What industries does traditional tourism include?

According to the regulations of the World Tourism Organization, tourism refers to the activities that people leave their usual environment for leisure, business or other purposes and visit other places for less than one year. According to this definition, these people engaged in tourism activities will not lead to settlement and employment in tourist destinations.

The so-called modern tourism refers to socialized mass tourism that has spread rapidly to all parts of the world since the Second World War, especially since the 1960s.

First of all, it briefly reviews the development of tourism in China.

(A) from "commercial" to "industrial" change

Although the development of tourism in China started late, its development speed has attracted worldwide attention. Before the reform and opening up, the tourism industry was mainly engaged in reception of foreign affairs, and only the embryonic form of the industry did not completely belong to the industrial category. 1978 conversion mechanism to develop industrial tourism. From 65438 to 0984, the central government put forward the tourism construction policy of joint efforts of the state, localities, departments, collectives and individuals, self-reliance and the use of foreign capital, which opened the prelude to the all-round development of tourism. 1986 the State Council decided to incorporate tourism into its national economic and social development plan and formally established its national economic status. 1992, the central government clearly put forward that tourism is the key industry in the tertiary industry. Later, the "Proposal on Formulating the Ninth Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Outline of 20 10 Long-term Goals" put forward by the Central Government of China listed tourism as the first in the sequence of the tertiary industry actively developing emerging industries. 1998 the central economic work conference put forward that tourism should be regarded as a new growth point of the national economy. Since then, the State Planning Commission has listed tourism projects as national debt projects, and the railway department has opened hundreds of special tourist trains in time. The support of the Central Committee and the State Council has laid a solid foundation for the development of tourism.

From the development stage, before 1980, the overall scale of tourism was small; During the Sixth Five-Year Plan period, inbound tourism has been greatly improved, and domestic tourism has started. During the Seventh Five-Year Plan period, inbound tourism continued to develop and domestic tourism developed greatly. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, inbound tourism developed greatly and domestic tourism rose rapidly, which was the fastest developing period. During the ninth five-year plan period, the industrial foundation was solid and developed steadily; Affected by the overall negative growth of 200 1 world tourism, China's tourism industry continues to advance in difficulties, but the growth rate has dropped; In 2002, China's tourism industry rebounded as a whole, and the growth rate of four tourism economic indicators all exceeded 10% (see table 1).

Table 1 Growth of Main Tourism Economic Indicators in China in Different Periods (199 1~2002)

Note: ① Fifty Years of Tourism in China by National Tourism Administration, the data of number of people and income are the period plus the total;

② National Tourism Administration, statistical bulletin of China tourism in 20001year;

③ National Tourism Administration, 2002 China Tourism Statistical Bulletin.

In a word, with the help of reform and opening up, China's tourism industry has developed continuously and rapidly for more than 20 years, from scratch, from small to large, with an increasingly distinct industrial image and growing industrial scale, becoming one of the fastest-growing industries in the national economy.

(B) from a small tourist country to a big tourist country

China is one of the countries with the fastest development of tourism in the world. 1978, the number of international tourists in China (1.8 million) was only 0.7% of the global total, ranking 41in the world; In 2002, it received 979 1 10,000 overseas tourists, making it the fifth largest tourist destination in the world and the largest tourist country in Asia. From 65438 to 0978, China's foreign exchange earned by international tourism (US$ 260 million) accounted for only 0.038% of the world, ranking 47th in the world. In 2002, it increased to US$ 20.4 billion, accounting for 4.4% of the world, making it the fifth largest foreign exchange earner in the world. In 2002, the number of China citizens going abroad reached16,602,300, an increase of 36.84% over the previous year, making it a striking emerging tourist exporter in Asia. In 2002, the number of domestic tourists in China reached 878 million, making it the largest, fastest growing and most potential domestic tourism market in the world.

The scale of tourism in China is also expanding. According to incomplete statistics, by the end of 200 1, there were1000 foreign-related tourist hotels in China, including 80 18 star-rated hotels. There are more than 0/0000 travel agencies/KLOC-,including more than 300 international travel agencies/KLOC-. The fixed assets of tourism in China reach 700 billion yuan, and there are 260,000 tourism enterprises and institutions. There are 5.98 million direct employees and 29.8 million indirect employees in tourism; * * * There are 1 152 institutions providing tourism education with 340,000 students.

