverse in colors and different in patterns, which is the precious charm of marble plates. The basic consistency of color tone, small color difference and beautiful pattern are the concrete manifestations of excellent varieties, otherwise the decorative effect will be seriously affected.

Detection of surface gloss: The surface gloss of marble board will greatly affect the decorative effect. Generally speaking, the polished surface of high-quality marble plate should have a mirror-like luster, which can clearly reflect the scenery. However, due to the different chemical composition of different quality marble, even the products of the same grade will have great differences in gloss. Of course, there will be some differences in the surface gloss of different grades of the same material. In addition, the strength and water absorption of marble slab are also important indexes to evaluate the quality of marble.

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Characteristics and advantages of marble

1. No deformation, high hardness and strong wear resistance.

2. Wear resistance, high temperature resistance and maintenance-free.

3. Physically stable, fine structure, impact crystal grains falling off, no burr on the surface, stable material, no deformation for a long time, small linear expansion coefficient, high mechanical precision, rust prevention, antimagnetic and insulation.

First, after long-term natural aging, the rock has a uniform structure, a very small linear expansion coefficient, complete disappearance of internal stress and no deformation.

Second, it has good rigidity, high hardness, strong wear resistance and small temperature deformation.

3. Alkaline medium-hard stone materials, except a few with particularly hard texture (such as white marble), are generally only used indoors.

4. There will be no scratches, and it will not stop at constant temperature, and its original physical properties can be maintained at normal temperature. (Of course, there will be no so-called scratches with a light touch. One more: nonsense! Who edited that bastard first? )

Five, no magnetization, measurement can move smoothly, no hysteresis, not affected by moisture, plane weighing. Physical properties: specific gravity 2970-3070kg/m3, compressive strength 2500-2600kg/cm3, elastic coefficient1.3-1.5×106kg/cm2, water absorption.

The specific classification is as follows:

Grade A: high-quality marble, with the same processing quality and excellent quality, without impurities and pores.

Class b: the characteristics are close to the former type of marble, but the processing quality is slightly worse than the former; There are natural flaws; Requires a small amount of separation, gluing and filling.

Class C: There are some differences in processing quality; Flaws, pores and texture breaks are common. It is difficult to repair these differences, which can be achieved by one or more of these methods, such as separation, gluing, filling or reinforcement.

Grade D: The characteristics are similar to those of grade C marble, but there are many natural defects, and the processing quality is the biggest difference, so it is necessary to carry out surface treatment many times in the same way. This kind of marble has brought trouble to many colorful stones, which have good decorative value.

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Radiation problem

Marble furniture not only requires the firmness and environmental protection of the board, but also strictly controls the radioactivity of the stone. For a long time, people mistakenly think that marble furniture will have radiation, so it is inevitable that there will be some concerns when buying. In fact, the radioactivity of marble is very low, and it will hardly cause harm to human body.

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Marble care

The most effective, lasting and economical way to maintain marble is crystal surface care, which will not cause damage to the stone surface.

Crystal face care agent is not polishing wax or polishing powder. Unlike other products, it is a long-term care product with four functions: hardening, polishing, anti-skid and stain removal. From a scientific point of view, the crystal face care process is actually a chemical action, which is formed by the chemical action between crystal face agent (acidity) and stone substance (calcium carbonate). When chemical action occurs, the surface of lime becomes hard due to the heating and pressure of the floor wiper, and the heat is conducted through steel wool to form a smooth and hard calcareous glass surface. Another function of steel wool is to remove some stains corroded on the ground and absorb them in steel wool, which has a cleaning effect.

The area of crystal face agent sprayed each time is 2 square meters, and it is gradually polished in meters, and enough is enough. When the crystal flour is dried by the floor polisher, the glass light of the stone should be stopped immediately, otherwise the thermal damage caused by excessive friction will adversely affect the luminosity, especially the white stone.

Matters needing attention

1. The stone surface should be dry and smooth. After renovation, try to use animal wool pad or nano wool pad, dry the ground temperature to about 50 degrees, and then carry out crystal surface treatment.

2. Use clean steel wool and clean mats.

3. When the stone glows glass, stop immediately.

4. It is best to use neutral crystal face agent and neutral refreshing slurry.

Daily maintenance of stone crystal hardening treatment: this is the best maintenance method, as long as conditions permit, try to use this method.

Tool materials: stone care machine (floor brushing machine), red cleaning pad, watering can, dust pusher, crystal surface maintenance agent, crystal hard powder.

Daily maintenance

65438+ 0-2 times a week, put the stone care machine on the nano wool pad (Bai Jie pad) (it is better to have a high-speed machine with 300-400 rpm) and spray a small amount of crystal face maintenance agent or crystal hard powder on the clean or washed ground (the crystal hard powder needs to be added with water, and the water amount depends on the humidity, and the water amount is more when the weather is dry. ) 1-2 grams per square meter.

Apply evenly with a stone care machine, and then polish until it is bright. Finally, push the dust on the ground with a dust pusher. Spray grinding shall be carried out in sections, each section shall be1-2m2. Cleaning cloth should be kept clean, and too much powder will affect the effect; If dirt is found, it should be used in reverse on the other side until both sides are dirty and replaced with new ones. According to the working area, bring enough cleaning pads, and the dirty ones should be cleaned and dried before use.

On the smooth and dark ground, the cleaning pad can be replaced with steel wool pad, which has better effect, but it should be noted that the ground is not smooth or the steel wool pad is polluted, which will make the ground black.