(3) Tourism is increasingly becoming a new growth point of China's economy.

With the vigorous development of China's tourism industry, its comprehensive and related characteristics are more and more fully revealed, and it plays an increasingly important role in promoting the development of related industries, expanding domestic demand, enhancing economic vitality and improving people's quality of life.

In 2002, China's tourism industry achieved a total tourism revenue of 556.6 billion yuan, an increase of 12% over the previous year, which was more than 3 percentage points higher than the overall growth rate of the national economy. The total tourism revenue is equivalent to 5.4% of the GDP in that year, accounting for more than 16% of the tertiary industry, and the foreign exchange income from tourism accounts for more than half of the foreign exchange earned by the national service trade.

Tourism has increasingly become a new economic growth point in China and one of the main pillars of the tertiary industry in China. Twenty-four provinces, municipalities directly under the central government and autonomous regions have positioned tourism as a pillar industry, while the remaining provinces (cities) have positioned tourism as an important industry or an advantageous industry respectively.

Second, the opportunities and prospects of China's tourism development.

Development opportunities

First of all, the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy will push the tourism industry to a new level. In the first 265438+ 10 years of the 20th century, the average annual growth rate of China's national economy will remain above 7%, and its comprehensive national strength will be further improved. The deepening of economic system reform, the development of opening to the outside world, the overall progress of economy and society, and the adjustment of industrial structure will all promote the development of tourism.

Secondly, the opportunities brought by building a well-off society in an all-round way. Building a well-off society in an all-round way means that more than one billion people in China will move towards a higher level of well-off society, and the demand for tourism will inevitably increase, and tourism consumption will become one of the symbols and characteristics of a well-off society. China's "well-off society is still a low-level, incomplete and unbalanced well-off society", but it is at this well-off level that the world's largest domestic tourism market and the fastest growing overseas tourism market are formed.

Third, the implementation of the strategy of developing the western region will enable many world-class tourism resources in the western region to be developed and transform their resource advantages into economic advantages, thus continuously improving the international competitiveness and development potential of China's tourism industry and forming a new growth pole of China's tourism industry.

Fourthly, after China's entry into WTO, tourism and its related industries will accelerate the pace of international integration, further optimize the development environment and promote the growth of international business tourism.

Fifth, China is the safest tourist destination country in the world. The "9. 1 1" incident in the United States and the outbreak of the US-Iraq war led to the decline of world tourism. However, due to China's political stability, sustained and rapid economic development and a series of important measures implemented by the China administration, China's image as the safest tourist destination has been strengthened.

Sixth, China's accession to the WTO, Beijing's successful bid for the Olympic Games, Shanghai's successful bid for the World Expo, Hangzhou's successful bid for the World Leisure Expo in 2006, and the World Tourism Organization General Assembly will be held in Beijing for the first time in June 2003, which shows that China's international status and influence are increasing day by day, and it plays a positive role in promoting the development of China's tourism industry.

(2) Prospect analysis

With the construction of a well-off society in an all-round way, under the two-way interaction between supply and demand, China's tourism industry is promising.

1. The tourism market has great potential.

With the improvement of people's wealth, the increase of leisure time and disposable income will promote the domestic tourism demand to grow at a higher speed. China is the most populous country in the world, with the largest domestic tourism market unmatched by any other country in the world. In 2002, 8 out of 65,438+03 people from China traveled. China began to implement the 40-hour working weekend system from 1 May, 9951,and began to implement the seven-day holiday of May Day, November Day and Spring Festival from 1999. At present, the total number of statutory rest days that China citizens can enjoy every year is 1 14, and residents have more and more leisure time. At the same time, the consumption structure is changing from food and clothing consumption to enjoyment and development, and the Engel coefficient is decreasing year by year. The Engel coefficient of urban and rural residents' consumption decreased from 49.9% and 58.6% in195 to 37.7% and 46.2% in 2002 respectively. Consumption such as housing, car purchase and communication will be gradually met, and tourism demand as a combination of spirit and material will be generated repeatedly. According to international experience, when the per capita GDP reaches 800~ 1000 dollars, tourism consumption will show a trend of popularization and become one of the elements of life. By 2020, China will build a well-off society in an all-round way. If everyone travels twice a year, the number of domestic tourists will be as high as 3 billion.

2. The tourism resources are unique.

China has a vast territory, beautiful mountains and rivers, a long history, splendid culture and numerous nationalities, and its long history and vast territory have formed incomparably rich tourism resources. According to research, China ranks first in the world in terms of natural and cultural tourism resources, surpassing the United States, Spain, France and other tourism powers. At present, there are more than 5000 tourist attractions 15000 in China, covering natural landscapes, history and culture, reform achievements and social life, among which 28 are listed in the World Heritage List, 65438 are national key scenic spots +05 1, 44 are national geological parks and 65438 are national nature reserves. There are 99 national historical and cultural cities, 360 national 4A tourist areas (spots), 37 excellent tourist cities in China 1269 national key cultural relics protection units, and more than 2,000 museums. Unique customs, colorful urban scenery, magnificent construction projects and so on provide unique conditions and foundations for the development of tourism.

3. From a big tourist country to a powerful tourist country in the world

According to the basic idea of the Tenth Five-Year Plan for Tourism Development formulated by the National Tourism Administration, by 2020, the number of overseas tourists in China will exceed 2 10/00000, and the foreign exchange income from tourism will be more than 58 billion US dollars. Domestic tourism will reach more than 2.9 billion person-times, and tourism revenue will reach more than 2,040 billion yuan. The total tourism output will reach more than 2.5 trillion yuan, equivalent to 8% of GDP. Scholars at home and abroad are optimistic about the development prospects of China's tourism industry, and China will become a world tourism power. Authorities, including the World Tourism Organization (WTO), believe that China will become the first tourist destination country in the world in 2020 (see Table 2). The World Tourism Council predicts that by 2020, China's total tourism output will account for 8.64% of GDP, tourism consumption will account for 6.79% of total consumption, and tourism investment will account for 8.6 1% of total investment, which is close to the world average.

Table 2 Forecast of Top Ten Tourism Destinations in the World in 2020

Source: According to World Tourism Development Forecast Report 2020 of the World Tourism Organization (WTO), 1997. Third, give full play to the leading role of tourism in the development of national economy.

(A) the implementation of tourism economic development strategy

Building a well-off society in an all-round way means that by 2020, China will basically realize industrialization, the comprehensive improvement of land and resources and the construction of ecological protection will reach a new level, great achievements will be made in the process of agricultural modernization and rural urbanization, breakthroughs will be made in the strategy of developing the western region, and the proportion of the tertiary industry in the national economy will be greatly increased. This historical process will form a benign interaction and common development with tourism in all aspects.

Investment, consumption and export are three main aspects to maintain economic growth, and tourism can play an important role in these three aspects. From a macro perspective, tourism investment has played a certain role in economic growth and maintained a high input-output ratio. It is generally believed in the world that tourism is the best export industry, which exports local scenery and has the advantage of low exchange cost. The state has implemented a number of policies to stimulate domestic demand, such as developing the western region, raising the salary of civil servants and increasing infrastructure expenditure. On the basis of these policies, we should also learn from the successful experience of developed countries in developing tourism and leisure industry and take measures to vigorously stimulate tourism and leisure consumption and promote the development of China's tourism economy. Britain has made corresponding plans and policies in the process of industrialization, which has promoted the transformation from an industrial society centered on products to a post-industrial society centered on services. It can be boldly predicted that among many policies, the implementation of the "tourism economic development strategy" can play a better role.

Therefore, we must completely change the long-standing misunderstanding of tourism, clear up some restrictive consumption policies and a series of policies and regulations that discriminate and restrict the development of tourism, clarify the status of tourism as a dominant industry in China, implement the strategy of tourism economic development, and build a world tourism power in an all-round way.

(2) Give full play to the role of domestic tourism in stimulating domestic demand.

At the end of 20001,the Central Economic Work Conference clearly stated that "expanding domestic demand is a strategic policy that needs to be adhered to for a long time". In 2003, the government work report put forward eight suggestions for this year's key work, the first of which was "expanding and cultivating domestic demand and promoting rapid economic growth". Under the current severe international economic situation, the fundamental policy to achieve rapid economic growth is to expand domestic demand and further form a double pull of consumption and investment. The government work report lists tourism as the second largest area to expand consumption, and its importance is self-evident.

Tourism is a booming industry, which includes six elements: transportation, tourism, housing, food, shopping and entertainment. Tourism consumption is not only directly related to transportation, accommodation, catering, commerce, scenic spots and other industries, but also related to industries such as industry, agriculture, information, finance, insurance, medical care, consulting, environmental protection, etc., and its direct and indirect impact on sub-industries is as many as 100. Compared with the consumption level of housing and cars, the price range of tourism consumption ranges from a few yuan of tourist souvenirs to tens of thousands or even tens of thousands of tourist routes, and the products are extremely productive and consumptive. In 200 1 year, China's residents' tourism consumption expenditure only accounts for 5.97% of the residents' final consumption expenditure, which is far from the world average level of 1 1%, and there is still a lot of room for developing domestic tourism.

Therefore, while vigorously developing inbound tourism, we should put domestic tourism in a more important position and promote the development of domestic tourism in breadth and depth. It is necessary to further increase publicity, actively guide domestic tourism consumption, and implement the paid vacation system. We should actively guide the planning and development of new tourism products, actively explore new business methods, continuously improve service quality, and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of consumers.

(3) Actively promote economic restructuring.

Tourism is an industry with high industrial relevance, which is conducive to promoting the development of related industries and upgrading the economic structure. Tourism is an important part of modern service industry, and service industry is an important part of national economy. Its development level is the basic index to measure economic modernization and comprehensive national strength, and its development indicates the direction of economic structure and industrial structure evolution. According to the requirements of the Tenth Five-Year Plan, the average annual growth rate of the added value of the service industry should be appropriately faster than the growth rate of the national economy, and the proportion of the service industry in GDP increased from 33.2% in 2000 to 36%. Further accelerating the development of tourism is very important for maintaining the growth rate of the whole service industry and improving its proportion in the national economy. It is necessary to regard tourism as the core industry and influential industry of service industry, break all kinds of ideological barriers, further expand the industrial scope, lengthen the industrial chain and form industrial clusters.

Accelerating the development of tourism is an important aspect of industrial structure adjustment of national economy. We should consciously integrate the development of tourism into the adjustment of macroeconomic structure and cultivate the growth point of tourism itself in promoting the adjustment of other industrial structures. It is necessary to strengthen the combination of tourism with the primary, secondary and tertiary industries, and vigorously develop industrial tourism, agricultural tourism, science and education tourism, business tourism, exhibition tourism and urban tourism. For some old industrial bases and resource-based cities with good conditions for developing tourism, tourism can be developed as a continuous industry in economic transformation, such as Jiaozuo City. For some old industrial enterprises, we can develop industrial tourism, resettle laid-off workers, improve the comprehensive utilization of resources, publicize the products and image of enterprises, expand their influence and enhance the sense of honor of employees. For some areas that used to rely on deforestation, planting and animal husbandry, since the country began to implement measures such as "natural forest logging ban", "returning farmland to forests" and "returning grazing to grassland", economic development needs to find a new way out, and developing eco-tourism is a good alternative; Rural areas can increase farmers' income, increase the added value of agricultural products, strengthen the communication between urban and rural residents, broaden farmers' horizons, and also play a certain role in solving the three rural issues; The development of tourism can also provide a larger new market and space for the development of other service industries, such as traditional service industries such as business circulation and transportation, as well as modern service industries such as information, finance and consulting. In a word, tourism can play the role of "expanding the primary industry and improving the secondary industry", and it can also link the tertiary industry.

Therefore, the national tourism industry policy should be promulgated as soon as possible to clearly support the tourism industry. At the same time, the government should increase investment in tourism through multiple channels, strengthen the construction of tourism infrastructure, attach importance to the protection of tourism resources, actively support the tourism industry to enter the capital market for financing, further increase opening up and strengthen departmental cooperation.

(D) Give full play to the leading role of tourism in the western development.

Tourism resources are outstanding superior resources in the west, and tourism is an advantageous industry with strong competitiveness in the west. The primitive and quaint natural environment, magnificent and unique natural landscape, ancient and mysterious cultural relics and different ethnic customs in the west are in line with the demand trend of world tourism for novelty, novelty, knowledge and pleasure, and have strong attraction. The five key directions of western development are closely related to the development of tourism and promote each other.

Tourism has a special low center of gravity to start the economy and a highly related radiation-driven function. This is of "breakthrough" significance for the start of the western economy with rich tourism resources but weak economic foundation and prominent dual structure of urban and rural economy, and then directly and indirectly comprehensively promote the related industries in the industrial chain, and finally promote the economic prosperity of the western region. Vigorously developing tourism is conducive to improving the economic income and social welfare level of the people in the western region, changing the "blood transfusion economy" mode of local finance, strengthening the contact and cooperation between the western region and developed regions at home and abroad, and attracting investment. The development of tourism will inevitably lead to the rapid growth of passenger flow, talent flow, capital flow, commodity flow and information flow, thus expanding the purchasing power of the floating population. It will also promote the development of catering industry, hotel industry and commerce, and promote the improvement of transportation and communication facilities. These are the preliminary work that must be done to improve the investment environment and attract external funds.

Therefore, tourism should become an important breakthrough in the development of the western region, and implement the "tourism-driven development strategy" in areas with conditions.

(5) Fully tap the potential of tourism employment.

Tourism is a labor-intensive industry, and tourism employment in China has the characteristics of rapid growth, large capacity and great potential. In 200 1 year, the number of indirect employment in tourism in China was 29.8 million, and the total number of employment in tourism reached 35.78 million. In the last 10 year of the 20th century, among the 77.4 million new jobs in the tertiary industry in China, tourism accounted for 38%, reaching 29.4 million. The number of directly employed tourists in China increased from 520,000 in 1989 to 5.98 million in 2006, an increase of 12 times.

Tourism has a large capacity to promote employment, and there are many opportunities. Moreover, many tourist jobs have low thresholds and there is a great demand for labor at all levels. Most of the division of labor is not harsh on cultural quality and age, especially suitable for the re-employment of laid-off workers from state-owned enterprises. Tourism has become the main channel to create urban employment and absorb rural surplus labor.

From the perspective of growth potential, the proportion of direct employment in China's tourism industry in 200 1 year was only 0.8%, far below the world average, and the growth potential is still great. According to the Opinions on Developing Tourism and Expanding Employment jointly put forward by the National Tourism Administration and the State Planning Commission, in the next 10 year, China's tourism industry will continue to maintain a moderately faster growth rate than GDP, with about 40 million new jobs, an average annual increase of about 700,000 direct jobs and 3.5 million indirect jobs. By 20 10, the proportion of direct employment in China's tourism industry is about 1.7%, and the world average is 3.3%, so there is still much room for growth in tourism employment.

Therefore, at present, we should fully tap the potential of tourism employment and realize the great growth of tourism employment on the basis of industrial scale expansion; Efforts should be made to increase the development of tourism products and extensively form growth points for expanding employment; With reform and innovation and structural adjustment as the breakthrough, the number of employed people and quality of enterprise will be promoted.

(6) Give full play to the poverty alleviation function of tourism.

Many poverty-stricken areas in China are rich in tourism resources, and the richness of tourism resources has a high degree of overlap with poverty-stricken areas and ethnic minority areas. By 200 1, there are more than 100 national forest parks in 592 key poverty-stricken counties, 78 national and provincial nature reserves and 34 national scenic spots in 307 key poverty-stricken counties in the west alone.

China's current financial situation and the reality of poverty-stricken areas determine that it is impossible for China to change the face of poverty-stricken areas by strong investment like developed countries. Therefore, how to activate the vitality of local economic development with limited investment has become the key to development-oriented poverty alleviation. Finding an industry that is closely related to local resources, with low investment, wide influence and great benefits is the best way to solve the problem. In poor areas with rich tourism resources and certain market conditions, tourism has undoubtedly become the first choice industry. In this regard, many places have gained successful experience.

Therefore, the relevant state departments should actively explore a new model of tourism poverty alleviation, set up and cultivate a number of national-level tourism poverty alleviation experimental (demonstration) areas in poverty-stricken areas with great tourism potential, and give necessary external support, so as to make full use of local resources and promote economic development and farmers' poverty alleviation in poverty-stricken areas.